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Animals
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Respiratory Diseases in Dogs and Cats—Causes, Diagnostic Tools and Treatment
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Respiratory Diseases in Dogs and Cats—Causes, Diagnostic Tools and Treatment

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Companion Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2024) | Viewed by 10901

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Bianka Schulz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
Interests: small animal internal medicine; respiratory medicine

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to provide an update on the latest research in the field of lower airway infections in dogs and cats. Lower respiratory infections in companion animals are common, but they are also challenging in terms of diagnostic work-up and treatment. In recent years, exciting new research has been published in the field of canine and feline pneumonia using last generation sequencing for the detection of microbial communities involved, advanced new imaging modalities, investigations in complex interactions between the immune response of pathogens and hosts, and options for the provision and monitoring of intensive treatments have been evaluated.

Manuscripts presenting original research in all fields of this topic are welcome to be submitted for publication in this Special Issue, including an investigation of the bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens and microbial communities involved in pneumonia, the investigation of predisposing factors, an evaluation of diagnostic tools and biomarkers, and articles which provide new insights into therapeutic options and outcomes.

Dr. Bianka Schulz
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bronchopneumonia
  • lower airways
  • canine
  • feline
  • antibiotics

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3746 KiB  
Article
Retrospective Evaluation of Subpleural Consolidations Using Lung Ultrasound in 634 Dogs and 347 Cats
by Katarzyna Kraszewska, Michał Gajewski, Søren Boysen and Natalia Buda
Animals 2025, 15(4), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040549 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 772
Abstract
Background: Human literature describes vascular patterns in various types of lung consolidations; however, these changes have not been analyzed in dogs and cats. This retrospective analysis of medical records aimed to describe vascular patterns observed in the airless subpleural lung tissue of dogs [...] Read more.
Background: Human literature describes vascular patterns in various types of lung consolidations; however, these changes have not been analyzed in dogs and cats. This retrospective analysis of medical records aimed to describe vascular patterns observed in the airless subpleural lung tissue of dogs and cats and to compare these patterns to various lung consolidations and clinical diagnoses according to parenchymal and vascular criteria described in human literature. Animals: This study included 347 cats and 634 dogs. Methods: This was a retrospective study encompassing medical records obtained between 2018 and 2023. Lung ultrasound was performed in dogs and cats and cases with different sonographically identified airless subpleural lung tissue were selected. Airless subpleural lung tissue was categorized into five types of consolidations: shred, nodule, wedge sign, mass, and tissue sign. Further classification was based on the parenchymal criteria, the presence or absence of bronchograms and the vascular patterns identified within these regions. Bronchograms were classified as air bronchograms (dynamic and/or static), fluid bronchograms, mixed fluid and air bronchograms, and/or absence of bronchograms. Vascular patterns were classified as tree-like, residual, chaotic, “vascular sign”, and whether they were continuous with and extended from the chest wall or not. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: It is possible to identify and characterize airless subpleural lung tissue in cats and dogs based on the parenchymal and vascular characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Diseases in Dogs and Cats—Causes, Diagnostic Tools and Treatment)
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13 pages, 11466 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Stress Scores of Healthy Adult Cats during Barometric Whole-Body Plethysmography and Its Correlation with Measurement Parameters
by Petra Benz, Yury Zablotski and Bianka Schulz
Animals 2024, 14(15), 2249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152249 - 2 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1304
Abstract
Barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) is considered to be a particularly gentle method of assessing lung function in cats. However, there have been no studies to date investigating the stress experienced by cats during measurements. The prospective study included 48 healthy adult cats. Each [...] Read more.
Barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) is considered to be a particularly gentle method of assessing lung function in cats. However, there have been no studies to date investigating the stress experienced by cats during measurements. The prospective study included 48 healthy adult cats. Each cat was measured in the plethysmographic chamber for a total of 30 min and stress levels were determined every 10 min using a stress ethogram. At the beginning of measurements, 75% of cats were assessed as tense. Over the three time periods, a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in the total stress score was observed. In addition, all measurement parameters correlated significantly with the stress score, with the exception of enhanced pause and tidal volume. It can therefore be assumed that cats will initially experience stress during examination in the plethysmographic chamber, but stress will decrease significantly over time. As the stress level correlates with many measurement parameters, this should be taken into account when interpreting the results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Diseases in Dogs and Cats—Causes, Diagnostic Tools and Treatment)
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10 pages, 6322 KiB  
Article
Detection of Feline Coronavirus in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Cats with Atypical Lower Airway and Lung Disease: Suspicion of Virus-Associated Pneumonia or Pneumonitis
by Wei-Tao Chang, Pin-Yen Chen, Pei-Ying Lo, Hui-Wen Chen and Chung-Hui Lin
Animals 2024, 14(8), 1219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081219 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 2158
Abstract
The premortem understanding of the role of feline coronavirus (FeCoV) in the lungs of cats is limited as viruses are seldom inspected in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens of small animal patients. This study retrospectively analyzed the prevalence of FeCoV in BAL samples [...] Read more.
The premortem understanding of the role of feline coronavirus (FeCoV) in the lungs of cats is limited as viruses are seldom inspected in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens of small animal patients. This study retrospectively analyzed the prevalence of FeCoV in BAL samples from cats with atypical lower airway and lung disease, as well as the clinical characteristics, diagnostic findings, and follow-up information. Of 1162 clinical samples submitted for FeCoV RT-nPCR, 25 were BAL fluid. After excluding 1 case with chronic aspiration, FeCoV was found in 3/24 (13%) BAL specimens, with 2 having immunofluorescence staining confirming the presence of FeCoV within the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages. The cats with FeCoV in BAL fluid more often had pulmonary nodular lesions (66% vs. 19%, p = 0.14) and multinucleated cells on cytology (100% vs. 48%, p = 0.22) compared to the cats without, but these differences did not reach statistical significance due to the small sample size. Three cats showed an initial positive response to the corticosteroid treatment based on the clinical signs and radiological findings, but the long-term prognosis varied. The clinical suspicion of FeCoV-associated pneumonia or pneumonitis was raised since no other pathogens were found after extensive investigations. Further studies are warranted to investigate the interaction between FeCoV and lung responses in cats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Diseases in Dogs and Cats—Causes, Diagnostic Tools and Treatment)
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Review

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19 pages, 11233 KiB  
Review
Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine: A Clinical Review
by Andrea Armenise
Animals 2025, 15(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010106 - 5 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1894
Abstract
Thoracic point-of-care ultrasound (T-POCUS) has grown in popularity and usage in small animal emergencies and critical care settings due to its non-invasive nature, mobility, and ability to acquire images in real time. This review summarizes current understanding about T-POCUS in dogs and cats [...] Read more.
Thoracic point-of-care ultrasound (T-POCUS) has grown in popularity and usage in small animal emergencies and critical care settings due to its non-invasive nature, mobility, and ability to acquire images in real time. This review summarizes current understanding about T-POCUS in dogs and cats with respiratory illnesses, including normal thoracic ultrasonography appearance and numerous pathological situations. The basics of T-POCUS are covered, including equipment, scanning procedures, and picture settings. Practical applications in patients with respiratory distress are discussed, with an emphasis on pleural space abnormalities and lung diseases. Ultrasound results define pulmonary disorders such as pneumonia, atelectasis, cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, lung lobe torsion, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary neoplasms, and pulmonary bleeding. The evaluation focuses on T-POCUS diagnostic skills in a variety of clinical settings. Limitations and the need for more study to standardize techniques, establish agreed terminology, and create specialized educational routes are highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Diseases in Dogs and Cats—Causes, Diagnostic Tools and Treatment)
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11 pages, 245 KiB  
Review
Recognition and Diagnosis of Underlying Disease Processes in Bacterial Pneumonia
by Jonathan D. Dear, Sean E. Hulsebosch and Lynelle R. Johnson
Animals 2024, 14(11), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111601 - 29 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2759
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia can present in both dogs and cats as either acute or chronic disease, and clinical signs may suggest respiratory or systemic impairment. Aspiration pneumonia, a common form of disease, can be caused by esophageal or laryngeal disease, vomiting, or altered mentation, [...] Read more.
Bacterial pneumonia can present in both dogs and cats as either acute or chronic disease, and clinical signs may suggest respiratory or systemic impairment. Aspiration pneumonia, a common form of disease, can be caused by esophageal or laryngeal disease, vomiting, or altered mentation, such as with CNS disease or general anesthesia. Bacterial pneumonia can also develop due to inhaled airway foreign bodies, reduced local immune function, or impaired clearance of respiratory secretions. Rapid identification of the etiology and associated risk factors for pneumonia can help veterinarians develop a targeted therapeutic plan and prevent recurrence of disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Diseases in Dogs and Cats—Causes, Diagnostic Tools and Treatment)
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