Pilot Investigation on the Presence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies in Piglet Processing Fluids
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Detection of Anti-HEV Antibodies by ELISA
2.4. Detection of Anti-HEV IgG Antibodies by Western Blotting
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anti-HEV ELISA-Positive Sera and Processing Fluids
3.2. Correlation and Limits of Agreement Between Serum and PF Results
3.3. ROC Curve Analysis to Assess the Optimal Cutoff Values for S/Co Interpretation in PF
3.4. Individual and Litter Level ELISA Results
3.5. Limit of Detection of the ELISA in PF Pools
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Purcell, R.H.; Emerson, S.U. Hepatitis E: An emerging awareness of an old disease. J. Hepatol 2008, 48, 494–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Purdy, M.A.; Harrison, T.J.; Jameel, S.; Meng, X.J.; Okamoto, H.; Van der Poel, W.H.M.; Smith, D.B.; Ictv Report, C. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepeviridae. J. Gen. Virol 2017, 98, 2645–2646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, D.B.; Simmonds, P.; Jameel, S.; Emerson, S.U.; Harrison, T.J.; Meng, X.J.; Okamoto, H.; Van der Poel, W.H.; Purdy, M.A.; International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses Hepeviridae Study Group. Consensus proposals for classification of the family Hepeviridae. J. Gen. Virol 2014, 95, 2223–2232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sridhar, S.; Teng, J.L.L.; Chiu, T.H.; Lau, S.K.P.; Woo, P.C.Y. Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes and Evolution: Emergence of Camel Hepatitis E Variants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Aspinall, E.J.; Couturier, E.; Faber, M.; Said, B.; Ijaz, S.; Tavoschi, L.; Takkinen, J.; Adlhoch, C.; on behalf of the country expert. Hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: Surveillance and descriptive epidemiology of confirmed cases, 2005 to 2015. Euro Surveill. 2017, 22, 30561–30571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chalupa, P.; Vasickova, P.; Pavlik, I.; Holub, M. Endemic hepatitis E in the Czech Republic. Clin. Infect. Dis 2014, 58, 509–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kamar, N.; Izopet, J.; Pavio, N.; Aggarwal, R.; Labrique, A.; Wedemeyer, H.; Dalton, H.R. Hepatitis E virus infection. Nat. Rev. Dis Primers 2017, 3, 17086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavio, N.; Doceul, V.; Bagdassarian, E.; Johne, R. Recent knowledge on hepatitis E virus in Suidae reservoirs and transmission routes to human. Vet. Res. 2017, 48, 78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Salines, M.; Andraud, M.; Rose, N. From the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the swine reservoir to public health risk mitigation strategies: A comprehensive review. Vet. Res. 2017, 48, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Casas, M.; Pujols, J.; Rosell, R.; de Deus, N.; Peralta, B.; Pina, S.; Casal, J.; Martin, M. Retrospective serological study on hepatitis E infection in pigs from 1985 to 1997 in Spain. Vet. Microbiol 2009, 135, 248–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lange, H.; Overbo, J.; Borgen, K.; Dudman, S.; Hoddevik, G.; Urdahl, A.M.; Vold, L.; Sjurseth, S.K. Hepatitis E in Norway: Seroprevalence in humans and swine. Epidemiol Infect. 2017, 145, 181–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rose, N.; Lunazzi, A.; Dorenlor, V.; Merbah, T.; Eono, F.; Eloit, M.; Madec, F.; Pavio, N. High prevalence of Hepatitis E virus in French domestic pigs. Comp. Immunol Microbiol Infect. Dis 2011, 34, 419–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, S.; Subhadra, S.; Singh, B.; Panda, B.K. Hepatitis E virus: The current scenario. Int J. Infect. Dis 2013, 17, e228–e233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ponterio, E.; Di Bartolo, I.; Orru, G.; Liciardi, M.; Ostanello, F.; Ruggeri, F.M. Detection of serum antibodies to hepatitis E virus in domestic pigs in Italy using a recombinant swine HEV capsid protein. Bmc Vet. Res. 2014, 10, 133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jothikumar, N.; Cromeans, T.L.; Robertson, B.H.; Meng, X.J.; Hill, V.R. A broadly reactive one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and sensitive detection of hepatitis E virus. J. Virol Methods 2006, 131, 65–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khudyakov, Y.; Kamili, S. Serological diagnostics of hepatitis E virus infection. Virus Res. 2011, 161, 84–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards; Ricci, A.; Allende, A.; Bolton, D.; Chemaly, M.; Davies, R.; Fernandez-Escamez, P.S.; Herman, L.; Koutsoumanis, K.; Lindqvist, R.; et al. Scientific Opinion on the public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food-borne pathogen. Efsa J. 2017, 15, 4886–4975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, R.; Zhao, C.; Li, M.; Harrison, T.J.; Qiao, Z.; Feng, Y.; Ma, Z.; Wang, Y. Infection dynamics of hepatitis E virus in naturally infected pigs in a Chinese farrow-to-finish farm. Infect. Genet. Evol 2011, 11, 1727–1731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vilalta, C.; Sanhueza, J.; Alvarez, J.; Murray, D.; Torremorell, M.; Corzo, C.; Morrison, R. Use of processing fluids and serum samples to characterize porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus dynamics in 3 day-old pigs. Vet. Microbiol 2018, 225, 149–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seminati, C.; Mateu, E.; Peralta, B.; de Deus, N.; Martin, M. Distribution of hepatitis E virus infection and its prevalence in pigs on commercial farms in Spain. Vet. J. 2008, 175, 130–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bland, J.M.; Altman, D.G. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986, 1, 307–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nielsen, B.; Ekeroth, L.; Bager, F.; Lind, P. Use of muscle fluid as a source of antibodies for serologic detection of Salmonella infection in slaughter pig herds. J. Vet. Diagn Invest. 1998, 10, 158–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Altman, D.G. Practical statistics for medical research; Chapman and Hall: London, UK, 1991; p. 611. [Google Scholar]
- Christensen, J.; Gardner, I.A. Herd-level interpretation of test results for epidemiologic studies of animal diseases. Prev Vet. Med. 2000, 45, 83–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trevisan, G.; Jablonski, E.; Angulo, J.; Lopez, W.A.; Linhares, D.C. Use of processing fluid samples for longitudinal monitoring of PRRS virus in herds undergoing virus elimination. Porc. Health Manag 2019, 5, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lopez, W.A.; Angulo, J.; Zimmerman, J.J.; Linhares, D.C. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome monitoring in breeding herds using processing fluids. J. Swine Health Prod. 2018, 26, 146–150. [Google Scholar]
- Wacheck, S.; Werres, C.; Mohn, U.; Dorn, S.; Soutschek, E.; Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M.; Martlbauer, E. Detection of IgM and IgG against hepatitis E virus in serum and meat juice samples from pigs at slaughter in Bavaria, Germany. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 2012, 9, 655–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olsen, C.; Karriker, L.; Wang, C.; Binjawadagi, B.; Renukaradhya, G.; Kittawornrat, A.; Lizano, S.; Coetzee, J.; Main, R.; Meiszberg, A.; et al. Effect of collection material and sample processing on pig oral fluid testing results. Vet. J. 2013, 198, 158–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Lucia, A.; Cawthraw, S.; Davies, R.; Smith, R.P.; Bianco, C.; Ostanello, F.; Martelli, F. Correlation of Anti-Salmonella Antibodies Between Serum and Saliva Samples Collected From Finisher Pigs. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020, 6, 489–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jenvey, C.J.; Reichel, M.P.; Cockcroft, P.D. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: The sensitivities of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detecting vaccinated sows of unknown disease status using serum and colostrum, and the correlation of the results for sow serum, colostrum, and piglet serum. J. Vet. Diagn Invest. 2015, 27, 211–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kielland, C.; Rootwelt, V.; Reksen, O.; Framstad, T. The association between immunoglobulin G in sow colostrum and piglet plasma. J. Anim Sci 2015, 93, 4453–4462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- De Regge, N.; Cay, B. Comparison of PRRSV Nucleic Acid and Antibody Detection in Pen-Based Oral Fluid and Individual Serum Samples in Three Different Age Categories of Post-Weaning Pigs from Endemically Infected Farms. Plos One 2016, 11, e0166300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maherchandani, S.; Munoz-Zanzi, C.A.; Patnayak, D.P.; Malik, Y.S.; Goyal, S.M. The effect of pooling sera on the detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. J. Vet. Diagn Invest. 2004, 16, 497–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Salines, M.; Dumarest, M.; Andraud, M.; Mahe, S.; Barnaud, E.; Cineux, M.; Eveno, E.; Eono, F.; Dorenlor, V.; Grasland, B.; et al. Natural viral co-infections in pig herds affect hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection dynamics and increase the risk of contaminated livers at slaughter. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2019, 66, 1930–1945 101111/tbed13224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Andraud, M.; Casas, M.; Pavio, N.; Rose, N. Early-life hepatitis e infection in pigs: The importance of maternally-derived antibodies. PloS ONE 2014, 9, e105527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Farm | Litter | Positive Litter 1 in Sera (No. Positive Piglets/Examined) | Positive Litter 1 in PF (No. Positive Piglets/Examined) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 1 | + | (3/3) | + | (3/3) |
A | 2 | + | (3/3) | + | (2/3) |
A | 3 | + | (2/2) | + | (2/2) |
A | 4 | + | (2/3) | - | (0/3) |
A | 5 | + | (2/3) | - | (0/3) |
A | 6 | + | (3/3) | + | (3/3) |
A | 7 | + | (1/2) | - | (0/2) |
A | 8 | + | (3/3) | + | (1/3) |
A | 9 | + | (2/2) | + | (2/2) |
A | 10 | + | (1/2) | - | (0/2) |
A | 11 | + | (2/3) | + | (2/3) |
A | 12 | + | (3/3) | - | (0/3) |
A | 13 | + | (3/3) | + | (1/3) |
A | 14 | + | (3/3) | + | (2/3) |
A | 15 | + | (2/2) | - | (0/2) |
A | 16 | + | (3/3) | + | (2/3) |
A | 17 | + | (3/3) | + | (3/3) |
A | 18 | + | (3/3) | - | (0/3) |
A | 19 | + | (3/3) | + | (2/3) |
A | 20 | + | (3/3) | + | (1/3) |
A | 21 | - | (0/4) | - | (0/4) |
A | 22 | + | (7/7) | + | (7/7) |
A | 23 | - | (0/5) | + | (1/5) |
A | 24 | + | (3/3) | - | (0/3) |
A | total no. positive/ examined | 22/24 (91.7%) (CI: 73.0–99.0) | 60/74 (81.1%) (CI: 70.3–89.3) | 15/24 (62.5%) (CI: 40.6–81.2) | 34/74 (46.0%) (CI: 34.3–57.9) |
B | 25 | + | (4/4) | - | (0/4) |
B | 26 | + | (5/5) | - | (0/5) |
B | 27 | - | (0/3) | - | (0/3) |
B | 28 | + | (3/4) | + | (3/4) |
B | 29 | + | (5/5) | + | (1/5) |
B | total no. positive/ examined | 4/5 (80.0%) (CI: 28.4–99.5) | 17/21 (81.0%) (CI: 58.1–94.6) | 2/5 (40.0%) (CI: 5.3–85.3] | 4/21 (19.1) (CI: 5.5–41.9) |
A and B | total no. positive/ examined | 26/29 (89.7%) (CI: 72.6–97.8) | 77/95 (81.1%) (CI: 71.7–88.4) | 17/29 (58.6%) (CI: 38.9–76.5) | 38/95 (40.0%) (CI: 30.1–50.6) |
Cutoff | Anti-HEV Antibodies in PF | Anti-HEV Antibodies in Sera (%) | Total | Cohen’s Kappa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
positive | negative | ||||
Manufacturer’s | positive | 36 (94.7) | 2 (5.3) | 38 | |
negative | 41 (71.9) | 16 (28.1) | 57 | ||
total | 77 (90.9) | 18 (9.1) | 95 | ||
Se: 47% (CI: 35–58) | Sp: 89% (CI: 65–99) | 0.19 (CI: 0.07–0.32) | |||
positive | negative | ||||
Calculated (≥0.271 S/Co) | positive | 59 (88.1) | 8 (11.9) | 67 | |
negative | 18 (64.3) | 10 (35.7) | 28 | ||
total | 77 (81.1) | 18 (18.9) | 95 | ||
Se: 77% (CI: 66–86) | Sp: 56% (CI: 31–78) | 0.27 (CI: 0.05–0.47) |
Cutoff | Result of Anti-HEV Antibodies per Litter in PF 1 | Results of Anti-HEV Antibodies per Litter in Sera 1 (%) | Total | Cohen’s Kappa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
positive | negative | ||||
Manufacturer’s | positive | 16 (94.1) | 1 (5.9) | 17 | |
negative | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | 12 | ||
Total | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) | 29 | ||
pSe: 62% (CI: 41–80) | pSp: 67% (CI: 9–99) | 0.12 (CI: 0–0.39) | |||
positive | negative | ||||
Calculated (≥0.271 S/Co) | positive | 23 (95.8) | 1 (4.2) | 24 | |
negative | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | 5 | ||
Total | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) | 29 | ||
pSe: 88% (CI: 70–98) | pSp:67% (CI:9–99) | 0.43 (CI: 0.00–0.88) |
True within-herd Sow Sero-Prevalence (TP%) | pSe: 40% | pSe: 60% | pSe: 80% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
99% | 95% | 99% | 95% | 99% | 95% | |
40 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
30 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 3 |
20 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 4 |
10 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 5 |
5 | 11 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 9 | 6 |
PF ELISA S/Co | Dilution | No. of Positive (Replicates/Total no. of Replicates) | |
---|---|---|---|
Manufacture’ cutoff 1 | Calculated Cutoff 2 | ||
strong (S/Co = 6.36) | 1:4 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
1:5 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
1:6 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
1:7 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
total | 4/4 | 4/4 | |
medium (S/Co = 2.53) | 1:4 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
1:5 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
1:6 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
1:7 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
total | 3/4 | 4/4 | |
medium-weak (S/Co = 1.73) | 1:4 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
1:5 | 1/1 | 1/1 | |
1:6 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
1:7 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
total | 2/4 | 4/4 | |
weak (S/Co = 1.24) | 1:4 | 0/1 | 1/1 |
1:5 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
1:6 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
1:7 | 0/1 | 1/1 | |
total | 0/4 | 4/4 | |
Total | 1:4 | 3/4 | 4/4 |
1:5 | 3/4 | 4/4 | |
1:6 | 2/4 | 4/4 | |
1:7 | 1/4 | 4/4 | |
total | 9/16 | 16/16 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Di Bartolo, I.; De Sabato, L.; Chelli, E.; Alborali, G.L.; Tonni, M.; Monini, M.; De Lucia, A.; Ostanello, F. Pilot Investigation on the Presence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies in Piglet Processing Fluids. Animals 2020, 10, 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071168
Di Bartolo I, De Sabato L, Chelli E, Alborali GL, Tonni M, Monini M, De Lucia A, Ostanello F. Pilot Investigation on the Presence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies in Piglet Processing Fluids. Animals. 2020; 10(7):1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071168
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Bartolo, Ilaria, Luca De Sabato, Eleonora Chelli, Giovanni Loris Alborali, Matteo Tonni, Marina Monini, Alessia De Lucia, and Fabio Ostanello. 2020. "Pilot Investigation on the Presence of Anti-Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies in Piglet Processing Fluids" Animals 10, no. 7: 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071168