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Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Sage.
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Article

Anatomical Patterns of the Nasopalatine Canal and Incisive Foramen in an African Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study

by
Krishan Sarna
1,*,
Merna A. Estreed
1,
Khushboo J. Sonigra
1,
Thomas Amuti
1,
Florence Opondo
2,
Martin Kamau
1,3 and
Wei C. Ngeow
4
1
Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Chiromo Campus, Riverside Drive, Nairobi 10100, Kenya
2
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology, University of Nairobi, Kenya
3
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Nairobi, Kenya
4
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2023, 16(3), 222-233; https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875221100943
Submission received: 1 November 2021 / Revised: 1 December 2021 / Accepted: 1 January 2022 / Published: 27 May 2022

Abstract

Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional. Objective: To determine the morphology and morphometry of the nasopalatine canal (NPC) and incisive foramen (IF) in an African population. Methods: Measurements of the NPC and the IF were carried out on 150 Cone-Beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. The maxillary bone thickness anterior to the NPC was measured at 3 levels. Independent t-test and Chi-square test were performed to determine the presence of sexual dimorphism. Results: The presence of one Stenson’s foramen was most prevalent. The mean length of NPC was 13.21 ± 3.25 mm with significantly longer canals in males. The most prevalent shape of NPC was cylindrical in sagittal view and a single canal in coronal view. The mean angulation of NPC was 118.42° to the horizontal plane. The average dimensions of the IF were 3.53 mm and 3.07 mm in the anteroposterior and mediolateral diameter, respectively, while the most common shape was round. The anterior maxillary bone was thicker in males and generally reduced in thickness from the anterior nasal spine superiorly towards the alveolar crest inferiorly. Conclusion: This study highlights the anatomical characteristics of the NPC and IF, with significant sexual dimorphism observed regarding the number of Stenson’s foramina, length of NPC, shapes of the NPC and IF, as well as alveolar bone thickness anterior to NPC.
Keywords: nasopalatine canal; incisive foramen; maxillary bone; dental implants; radiology nasopalatine canal; incisive foramen; maxillary bone; dental implants; radiology

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Sarna, K.; Estreed, M.A.; Sonigra, K.J.; Amuti, T.; Opondo, F.; Kamau, M.; Ngeow, W.C. Anatomical Patterns of the Nasopalatine Canal and Incisive Foramen in an African Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study. Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2023, 16, 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875221100943

AMA Style

Sarna K, Estreed MA, Sonigra KJ, Amuti T, Opondo F, Kamau M, Ngeow WC. Anatomical Patterns of the Nasopalatine Canal and Incisive Foramen in an African Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction. 2023; 16(3):222-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875221100943

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarna, Krishan, Merna A. Estreed, Khushboo J. Sonigra, Thomas Amuti, Florence Opondo, Martin Kamau, and Wei C. Ngeow. 2023. "Anatomical Patterns of the Nasopalatine Canal and Incisive Foramen in an African Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study" Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 16, no. 3: 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875221100943

APA Style

Sarna, K., Estreed, M. A., Sonigra, K. J., Amuti, T., Opondo, F., Kamau, M., & Ngeow, W. C. (2023). Anatomical Patterns of the Nasopalatine Canal and Incisive Foramen in an African Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction, 16(3), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875221100943

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