Biopolymer: A Sustainable Material for Food and Medical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Need for Biopolymers
1.2. Sources of Biopolymers
1.2.1. As a Bio-Resource: Lignin
1.2.2. Carbohydrate Based Biopolymers: Polysaccharides
2. Biopolymers: State of Art
3. Biopolymers for Medical Applications
3.1. Biomedical Applications of Protein-Based Biopolymers
Nanoparticles | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Chitosan | Non-toxic, blood viable, antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, inexpensive, and biodegradable | [86] |
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles | Superparamagnetic, paramagnetic | [87] |
Poly-L-lysine | High loading capacity, biodegradable, targeted delivery | [88] |
Poly-D-L-lactide-co-glycolide | Biocompatible, non-toxic by-products | [89] |
Liposomes | Biocompatible, carries hydrophobic material | [90] |
Alginate | Water-soluble, biocompatible | [91] |
Gold | Biocompatible, hyperthermia | [92] |
Micelles | Capable of carrying water-soluble drug | [93] |
3.2. Chitosan in Medical Applications
4. Biopolymers for Food Applications
4.1. Nanostructured Coatings on Fruits during COVID-19
4.2. Microbial Polysaccharides in Food Industry
4.3. The Role of Dietary Fibers in Contemporary Food Production
4.4. The Functionality of Starch Derivatives in Bakery and Confectionery Products
4.5. Polymer for Food Sector: Guar Gum
4.6. Chitosan Application in Food Industry
5. Biopolymer Industry
5.1. Market Overview
5.2. Market Outlook
5.3. Major Growth Drivers
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biopolymers | Advantages | Disadvantages | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Natural Biopolymers | Biologically renewable, biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, bioadhesive material, biofuctional. | Less stable, low melting point, high surface tension, structurally more complex. | [2] |
Synthetic Biopolymers | Biocompatibility, higher reproducibility, better mechanical, and chemical stability | Toxic, non-biodegradable, expensive synthesis procedure. | [4] |
Biopolymers | Sources | Structure | Reference (Ref.) |
---|---|---|---|
Chitin | Corals, horseshoe worms, lamp shells, sponges, squid, cuttlefish, and clams are examples of aquatic species | [24,25] | |
Chitosan | Fungi, mollusks, algae, crustaceans, and insects | [24,26] | |
Cellulose | Agricultural trashes, such as Seaweed, rice husk, and sugarcane bagasse. Plant sources like wood, bamboo, sugarbeet, banana rachis, potato tubers, cotton, fique, kapok, agave, jute, kenaf, flax, hemp, vine, sisal, coconut, grass, wheat, rice, and barley | [27] | |
Alginate | Seawood | [28] | |
Starch | Potatoes, maize, cassava, rice, sorghum, banana wheat, yams | [29] | |
Cyclodextrin | Starch sources like tapioca, potato, wheat, rice, and corn | [30] | |
Polycaprolactone | Polycondensation of ε -caprolactone | [31] |
Biopolymer | Medical Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Collagen | Surface coating for tissue culture plates | [58] |
Simple gels for cell culture | ||
Alginate | Regenerative medicine | [59] |
Tissue engineering | ||
Hyaluronic acid | Treatment and lubrication of damaged joints | [60] |
Cutaneous and corneal wound healing | ||
Fibrin | Blood clotting, wound healing, and tumor growth | [61] |
Hemostatic agent, sealant, and surgical glue | ||
Silk fibroin | Regenerative medicine Treatment of wounds, bioengineering of tissues | [62] |
Agarose | Skeletal tissues regeneration, kidney and fibroblast encapsulation | [63] |
Carrageenan | Skeletal tissues regeneration, cell delivery system | [64] |
Fibronectin | Wound healing, cardiac repair, bone regeneration | [65] |
PHAs | Drug delivery systems, one tissue regeneration, | [66] |
Elastin | soft-tissue reconstruction, orthopedics and cell encapsulation | [67] |
Keratin | Cornea tissue engineering, skin regeneration | [68] |
Starch | Bone and cartilage regeneration, spinal cord injury treatment | [69] |
Biopolymers | Properties | Applications | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Carboxymethyl- cellulose | Coating, Emulsifying agent | Confectionary Salad dressing | [117] [118] |
Hemicellulose | Binding agent | Pet foods | [119] |
Pectins | Adhesive | Icings and glazes | [120] |
Starch | Stabilizer | Ice cream, salad dressing | [121] |
Xanthan gum | Foam stabilizer | Beer | [122] |
Pullulan | Film formation | Protective coating | [123] |
Alginate | Gelling agent | Confectionary milk-based desserts, jellies | [124] |
Guar gum | Thickening agent | Jams, syrups, and pie fillings | [125] |
Gum karaya | Syneresis inhibitor | Frozen foods, cheeses | [126] |
Agar | Swelling agent | Processed meat products | [127] |
Gellan | Inhibitor | Frozen foods, sugar syrups | [128] |
Properties | Applications | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Improving Textures | Stabilizer, thickener, gluten-free noodles, emulsifier, reducing oil uptake during fry | [150] |
Beverage Industry | Thickener, stabilizer, dietary fiber | [151] |
Dairy Products | Viscosifier, improving texture and mouthfeel, foam stabilization, preventing ice crystal growth in ice creams | [152] |
Meat Products | Edible films, fat replacer, thickener | [153] |
Soluble type of dietary fiber | Prebiotic, reducing blood, sugar, and cholesterol, treating constipation and diarrhea | [154] |
Bakery industry | Frozen dough improvement, gluten-free products, texture, and physical property improvement | [155] |
Others | Biodegradable films, flavor encapsulation | [156] |
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Baranwal, J.; Barse, B.; Fais, A.; Delogu, G.L.; Kumar, A. Biopolymer: A Sustainable Material for Food and Medical Applications. Polymers 2022, 14, 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050983
Baranwal J, Barse B, Fais A, Delogu GL, Kumar A. Biopolymer: A Sustainable Material for Food and Medical Applications. Polymers. 2022; 14(5):983. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050983
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaranwal, Jaya, Brajesh Barse, Antonella Fais, Giovanna Lucia Delogu, and Amit Kumar. 2022. "Biopolymer: A Sustainable Material for Food and Medical Applications" Polymers 14, no. 5: 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050983