Genetic Architecture of Kernel Development in Cereal Crops

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Crop Breeding and Genetics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 September 2026 | Viewed by 1641

Special Issue Editors

Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: seed development; yield improve; maize; plant disease resistance
College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Interests: seed development and germination; seed production

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Guest Editor
Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: genomic-enhanced breeding; breeding tool development
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cereal crops, including wheat, rice, maize, barley, and sorghum, serve as the cornerstone of global food security, providing over 50% of the world’s caloric intake. The development of cereal kernels — encompassing grain size, composition, and nutritional quality — is a complex process governed by intricate genetic and molecular networks. Understanding the genetic architecture of kernel development is pivotal for advancing crop improvement strategies aimed at enhancing yield, and nutritional value under rapidly changing climatic conditions.

To address these challenges and opportunities, we are launching a Special Issue in Agronomy titled “Genetic Architecture of Kernel Development in Cereal Crops”. This Issue will focus on cutting-edge research that elucidates the genetic, genomic, and molecular mechanisms underlying kernel formation, maturation, and quality traits. We invite contributions spanning the following themes:

  1. Genetic and molecular regulation of key developmental stages in cereal kernels, from fertilization to grain filling;
  2. Innovative technologies (e.g., CRISPR, multi-omics integration) for dissecting kernel development pathways;
  3. Abiotic and biotic stress interactions affecting kernel development and strategies for resilience;
  4. Nutritional and safety improvements through the genetic modulation of starch, protein, lipid, and micronutrient biosynthesis.

This Special Issue aims to synthesize interdisciplinary knowledge from genetics, genomics, physiology, and agronomy to accelerate the design of next-generation cereal varieties. By bridging fundamental discoveries with applied breeding, we aspire to contribute to sustainable agriculture and food systems in the face of population growth and environmental pressures. We welcome original research articles, reviews, and perspectives that advance our understanding of kernel development.

Dr. Yu Cui
Dr. Xuemei Du
Dr. Hongwei Zhang
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • kernel development
  • endosperm
  • embryo
  • cereal

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 6200 KB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis of Germinated Maize Embryos Reveals Common Gene Responses to Multiple Abiotic Stresses
by Nannan Zheng, Yong Cheng, Fenghao Yu, Li Li, Quanquan Chen, Jianhua Wang, Riliang Gu and Xuemei Du
Agronomy 2026, 16(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010040 - 23 Dec 2025
Viewed by 727
Abstract
Maize seeds undergo a rapid germination phase, spanning from dry seeds to radicle protrusion, which is highly susceptible to various abiotic stresses. However, the specific distinctions between responses to different abiotic stresses and the genes commonly activated across multiple stresses remain largely unreported. [...] Read more.
Maize seeds undergo a rapid germination phase, spanning from dry seeds to radicle protrusion, which is highly susceptible to various abiotic stresses. However, the specific distinctions between responses to different abiotic stresses and the genes commonly activated across multiple stresses remain largely unreported. Here, we performed a transcriptome analysis using germinating embryos subjected to low-temperature stress (LTS), high-temperature stress (HTS), drought stress (DS), and salinity stress (SS) at two key germination stages: the imbibition saturation stage and radical protrusion stage. By comparing these samples to dry embryos, we first identified germination-related genes active at both stages. Subsequently, we compared stressed samples to non-stressed controls under standard germination conditions to exclude genes influenced solely by developmental progression. This ultimately identified 1226, 2418, 1298, and 850 DEGs stress-responsive differentially expressed genes (srDEGs) at the imbibition saturation stage for LTS, HTS, DS and SS, respectively, alongside 1995, 1437, 1741 and 1555 srDEGs at the radicle protrusion stage. Through a cross-stress comparison, we identified 214 to 1563 single-stress-responsive, 35 to 414 dual-stress-responsive, and 33 to 243 triple-stress-responsive srDEGs. Notably, we detected 44 and 235 common stress-responsive (co-srDEGs) across all four stresses at the imbibition saturation and radicle protrusion stage, respectively. These co-srDEGs were primarily associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, hormone signaling, and transcriptional regulation. Among the co-srDEGs, we identified 20 transcription factors (TFs) representing 11 families, which may serve as critical candidate genes for regulating multi-stress tolerance. The expression of four TFs was further verified by qPCR analysis. These findings not only highlight the differences and similarities in the regulatory networks underlying LTS, HTS, DS and SS during germination but also provide essential candidate genes for elucidating the mechanisms of seed germination in response to multiple abiotic stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Architecture of Kernel Development in Cereal Crops)
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Review

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25 pages, 1280 KB  
Review
Synchronizing the Panicle: A Spatiotemporal Network View of Phytohormones in Rice Grain Filling and Agronomic Regulation
by Zhendong Ji, Sijia Wang, Qun Hu, Hongcheng Zhang and Guangyan Li
Agronomy 2026, 16(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010060 - 25 Dec 2025
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Abstract
The grain-filling stage is crucial for determining yield and quality in rice. This process, and the pronounced disparity in development between superior and inferior grains, is orchestrated by a dynamic network of endogenous phytohormones. However, an integrated synthesis of their synthesis, transport, signaling, [...] Read more.
The grain-filling stage is crucial for determining yield and quality in rice. This process, and the pronounced disparity in development between superior and inferior grains, is orchestrated by a dynamic network of endogenous phytohormones. However, an integrated synthesis of their synthesis, transport, signaling, and crosstalk—particularly in the context of modern high-yield cultivation—is lacking. This review comprehensively analyzes the roles of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroids, and polyamines, with emphasis on their spatiotemporal dynamics and interactions in shaping grain fate. We explicitly link these hormonal mechanisms to agronomic and chemical regulation practices, such as nitrogen management and alternate wetting-drying irrigation. By synthesizing this knowledge, we aim to propose a unified model of grain filling regulation. This framework provides an actionable theoretical foundation for designing precise strategies to manipulate hormonal balances, thereby improving grain filling uniformity, yield, and quality in rice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Architecture of Kernel Development in Cereal Crops)
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