Volt-Var Curve Reactive Power Control Requirements and Risks for Feeders with Distributed Roof-Top Photovoltaic Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Define feeder’s voltage response at different load and PV generation amounts to review each control approaches impact.
- Assess sample voltage profiles from the substation to a PV system, which highlights the difference in voltage on the primary and secondary lines under different operating conditions (i.e., no PV systems, with PV systems, and PV systems with the VVC turned on).
- Perform a statistical evaluation, using boxplots, of the feeder voltages when subjected to potential daily operations using different voltage management methods.
- Compare the distributed, roof-top PV integration strategy with a different strategy (i.e., large scale systems installed at a single point) to review the potential differences.
2. Methodology
2.1. Voltage Controls
2.1.1. Voltage Control Strategies
- No Control—Simulations with the LTCs, SCBs, and PV inverter VVC functions disabled.
- Regulators Only—Simulations that had none of the PV inverters VVCs providing reactive power support, but the LTCs and SCB could operate and potentially alter the feeder’s voltage.
- PV Inverter VVC Only—Simulations where each of the PV inverters absorbed or injected reactive power and none of the LTCs or SCB provided support.
- Regulators plus PV Inverter VVC—Simulations that enabled all of the control functions (LTCs, SCBs, and PV inverter VVCs).
2.1.2. Volt-Var Curve Control Parameter Settings
2.2. PV Integration Strategy
2.3. Grid Simulations
2.3.1. Feeder Model
2.3.2. Stochastic Hosting Capacity
3. Results
3.1. Photovoltaic Integration Impact and Control Need
3.1.1. Stochastic Hosting Capacity
3.1.2. Voltage Profile Example
3.1.3. Statistical Assessment for Realistic Operations
3.2. Cyber-Attack Consequences
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The maximum voltage on the two feeders rose only slightly as the relative difference decreased.
- VVC control did not play a role in managing the voltage for the two feeders.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Feeder | Voltage Rating (kV) | Length (km) | Max. Load Demand (MW) | Number of Loads | Voltage Regulation Device |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EPRI K1 | 12 | 7 | 4.8 | 321 | Capcitor |
Unnamed | 12 | 4.6 | 7.9 | 39 | Load Tap Changer, Capacitor |
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Jones, C.B.; Lave, M.; Reno, M.J.; Darbali-Zamora, R.; Summers, A.; Hossain-McKenzie, S. Volt-Var Curve Reactive Power Control Requirements and Risks for Feeders with Distributed Roof-Top Photovoltaic Systems. Energies 2020, 13, 4303. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174303
Jones CB, Lave M, Reno MJ, Darbali-Zamora R, Summers A, Hossain-McKenzie S. Volt-Var Curve Reactive Power Control Requirements and Risks for Feeders with Distributed Roof-Top Photovoltaic Systems. Energies. 2020; 13(17):4303. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174303
Chicago/Turabian StyleJones, C. Birk, Matthew Lave, Matthew J. Reno, Rachid Darbali-Zamora, Adam Summers, and Shamina Hossain-McKenzie. 2020. "Volt-Var Curve Reactive Power Control Requirements and Risks for Feeders with Distributed Roof-Top Photovoltaic Systems" Energies 13, no. 17: 4303. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174303
APA StyleJones, C. B., Lave, M., Reno, M. J., Darbali-Zamora, R., Summers, A., & Hossain-McKenzie, S. (2020). Volt-Var Curve Reactive Power Control Requirements and Risks for Feeders with Distributed Roof-Top Photovoltaic Systems. Energies, 13(17), 4303. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174303