Innovative Solutions for Smart Water Grids: Insights from Patent Analysis ^†

Abstract

The “Smart Water Grid” integrates the internet of things, information, and communications technologies for efficient, sustainable water management, using sensors and controls to tackle issues like leaks and overuse. Patent analysis aids this technology monitoring, revealing trends and solutions and enabling innovation to overcome challenges in smart water distribution systems. This study highlights the global distribution of patent filings, and the leading companies and technologies involved in smart water grid innovation. Patent data reveals a focus on communication and control technologies, as well as data transmission and processing (as reflected by the dominant patent classifications) within the smart water grid space, highlighting the importance of communication technologies in this field. In summary, smart water grid innovation is driven by the integration of efficient water management, with a global focus led by the United States and China.

1. Introduction

The “Smart Water Grid” (SWG) applies advanced technologies to water distribution systems to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and resilience [1]. SWGs integrate the Internet of Things (IoT) with information and communication technologies (ICT) for effective monitoring and management. These systems employ sensors, data transmission, and control mechanisms to address key issues such as leaks, overuse, quality concerns, and responses to droughts and natural disasters [2].

SWGs support water quality improvement through real-time monitoring, enabling quick responses to pollution threats and protecting public health and the environment [3]. Sensors within SWGs measure various water parameters, including temperature, pH, and turbidity, with the data used to make informed water quality management decisions [4,5]. Moreover, by detecting pipe leaks and minimizing water wastage, SWGs significantly enhance system efficiency [6,7].

SWGs provide a comprehensive approach to real-time monitoring and sustainable water management through the integration of IoT, data analytics, and digital infrastructure that optimizes water resource usage, reduces waste, and enhances quality. However, although developing SWGs presents obstacles, solutions are being explored to overcome these challenges [8].

Inventions, though patent, could propose thousands of solutions to such barriers and problems in this area [9]. Patent analysis is a powerful tool for technology monitoring and can be leveraged in patent inspiration in several ways, such as identifying emerging technologies, trends, and opportunities for innovation in the field of SWGs and water management systems (Figure 1).

In this study, a patent analysis related to SWGs is proposed. Based on jurisdictions, classifications, and applicants, an overview is given by answering specific questions, such as those relating to patterns of patenting for SWGs: where, what is filed, and who files patent applications?

2. Materials and Methods

Five patent databases have been utilized for this study to ensure a comprehensive and accurate analysis. The Lens Patent Dataset was used to extract detailed metadata related to SWG patents [10], and Google Patents Research Data was consulted for accessing PDF versions of patent documents [11]. Patentscope [12] was employed to retrieve International Patent Classification (IPC) codes, while Espacenet Patent Search and the USPTO Database (PatFT-AppFT) provided complementary information on jurisdiction and legal status [13,14].

A systematic search was conducted using a set of carefully chosen keywords, including “smart water management”, “IoT in water distribution”, “real-time water monitoring”, and “sustainable water systems”. These keywords were applied to specific sections of patents—title, abstract, and claims—to ensure the relevance of the retrieved data.

The filtering criteria for the study were designed to maintain focus and relevance. The analysis was restricted to patents filed or published up to 10 June 2024. Specific IPC codes were used to identify and categorize core technologies related to SWGs.

The extracted data were analyzed to uncover trends and insights in the patent landscape. This included identifying the primary jurisdictions filing SWG patents, analyzing core technologies based on IPC classifications, and profiling key applicants and institutions driving innovations in the field. As previously published, this methodology enabled a detailed overview of the patent landscape and ensured the validity and reproducibility of the study’s findings [15].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Main Jurisdictions

Figure 2 provides an overview based on the data, which includes information on jurisdictions for SWGs.

The United States leads with 1871 patents, followed by China with 1301 filings. On the other hand, Europe ranks third with 456 patents. However, other jurisdictions, such as the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Australia, and Canada, are less significant but still noteworthy. The data indicates that the United States and China are the primary arenas for innovation in this field, likely driven by strong R&D investments and market demand in both regions.

3.2. Key Applicants

The data displayed in Figure 3 highlights the global distribution of patent filings and the leading companies and technologies involved in SWG innovation.

Huawei Tech Co LTD (China) is the dominant player, filing 585 patents. Google INC (United States) ranks second with 167 filings, while Google LLC adds another 94 patents. Other significant contributors include State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co (132 patents), Saudi Arabian Oil Co (75 patents), and WPG Shanghai Smart Water Public Co LTD (75 patents). The data shows a mix of tech giants, such as Google and Huawei, and industry-specific companies like Saudi Arabian Oil and WPG Shanghai Smart Water Public Co LTD, highlighting the broad range of industries involved in SWG technology.

3.3. Core Technologies

Patent document count as a function of patent classification codes related to SWGs is displayed on Figure 4.

The code H04L12/28 (i.e., data switching networks) is the most frequently used classification with 242 filings, suggesting that efficient communication systems are a key focus for SWGs. Secondly, the code G06Q50/06 (i.e., data processing for administrative or financial purposes) with 203 filings and E03B7/07 (i.e., water supply and distribution) also have a high number of filings (180 filings), reflecting the dual importance of both digital and physical infrastructure. Other classifications, such as H04L29/08, H04L29/06, and G05B15/02, highlight the role of transmission control protocols, transmission of digital information, and systems for automatic control in these systems, respectively.

3.4. In-Depth Analysis of Specific Patents

3.4.1. Optimizing Water Usage in Agriculture with Automated Irrigation Systems

The invention, though the patent US9924644B2, concerns the irrigation optimization system that integrates environmental data, automation, and user feedback to improve water usage efficiency in agriculture and landscaping [16]. It collects real-time weather and soil data, generates dynamic irrigation protocols, and adapts to changing conditions, reducing water waste. Despite challenges like data disruptions and user input variability, the system successfully minimized water usage by 30% and increased crop yields by 15%. Customizable for different terrains and climates, it offers significant cost savings and operational efficiency. This case study demonstrates the system’s potential in enhancing sustainable water management, with future prospects for predictive capabilities and renewable energy integration.

3.4.2. Smart Irrigation System with Delegated Control

This smart irrigation system, claimed in the patent US11844315B2, integrates sensors, watering equipment, and mobile apps to optimize land irrigation [17]. The sensor detects moisture conditions, and processing circuitry controls a watering pump based on operational modes. A key feature is the ability to delegate control to a second user via a smartphone, either temporarily or within a specific date range. The system includes a gateway that connects the smartphones, sensors, and equipment, ensuring seamless communication. The intelligent mode adjusts watering based on sensor data, offering efficient water management and scalability. This innovation enhances agricultural practices by enabling remote, cooperative, and precise irrigation control.

3.4.3. Smart Water Replenishment Method and Device for Optimized Water Tank Management During Electricity Peak Periods

The invention provided in the patent TWI742662B is a smart water replenishment method and device designed to optimize water tank management during electricity peak periods [18]. It detects water levels using sensors and, when the water level drops below a certain limit, calculates the required target water level based on time and a water consumption model. A pump is then controlled to replenish water. The method includes estimating water and electricity savings by comparing electricity consumption and price differences during peak and off-peak periods. If no consumption model is available, a preset model is used, and the system is designed to dynamically update the model for efficient management.

3.4.4. System and Method for Identifying and Managing Water Leaks Based on Water Usage Profiles

The claimed system, including in the patent AU2020291441B2, utilizes a leak sensor to detect water leaks at a property, analyzing the flow rate, temperature, and other characteristics of the leak [19]. By comparing these characteristics with predefined water usage profiles of devices within the property, the system identifies the device likely responsible for the leak. Once identified, the system performs an action, such as notifying the user or controlling the water flow through an actuator. The system can also incorporate occupancy data and consumption patterns to determine expected water usage, improving leak detection accuracy. Advanced sensors like ultrasonic, thermal, and vortex-shedding sensors are employed for precise leak monitoring. The system further includes a network that could be wired, wireless, or a combination of both, and can include the Internet.

3.4.5. Intelligent Water Dispenser with Self-Cleaning Filtration System and Automatic Water Purification

The invention described in the patent CN110558843A presents an intelligent water dispenser that integrates multiple advanced mechanisms for efficient water filtration and user convenience [20]. The device comprises a water inlet pipeline, a purification filter, a terminal faucet, and a tap switch. It incorporates a base platform with a seat box, a water-using structure, and a self-filtering mechanism. The self-filtering system includes a collecting seat, a taper pipe, and a reciprocating cylinder with an air bag-driven cleaning piston rod that scrapes and cleans the filter screen. The dispenser automatically cleans the filtering structure while dispensing drinkable water without manual intervention, effectively preventing pipe blockages. The system is designed to offer continuous clean water with minimal user effort.

3.4.6. Smart Water Management System with Integrated Flow Monitoring and Energy Harvesting

The patent US10386211B2 concerns the smart water management system that integrates a turbine impeller, electronics, and energy units to optimize water flow monitoring [21]. The impeller rotates within a water chamber, generating electricity via magnet-coil motion, which powers the system. It calculates water volume by measuring flow rate, storing the data for analysis. Alerts are triggered when flow exceeds thresholds, while additional sensors monitor water quality and temperature. The system is energy-efficient, using self-generated power and enabling real-time reporting. Ideal for residential, commercial, and agricultural applications, it promotes sustainable water usage, reducing waste and empowering informed decisions in water management.

3.4.7. Smart Water Consumption Monitoring and Control System with Leak Detection and Automated Control Features

The invention claimed in the patent US20110035063A1 offers a comprehensive water consumption monitoring and control system, combining sensors, a microprocessor, and internet connectivity [22]. It monitors water usage, pressure, and temperature while detecting leaks or pipe breakages by comparing usage data to pre-set criteria. The system communicates with external servers to integrate local government advisories and weather information for optimized water management. It includes automated features such as issuing shut-off commands, sending alerts via internet-based messages, and adjusting water schedules based on environmental factors. Additionally, the system enables remote control of sprinklers and monitoring of toilet functions, enhancing efficiency and conservation.

3.4.8. IoT and Machine Learning-Based Power Generation from Sewage Water

The invention in the patent AU2021101956A4 integrates IoT and machine learning to generate power from sewage water [23]. It involves a sewage water collection tank assembly (SCT), a sewage water level monitoring device (SLMD), and an electricity-generating unit. The SCT collects wastewater through tubes, filters it, and stores it in a tank. The SLMD uses water-level sensors and a microcontroller to monitor and predict water flow. Once a threshold is reached, the microcontroller opens control valves to release water onto a turbine, generating electricity. Machine learning algorithms optimize valve operation and energy prediction, enhancing system efficiency and automation.

3.5. Specific Technical Challenges Related to SWG

Specific technical challenges related to SWG technology and solutions are presented in

Table 1. Technical challenges and solutions for SWGs.

Challenge	Solution
Energy efficiency in SWG operation	Integration of energy harvesting technologies, such as sewage-water-based power generation, to reduce dependency on external power sources.
Real-time monitoring and data accuracy	Use of advanced IoT sensors and machine learning algorithms to predict water flow and consumption, improving real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance.
Data integration and interoperability	Adoption of standardized communication protocols to ensure seamless operation and data integration across different smart devices.
Water loss and leakage detection	Implementation of advanced pressure sensors and data analytics for early leak detection, reducing water loss and improving efficiency.

. By addressing these targeted technical challenges and offering corresponding solutions derived from this patent analysis, the study can present a more nuanced and practical approach to advancing SWG technology.

3.5.1. Energy Efficiency in SWG Operation

One of the key challenges for SWGs is ensuring energy efficiency. Traditional SWG systems often rely on external power sources for their operation, which can be costly and unsustainable. A solution, as identified in recent patents, is the integration of energy harvesting technologies. For example, using sewage-water-based power generation can harness energy from wastewater to power critical components of the SWG, such as sensors and actuators. This not only reduces the grid’s dependency on external power but also contributes to sustainability goals.

3.5.2. Real-Time Monitoring and Data Accuracy

Ensuring accurate and real-time monitoring of water flow, pressure, and consumption is crucial for the optimization of SWGs. Current systems often face limitations in providing precise, up-to-date data. However, the use of advanced IoT sensors, in conjunction with machine learning algorithms, can address this issue. These technologies can predict water flow and consumption patterns, enabling more accurate monitoring and predictive maintenance. This capability also minimizes system downtime, reduces maintenance costs, and improves overall system reliability.

3.5.3. Data Integration and Interoperability

A major hurdle in the development of SWGs is the lack of seamless integration across various devices and systems. Different components, such as water meters, pressure sensors, and flow regulators, often use proprietary communication protocols, which complicates data integration and interoperability. A potential solution is the adoption of standardized communication protocols that allow for more consistent and reliable data exchange between devices. This ensures that all components of the SWG can work in harmony, leading to more efficient system management and decision-making.

3.5.4. Water Loss and Leakage Detection

Water loss due to leaks is a significant challenge faced by traditional water distribution networks, leading to inefficiencies and increased operational costs. Advanced pressure sensors and data analytics can be employed to detect leaks early in the system. By continuously monitoring pressure levels and analyzing trends, these technologies can identify discrepancies that indicate leaks or faults in the network. Early detection allows for prompt intervention, minimizing water loss, reducing repair costs, and ensuring a more efficient and sustainable water supply.

4. Conclusions

This study is a concise synthetic analysis of the patent landscape for SWGs based on the patent data. The United States and China lead in patent filings, reflecting their market leadership and robust innovation ecosystems. Companies from China and the United States dominate the innovation landscape, particularly with tech giants like Huawei and Google, indicating a convergence of traditional water management with advanced information technology infrastructure. As reflected by patent classification codes like H04Land G06Q, the core technologies based on communication and control technologies, as well as data transmission and processing, seem to be a major focus area for SWGs, highlighting the importance of communication technologies in this field.

As already mentioned, patent analysis provides valuable insights into emerging technologies, trends, and opportunities for innovation in the field of SWGs and water management systems. By examining patent classifications, jurisdictions, and technological convergence, companies and inventors can identify white spaces, uncover potential collaborations, and gain inspiration for novel solutions that address evolving water challenges.

Based on relevant and key patents in this area, here are some key aspects that can be explored through this patent analysis:

• Smart metering and monitoring technologies;
• Water distribution and control systems;
• Data analytics and machine learning;
• IoT and communication technologies;
• Water conservation and sustainability.

By leveraging patent analysis as a tool for technology monitoring and inspiration, stakeholders in the water industry can stay ahead of the curve, identify emerging trends, and develop innovative solutions that address the evolving challenges of water scarcity, aging infrastructure, and environmental sustainability.