Effects of Phytochemicals on Blood Pressure and Neuroprotection Mediated Via Brain Renin-Angiotensin System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Animals
2.2. Experimental Design and Treatment
2.3. Weight Gain, Feed Intake, and Assay Sampling Procedure
2.4. Blood Pressure Measurement
2.5. Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) Measurement
2.5.1 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II, and aldosterone
2.5.2 Transcription of renin and ACE
2.6. Cholinergic System Measurement
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weight Change, Food Intake, and Food Efficiency Ratio (FER)
3.2. Phytochemical Treatments and Changes in Blood Pressure
3.3. Effect on the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS)
3.3.1. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Concentration and ACE Activity in Brain
3.3.2. Concentrations of Angiotensin II (AngII, a) and Aldosterone (b) in Brain
3.3.3. Transcription of Renin and ACE in the Brain
3.4. Cholinergic Expression in the Nervous System
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group 1) | Initial Weight (g) | Final Weight (g) | Weight Gain (g/4 Weeks) | Food Intake (g/4 Weeks) | FER 2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 26.4 ± 0.9 3)NS4) | 34.6 ± 1.2 a5) | 8.2 ± 1.9 a | 105.8 ± 4.4 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 a |
Perindopril | 26.8 ± 1.1 | 33.8 ± 2.1 a | 7.1 ± 2.1 b | 100.8 ± 8.6 a | 0.06 ± 0.02 ab |
Curcumin | 26.7 ± 1.1 | 32.5 ± 1.9 ab | 6.0 ± 1.6 bc | 97.7 ± 7.4 ab | 0.06 ± 0.02 ab |
Quercetin | 26.9 ± 0.9 | 34.2 ± 2.1 a | 7.3 ± 1.8 ab | 101.2 ± 4.8 a | 0.06 ± 0.02 ab |
Saponin | 26.7 ± 1.0 | 31.5 ± 2.4 b | 5.6 ± 2.0 c | 96.0 ± 8.4 b | 0.05 ± 0.02 b |
Group 1) | Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 Weeks | 2 Weeks | 4 Weeks | 0 Weeks | 2 Weeks | 4 Weeks | |
Control | 98.8 ± 19.3 2)NS3) | 125.0 ± 9.1 a4) | 113.3 ± 10.4 a | 53.2 ± 11.4 NS | 63.6 ± 26.8 NS | 57.7 ± 13.7 NS |
Perindopril | 111.1 ± 20.4 | 104.2 ± 5.4 b | 78.1 ± 17.9 b | 65.4 ± 22.8 | 46.1 ± 13.0 | 61.1 ± 19.9 |
Curcumin | 103.3 ± 11.6 | 108.8 ± 15.2 b | 95.4 ± 21.3 c | 44.5 ± 16.9 | 54.4 ± 16.9 | 48.3 ± 25.8 |
Quercetin | 106.6 ± 9.0 | 118.5 ± 14.5 b | 102.6 ± 1.3 ac | 50.0 ± 22.6 | 57.6 ± 22.0 | 58.9 ± 24.7 |
Saponin | 99.1 ± 14.5 | 109.6 ± 10.4 b | 97.6 ± 7.3 c | 62.9 ± 20.0 | 58.3 ± 21.3 | 48.3 ± 12.2 |
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Kim, H.L.; Kim, W.K.; Ha, A.W. Effects of Phytochemicals on Blood Pressure and Neuroprotection Mediated Via Brain Renin-Angiotensin System. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2761. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112761
Kim HL, Kim WK, Ha AW. Effects of Phytochemicals on Blood Pressure and Neuroprotection Mediated Via Brain Renin-Angiotensin System. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2761. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112761
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hye Lin, Woo Kyoung Kim, and Ae Wha Ha. 2019. "Effects of Phytochemicals on Blood Pressure and Neuroprotection Mediated Via Brain Renin-Angiotensin System" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2761. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112761