Enhancing Generalization in Agricultural AI: Bridging Data Gaps and Boosting Model Robustness

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Precision and Digital Agriculture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 October 2026 | Viewed by 1424

Special Issue Editors


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Pesquisador nas Áreas de Processamento Digital de Sinais e Imagens, Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Campinas, SP, Brazil
Interests: digital signal processing; digital audio processing; digital image processing; computer vision
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Computer Systems Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
Interests: deep learning on imagery in precision agriculture; deep learning; semantic segmentation; precision agriculture
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Machine learning models in agriculture often struggle with limited generalization capabilities due to challenges such as data scarcity, variability in environmental conditions, and domain shifts between training and deployment scenarios. These limitations can lead to reduced model performance when faced with new or unseen data, hindering the adoption of AI-driven technologies in precision agriculture. Addressing these challenges requires innovative approaches that enhance model robustness, adaptability, and scalability.

The goal of this Special Issue is to explore advanced strategies for improving the generalization capability of machine learning models in agriculture. This includes techniques such as data augmentation, domain adaptation, transfer learning, and multimodal data fusion, as well as the use of synthetic data, generative models (e.g., GANs, VAEs), and Large Language Models (LLMs) to overcome data limitations. The scope of this Special Issue covers diverse agricultural applications, including crop monitoring, soil and water management, pest and disease detection, and yield prediction.

This Special Issue will highlight studies on innovative methods to enhance model generalization, such as leveraging diverse data sources, improving training pipelines, evaluating model robustness under real-world conditions, and developing adaptive models that maintain performance across varying environments and tasks.

We are seeking original research articles, case studies, technical notes, and reviews that present novel approaches, practical applications, and insights into building more generalizable and resilient AI models for agriculture.

Dr. Jayme Garcia Arnal Barbedo
Dr. Mulham Fawakherji
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • generalization in machine learning
  • precision agriculture
  • domain adaptation
  • transfer learning
  • data augmentation
  • synthetic data generation
  • multimodal data fusion
  • generative models (GANs, VAEs)
  • large language models (LLMs)
  • robustness and adaptability
  • crop monitoring and management
  • soil and water analysis

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

31 pages, 11526 KB  
Review
Transferability and Robustness in Proximal and UAV Crop Imaging
by Jayme Garcia Arnal Barbedo
Agronomy 2026, 16(3), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16030364 - 2 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 483
Abstract
AI-driven imaging is becoming central to crop monitoring, with proximal and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms now routinely used for disease and stress detection, yield estimation, canopy structure, and fruit counting. Yet, as these models move from plots to farms, the main bottleneck [...] Read more.
AI-driven imaging is becoming central to crop monitoring, with proximal and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms now routinely used for disease and stress detection, yield estimation, canopy structure, and fruit counting. Yet, as these models move from plots to farms, the main bottleneck is no longer raw accuracy but robustness under distribution shift. Systems trained in one field, season, cultivar, or sensor often fail when the scene, sensor, protocol, or timing changes in realistic ways. This review synthesizes recent advances on robustness and transferability in proximal and UAV imaging, drawing on a corpus of 42 core studies across field crops, orchards, greenhouse environments, and multi-platform phenotyping. Shift types are organized into four axes, namely scene, sensor, protocol, and time. The article also maps the empirical evidence on when RGB imaging alone is sufficient and when multispectral, hyperspectral, or thermal modalities can potentially improve robustness. This serves as a basis to synthesize acquisition and evaluation practices that often matter more than architectural tweaks, which include phenology-aware flight planning, radiometric standardization, metadata logging, and leave-one-field/season-out splits. Adaptation options are consolidated into a practical symptom/remedy roadmap, ranging from lightweight normalization and small target-set fine-tuning to feature alignment, unsupervised domain adaptation, style translation, and test-time updates. Finally, a benchmark and dataset agenda are outlined with emphasis on object-oriented splits, cross-sensor and cross-scale collections, and longitudinal datasets where the same fields are followed across seasons under different management regimes. The goal is to outline practices and evaluation protocols that support progress toward deployable and auditable systems, noting that such claims require standardized out-of-distribution testing and transparent reporting as emphasized in the benchmark specification and experiment suite proposed here. Full article
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