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8 pages, 1000 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Extreme Rainfall Analysis Including Seasonality in Athens, Greece

by Konstantinos Vantas and Athanasios Loukas

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032001 - 15 Jan 2025

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Extreme rainfall analysis is essential for accurate flood hazard assessment. Traditional approaches, such as the use of annual maxima, may overlook seasonal variations and lead to underestimated precipitation extremes, compromising effective flood risk management strategies. This study applies a point process model to [...] Read more.

Extreme rainfall analysis is essential for accurate flood hazard assessment. Traditional approaches, such as the use of annual maxima, may overlook seasonal variations and lead to underestimated precipitation extremes, compromising effective flood risk management strategies. This study applies a point process model to uninterrupted daily rainfall records (1901–2023) from the National Observatory of Athens meteorological station in Thiseion. This method analyzes both the frequency of exceedances above a given threshold and the values of those exceedances, incorporating seasonality into the modeling process. Preliminary analysis using annual maxima revealed no statistically significant trend but indicated clear monthly seasonality in precipitation extremes. By incorporating seasonality, the point process method yielded estimates up to 22% higher than those obtained using traditional annual maxima approaches, such as those employed in Greece’s National Flood Risk Management Plans. These findings highlight the need for a revision of current methodologies, which could significantly impact flood risk assessments and management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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8 pages, 3405 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nature-Based Solutions Applied in Urban Drainage Systems: A Case Study Using GIS-Based Hydrological Modeling

by Lineker Max Goulart Coelho

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032002 - 24 Jan 2025

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Abstract

This work aims to show a streamlined framework to assess Nature-based Solution (NbS) scenarios in stormwater management. Different scenarios for NbS were assessed using computational modeling to estimate the extension of flooded areas. Scenario 1 represents the current situation with no NbS implemented, [...] Read more.

This work aims to show a streamlined framework to assess Nature-based Solution (NbS) scenarios in stormwater management. Different scenarios for NbS were assessed using computational modeling to estimate the extension of flooded areas. Scenario 1 represents the current situation with no NbS implemented, Scenario 2 increased vegetation cover, Scenario 3 used linear gardens, and Scenario 4 rain gardens. Hydrological modeling combined Georeferenced Information System (GIS) and flooding spot analysis. Scenarios 3 and 4 were able to avoid flooding, with almost no flooding spots. The results indicate that the proposed assessment framework was an efficient way to compare different scenarios for stormwater management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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8 pages, 4076 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Regional Frequency Analysis of Annual Maximum Rainfall and Sampling Uncertainty Quantification

by Marios Billios and Lampros Vasiliades

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032003 - 24 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Accurate quantile estimation of extreme precipitation is crucial for hydraulic infrastructure design but is often hindered by limited data records, leading to uncertainties. This study applies regional frequency analysis (RFA) using L-moments, comparing classical and Bayesian approaches to quantify uncertainties. Data from 55 [...] Read more.

Accurate quantile estimation of extreme precipitation is crucial for hydraulic infrastructure design but is often hindered by limited data records, leading to uncertainties. This study applies regional frequency analysis (RFA) using L-moments, comparing classical and Bayesian approaches to quantify uncertainties. Data from 55 rainfall stations in Thessaly, Greece, are analyzed through clustering using PCA and k-means. The Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution is fitted to delineated clusters, and uncertainties are assessed via bootstrap and MCMC methods. Results highlight consistency in location and scale estimates, with Bayesian methods offering narrower uncertainty bounds, demonstrating improved reliability for long-term rainfall prediction and design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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9 pages, 1915 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Rainwater Harvesting in Social Housing: An Analysis Across Twelve Cities in Brazil

by Maria Clara Sampaio Rosa e Silva, Igor Catão Martins Vaz and Enedir Ghisi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032004 - 7 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has emerged as a promising technique to improve water security amid the escalating effects of climate change. However, a comprehensive evaluation of various rainwater harvesting solutions is needed to promote sustainable practices in the building sector. This study aims to [...] Read more.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has emerged as a promising technique to improve water security amid the escalating effects of climate change. However, a comprehensive evaluation of various rainwater harvesting solutions is needed to promote sustainable practices in the building sector. This study aims to evaluate the water saving potential in multi- and single-family social housing buildings in twelve cities in Brazil. Computer simulations were performed for 60 scenarios, comprising five social housing reference models and using rainfall data from twelve representative cities of Brazil’s bioclimatic zones. The results show that single-family houses presented a higher potential for potable water savings (20 to 22%) than multi-family housing models (2 to 3%), mainly due to their higher roof-area-to-resident ratio. Single-family buildings exhibit more significant variability in absolute savings (standard deviation), while multi-family buildings are more sensitive to variability relative to their means (higher CVs). Furthermore, due to uneven rainfall distribution and storage limitations, water savings potential does not correlate linearly with total annual rainfall. Normalised results reveal that buildings with a lower population density achieve higher water savings per area and inhabitant. This study demonstrated that building and climate characteristics influence rainwater harvesting, offering valuable insights for promoting sustainable water management practices in social housing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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9 pages, 1595 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Innovative Solutions for Smart Water Grids: Insights from Patent Analysis

by Ahmed Fatimi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032005 - 11 Feb 2025

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Abstract

The “Smart Water Grid” integrates the internet of things, information, and communications technologies for efficient, sustainable water management, using sensors and controls to tackle issues like leaks and overuse. Patent analysis aids this technology monitoring, revealing trends and solutions and enabling innovation to [...] Read more.

The “Smart Water Grid” integrates the internet of things, information, and communications technologies for efficient, sustainable water management, using sensors and controls to tackle issues like leaks and overuse. Patent analysis aids this technology monitoring, revealing trends and solutions and enabling innovation to overcome challenges in smart water distribution systems. This study highlights the global distribution of patent filings, and the leading companies and technologies involved in smart water grid innovation. Patent data reveals a focus on communication and control technologies, as well as data transmission and processing (as reflected by the dominant patent classifications) within the smart water grid space, highlighting the importance of communication technologies in this field. In summary, smart water grid innovation is driven by the integration of efficient water management, with a global focus led by the United States and China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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7 pages, 1892 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessing the Environmental and Economic Footprint of Leakages in Water Distribution Networks

by Athanasios V. Serafeim, Anastasios Perdios, Nikolaos Th. Fourniotis, George Kokosalakis and Andreas Langousis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032006 - 14 Feb 2025

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Abstract

All urban and agricultural water distribution networks (WDNs), irrespective of their physical and operational characteristics, encounter substantial leakages which result in significant water losses, environmental degradation through increased carbon emissions, and noteworthy economic burdens. The current work aims to quantify both the environmental [...] Read more.

All urban and agricultural water distribution networks (WDNs), irrespective of their physical and operational characteristics, encounter substantial leakages which result in significant water losses, environmental degradation through increased carbon emissions, and noteworthy economic burdens. The current work aims to quantify both the environmental impact, estimated in terms of CO₂ emissions, and the economic implications associated with leakages and evaluate the effect of the most widely used leakage reduction strategies. The current approach is applied to the water distribution network of the city of Patras in Western Greece. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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11 pages, 933 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Alleviating Health Risks for Water Safety: A Systematic Review on Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Modelling of Proximity-Dependent Emerging Pollutants in Aquatic Systems

by Marc Deo Jeremiah Victorio Rupin, Kylle Gabriel Cruz Mendoza and Rugi Vicente Rubi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032007 - 21 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and microplastics are a growing ecological risk affecting water and soil resources. Another challenge in current wastewater treatments includes tracking and treating these pollutants, which can be costly. As a growing concern, emerging pollutants [...] Read more.

Emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and microplastics are a growing ecological risk affecting water and soil resources. Another challenge in current wastewater treatments includes tracking and treating these pollutants, which can be costly. As a growing concern, emerging pollutants do not have lower limit levels and can be detrimental to aquatic resources in minuscule amounts. Thus, the assessment of multiple emerging water pollutants in community-based water sources such as surface water and groundwater is a prioritized area of study for water resource management. It provides a basis for the ecological health management of arising diseases such as cancer and dengue caused by unsafe water sources. Accordingly, by utilizing artificial intelligence, wide-range and data-driven insights can be synthesized to assist in water resource management and propose solution pathways without the need for exhaustive experimentation. This systematic review examines the artificial intelligence-assisted modelling of water resource management for emerging water pollutants, notably machine learning and deep learning models, with proximity dependence and correlated synergistic health effects for both humans and aquatic life. This study underscores the increasing accumulation of these emerging pollutants and their toxicological effects on the community and how data-driven modelling can be utilized to assist in addressing research gaps related to water treatment methods for these pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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3740 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mitigating the Global Potable Water Crisis: A Systematic Review of Emerging Urban Stormwater Conversion Technologies

by Kylle Gabriel Cruz Mendoza, Marc Deo Jeremiah Victorio Rupin and Rugi Vicente Rubi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032008 - 25 Jan 2025

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Abstract

The wide-scale management and treatment of urban stormwater is a promising technological advancement to address the ongoing global potable water crisis. About 26% of the global population have unsafe drinking water and 46% have no safely managed water for sanitation. However, the lack [...] Read more.

The wide-scale management and treatment of urban stormwater is a promising technological advancement to address the ongoing global potable water crisis. About 26% of the global population have unsafe drinking water and 46% have no safely managed water for sanitation. However, the lack of a regulatory framework for urban stormwater usage and uncertainty in water quality pose significant threats to its wide-scale application. A total of 76 articles were gathered through the Scopus database, 63 of which were screened individually for their eligibility, and only 35 articles were selected as the most compatible with the study. Emerging conversion technologies provide a more efficient and cost-effective means to convert urban stormwater to potable water. Urban stormwater management, such as capture in large cisterns and run-off capture, provides the necessary means to properly collect and manage stormwater, while engineered stormwater treatment systems, such as stormwater biofilters, provide high reliability and performance while having zero energy consumption. By utilizing an efficient urban stormwater management system and appropriate treatment technologies, urban stormwater can be used to alleviate the problem of potable water scarcity. This study delves into utilizing urban stormwater for the generation of potable water, evaluates conversion technologies and presents its applications to mitigate the global potable water crisis. Urban stormwater management systems are thoroughly examined and treatment processes are investigated, highlighting the importance of using appropriate technologies in potable water generation. Through conversion technologies, high-volume urban stormwater can be transformed into potable drinking water, addressing water resource management problems and the ongoing global potable water crisis. This systematic review will identify existing conversion technologies and research gaps and pave the way for more efficient and cost-effective conversion technologies that will use high-volume urban stormwater for the production of water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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9 pages, 1933 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sugar Industry Wastewater Treatment Through Photosynthetic Microbial Desalination Cells: A Sustainable Approach

by Syeda Safina Ali and Zeshan Sheikh

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032009 - 26 Feb 2025

Viewed by 130

Abstract

The expansion of the sugar industry has resulted in large amounts of untreated effluent, necessitating the development of energy-efficient treatment technologies, like microbial desalination cells (MDCs). However, the high cost and potential toxicity of chemical cathode catalysts limit MDC performance, making biocathodes a [...] Read more.

The expansion of the sugar industry has resulted in large amounts of untreated effluent, necessitating the development of energy-efficient treatment technologies, like microbial desalination cells (MDCs). However, the high cost and potential toxicity of chemical cathode catalysts limit MDC performance, making biocathodes a promising alternative. This study investigates the efficiency of a Scenedesmus obliquus-inoculated photosynthetic microbial desalination cell (PMDC) in the cathode chamber to treat sugar industry effluent, desalinate water, and generate electricity. The performance of the PMDC is compared to that of traditional MDCs. The results showed that the PMDC achieved 21.6% desalination, 73.8% anode COD removal, and a maximum power density of 6.8 mW/m², outperforming MDC by 6.43%, 18.5%, and 112.5%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the PMDC offers an effective, energy-efficient alternative to MDCs with added benefits of nutrient removal and algal biomass production at the cathode, making it a promising solution for water and wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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6 pages, 1201 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Potential of Green Roofs to Support Urban Rainwater Management: Hydraulic Experimental Assessment

by Lineker Max Goulart Coelho, Solbritt Christiansen and Jesper Molin

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032010 - 27 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Green roofs are one of the most widely used nature-based technologies, but there are no consolidated design standards to estimate their rainwater volume retention at both the national and international levels. So, the goal of this study is to analyze the annual rainwater [...] Read more.

Green roofs are one of the most widely used nature-based technologies, but there are no consolidated design standards to estimate their rainwater volume retention at both the national and international levels. So, the goal of this study is to analyze the annual rainwater retention capacity of different types of green roofs based on experimental real-time monitoring data collected for 12 months. The experimental setup was installed at Ballerup in Denmark and consisted of three pitched roofs, each one with 25 m² of surface area. The green roofs presented variations in their annual rainwater retention capacity, ranging from 20% to 50%. Peak flow attenuation varied from 10% to 90% in both green roofs, depending on rain intensity and the duration of dry periods. These findings can be used as a baseline to support future studies addressing the definition of design standards and guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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8 pages, 5067 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Flood-Risk Map for Büyükçekmece District Based on Socioeconomic Factors

by Gülşah Kılıç and Filiz Bektaş Balçık

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032011 (registering DOI) - 6 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Büyükçekmece District, located on Istanbul’s European side, faces flood risks due to climate change, uncontrolled urbanization, and inadequate stream rehabilitation. This study aims to develop a flood-risk map of the district and link it to socioeconomic factors for the purpose of developing improved [...] Read more.

Büyükçekmece District, located on Istanbul’s European side, faces flood risks due to climate change, uncontrolled urbanization, and inadequate stream rehabilitation. This study aims to develop a flood-risk map of the district and link it to socioeconomic factors for the purpose of developing improved flood-management strategies. Key factors such as slope, elevation, land use, proximity to rivers, and precipitation were weighted, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to generate risk maps. The results indicate that 54% of Neighborhood 9 (Dizdariye) and 59% of Neighborhood 18 (Mimarsinan) fall into very high risk categories. Additionally, the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), calculated through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), revealed that Ahmediye and Kumburgaz neighborhoods exhibit the highest socioeconomic vulnerabilities, while Alkent 2000 and Sinanoba have the lowest. The research identifies the need to prioritize high-risk neighborhoods and integrate social vulnerability into flood management to reduce risk and enhance community resilience in Büyükçekmece District. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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