Pilot Investigation on the Presence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies in Piglet Processing Fluids
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Detection of Anti-HEV Antibodies by ELISA
2.4. Detection of Anti-HEV IgG Antibodies by Western Blotting
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anti-HEV ELISA-Positive Sera and Processing Fluids
3.2. Correlation and Limits of Agreement Between Serum and PF Results
3.3. ROC Curve Analysis to Assess the Optimal Cutoff Values for S/Co Interpretation in PF
3.4. Individual and Litter Level ELISA Results
3.5. Limit of Detection of the ELISA in PF Pools
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Farm | Litter | Positive Litter 1 in Sera (No. Positive Piglets/Examined) | Positive Litter 1 in PF (No. Positive Piglets/Examined) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 1 | + | (3/3) | + | (3/3) |
A | 2 | + | (3/3) | + | (2/3) |
A | 3 | + | (2/2) | + | (2/2) |
A | 4 | + | (2/3) | - | (0/3) |
A | 5 | + | (2/3) | - | (0/3) |
A | 6 | + | (3/3) | + | (3/3) |
A | 7 | + | (1/2) | - | (0/2) |
A | 8 | + | (3/3) | + | (1/3) |
A | 9 | + | (2/2) | + | (2/2) |
A | 10 | + | (1/2) | - | (0/2) |
A | 11 | + | (2/3) | + | (2/3) |
A | 12 | + | (3/3) | - | (0/3) |
A | 13 | + | (3/3) | + | (1/3) |
A | 14 | + | (3/3) | + | (2/3) |
A | 15 | + | (2/2) | - | (0/2) |
A | 16 | + | (3/3) | + | (2/3) |
A | 17 | + | (3/3) | + | (3/3) |
A | 18 | + | (3/3) | - | (0/3) |
A | 19 | + | (3/3) | + | (2/3) |
A | 20 | + | (3/3) | + | (1/3) |
A | 21 | - | (0/4) | - | (0/4) |
A | 22 | + | (7/7) | + | (7/7) |
A | 23 | - | (0/5) | + | (1/5) |
A | 24 | + | (3/3) | - | (0/3) |
A | total no. positive/ examined | 22/24 (91.7%) (CI: 73.0–99.0) | 60/74 (81.1%) (CI: 70.3–89.3) | 15/24 (62.5%) (CI: 40.6–81.2) | 34/74 (46.0%) (CI: 34.3–57.9) |
B | 25 | + | (4/4) | - | (0/4) |
B | 26 | + | (5/5) | - | (0/5) |
B | 27 | - | (0/3) | - | (0/3) |
B | 28 | + | (3/4) | + | (3/4) |
B | 29 | + | (5/5) | + | (1/5) |
B | total no. positive/ examined | 4/5 (80.0%) (CI: 28.4–99.5) | 17/21 (81.0%) (CI: 58.1–94.6) | 2/5 (40.0%) (CI: 5.3–85.3] | 4/21 (19.1) (CI: 5.5–41.9) |
A and B | total no. positive/ examined | 26/29 (89.7%) (CI: 72.6–97.8) | 77/95 (81.1%) (CI: 71.7–88.4) | 17/29 (58.6%) (CI: 38.9–76.5) | 38/95 (40.0%) (CI: 30.1–50.6) |
Cutoff | Anti-HEV Antibodies in PF | Anti-HEV Antibodies in Sera (%) | Total | Cohen’s Kappa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
positive | negative | ||||
Manufacturer’s | positive | 36 (94.7) | 2 (5.3) | 38 | |
negative | 41 (71.9) | 16 (28.1) | 57 | ||
total | 77 (90.9) | 18 (9.1) | 95 | ||
Se: 47% (CI: 35–58) | Sp: 89% (CI: 65–99) | 0.19 (CI: 0.07–0.32) | |||
positive | negative | ||||
Calculated (≥0.271 S/Co) | positive | 59 (88.1) | 8 (11.9) | 67 | |
negative | 18 (64.3) | 10 (35.7) | 28 | ||
total | 77 (81.1) | 18 (18.9) | 95 | ||
Se: 77% (CI: 66–86) | Sp: 56% (CI: 31–78) | 0.27 (CI: 0.05–0.47) |
Cutoff | Result of Anti-HEV Antibodies per Litter in PF 1 | Results of Anti-HEV Antibodies per Litter in Sera 1 (%) | Total | Cohen’s Kappa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
positive | negative | ||||
Manufacturer’s | positive | 16 (94.1) | 1 (5.9) | 17 | |
negative | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | 12 | ||
Total | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) | 29 | ||
pSe: 62% (CI: 41–80) | pSp: 67% (CI: 9–99) | 0.12 (CI: 0–0.39) | |||
positive | negative | ||||
Calculated (≥0.271 S/Co) | positive | 23 (95.8) | 1 (4.2) | 24 | |
negative | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | 5 | ||
Total | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) | 29 | ||
pSe: 88% (CI: 70–98) | pSp:67% (CI:9–99) | 0.43 (CI: 0.00–0.88) |
True within-herd Sow Sero-Prevalence (TP%) | pSe: 40% | pSe: 60% | pSe: 80% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
99% | 95% | 99% | 95% | 99% | 95% | |
40 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
30 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 3 |
20 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 4 |
10 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 5 |
5 | 11 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 9 | 6 |
PF ELISA S/Co | Dilution | No. of Positive (Replicates/Total no. of Replicates) | |
---|---|---|---|
Manufacture’ cutoff 1 | Calculated Cutoff 2 | ||
strong (S/Co = 6.36) | 1:4 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
1:5 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
1:6 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
1:7 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
total | 4/4 | 4/4 | |
medium (S/Co = 2.53) | 1:4 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
1:5 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
1:6 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
1:7 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
total | 3/4 | 4/4 | |
medium-weak (S/Co = 1.73) | 1:4 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
1:5 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
1:6 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
1:7 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
total | 2/4 | 4/4 | |
weak (S/Co = 1.24) | 1:4 | 0/1 | 1/1 |
1:5 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
1:6 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
1:7 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
total | 0/4 | 4/4 | |
Total | 1:4 | 3/4 | 4/4 |
1:5 | 3/4 | 4/4 | |
1:6 | 2/4 | 4/4 | |
1:7 | 1/4 | 4/4 | |
total | 9/16 | 16/16 |
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Di Bartolo, I.; De Sabato, L.; Chelli, E.; Alborali, G.L.; Tonni, M.; Monini, M.; De Lucia, A.; Ostanello, F. Pilot Investigation on the Presence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies in Piglet Processing Fluids. Animals 2020, 10, 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071168
Di Bartolo I, De Sabato L, Chelli E, Alborali GL, Tonni M, Monini M, De Lucia A, Ostanello F. Pilot Investigation on the Presence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies in Piglet Processing Fluids. Animals. 2020; 10(7):1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071168
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Bartolo, Ilaria, Luca De Sabato, Eleonora Chelli, Giovanni Loris Alborali, Matteo Tonni, Marina Monini, Alessia De Lucia, and Fabio Ostanello. 2020. "Pilot Investigation on the Presence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies in Piglet Processing Fluids" Animals 10, no. 7: 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071168
APA StyleDi Bartolo, I., De Sabato, L., Chelli, E., Alborali, G. L., Tonni, M., Monini, M., De Lucia, A., & Ostanello, F. (2020). Pilot Investigation on the Presence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies in Piglet Processing Fluids. Animals, 10(7), 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071168