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Advanced Technologies in Wood Science
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Advanced Technologies in Wood Science

A topical collection in Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This collection belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Viewed by 31144

Editor

Prof. Dr. Antonios Papadopoulos

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
Laboratory of Wood Science, Chemistry and Technology, Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Geotechnical Sciences, International Hellenic University, Thermi, Greece
Interests: wood; wood composites; lignocellulosic materials; chemical and thermal modification technologies; nanotechnology and nanomaterilas; adhesives
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Topical Collection Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wood, a versatile material, has been used for centuries for many reasons due to its fibrous nature. It varies in color and density and is considered a primary raw material in buildings due to its high strength in combination with its low weight and some durability. It is, therefore, a raw material that can be used in indoor applications and, if treated efficiently, in outdoor application as well. However, wood has two main disadvantages which restrict its wider use, namely a susceptibility to biodegradability by microorganisms and a dimensional instability when subjected to a varied moisture content. Most wood species deteriorate rapidly under biological factors; the most important biological decay is caused by fungi. On the other hand, when wood is subjected to a fluctuating moisture, dimensional and conformational instability occur. These drawbacks are mainly due to the cell wall main polymers and, in particular, due to their high abundance of hydroxyl groups. Wood may be modified chemically or thermally, so that selected properties are enhanced in a more or less permanent fashion. Another option to improve these properties is to exploit the solutions that nanotechnology can offer. The small size nanoparticles of nanotechnology compounds can deeply penetrate into the wood, effectively alter its surface chemistry, and result in a high protection against moisture and decay. In addition, the use of lignocellulosic materials for the production of advanced wood composites is an innovative avenue for research. This Special Issue, Advanced Technologies in Wood Science, seeks high-quality works and topics (not only those) focusing on the latest approaches to the protection of wood and wood composites with chemical or thermal modification technologies, the application of nanomaterials to wood science and the development of new techniques and technologies for production of lignocellulosic materials with enhanced properties and performance.

Prof. Dr. Antonios Papadopoulos
Collection Editor

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Keywords

  • wood
  • wood composites
  • new technologies
  • protection
  • moisture
  • decay
  • modification
  • nanomaterials
  • lignocellulosic materials

Published Papers (8 papers)

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2021

Jump to: 2020

29 pages, 2898 KiB  
Review
Recent Developments in Lignin- and Tannin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Resins for Wood Adhesives—A Review
by Manggar Arum Aristri, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Sumit Manohar Yadav, Petar Antov, Antonios N. Papadopoulos, Antonio Pizzi, Widya Fatriasari, Maya Ismayati and Apri Heri Iswanto
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4242; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094242 - 7 May 2021
Cited by 99 | Viewed by 11260
Abstract
This review article aims to summarize the potential of using renewable natural resources, such as lignin and tannin, in the preparation of NIPUs for wood adhesives. Polyurethanes (PUs) are extremely versatile polymeric materials, which have been widely used in numerous applications, e.g., packaging, [...] Read more.
This review article aims to summarize the potential of using renewable natural resources, such as lignin and tannin, in the preparation of NIPUs for wood adhesives. Polyurethanes (PUs) are extremely versatile polymeric materials, which have been widely used in numerous applications, e.g., packaging, footwear, construction, the automotive industry, the lighting industry, insulation panels, bedding, furniture, metallurgy, sealants, coatings, foams, and wood adhesives. The isocyanate-based PUs exhibit strong adhesion properties, excellent flexibility, and durability, but they lack renewability. Therefore, this study focused on the development of non-isocyanate polyurethane lignin and tannin resins for wood adhesives. PUs are commercially synthesized using polyols and polyisocyanates. Isocyanates are toxic, costly, and not renewable; thus, a search of suitable alternatives in the synthesis of polyurethane resins is needed. The reaction with diamine compounds could result in NIPUs based on lignin and tannin. The research on bio-based components for PU synthesis confirmed that they have good characteristics as an alternative for the petroleum-based adhesives. The advantages of improved strength, low curing temperatures, shorter pressing times, and isocyanate-free properties were demonstrated by lignin- and tannin-based NIPUs. The elimination of isocyanate, associated with environmental and human health hazards, NIPU synthesis, and its properties and applications, including wood adhesives, are reported comprehensively in this paper. The future perspectives of NIPUs’ production and application were also outlined. Full article
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5 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
Wollastonite to Improve Fire Properties in Medium-Density Fiberboard Made from Wood and Chicken Feather Fibers
by Hamid R. Taghiyari, Jeffrey J. Morrell and Antonios N. Papadopoulos
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3070; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073070 - 30 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
Poultry is a crucial global protein source.However, processing creates sizable quantities of feathers as a by-product. Identifying suitable uses for these feathers poses a major challenge. One possible use would be as an extender in medium density fiberboards (MDF). At the same time, [...] Read more.
Poultry is a crucial global protein source.However, processing creates sizable quantities of feathers as a by-product. Identifying suitable uses for these feathers poses a major challenge. One possible use would be as an extender in medium density fiberboards (MDF). At the same time, feathers might also modify the inherent fire resistance of the resulting panels, suggesting the need for additives to enhance fire performance. The potential for using feathers to supplement wood in MDF panels was evaluated in conjunction with the addition of wollastonite. The effects of using 5% or 10% feathers with or without 10% wollastonite were investigated. Adding 5% feathers did affect properties. However, simultaneous addition of 10% wollastonite resulted in panels with improved fire performance properties and increased the ability of panels to dissipate heat. The results suggest that feathers could be a resource for extending timber supplies for MDF production, especially with wollastonite to improve fire performance. Full article
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10 pages, 1654 KiB  
Article
Possibilities of Decreasing Hygroscopicity of Resonance Wood Used in Piano Soundboards Using Thermal Treatment
by Petr Zatloukal, Pavlína Suchomelová, Jakub Dömény, Tadeáš Doskočil, Ginevra Manzo and Jan Tippner
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020475 - 6 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2129
Abstract
This article presents the possibilities of decreasing moisture sorption properties via thermal modification of Norway spruce wood in musical instruments. The 202 resonance wood specimens that were used to produce piano soundboards have been conditioned and divided into three density groups. The first [...] Read more.
This article presents the possibilities of decreasing moisture sorption properties via thermal modification of Norway spruce wood in musical instruments. The 202 resonance wood specimens that were used to produce piano soundboards have been conditioned and divided into three density groups. The first specimen group had natural untreated properties, the second was thermally treated at 180 °C, and the third group was treated at 200 °C. All specimens were isothermally conditioned at 20 °C with relative humidity values of 40, 60, and 80%. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC), swelling, and acoustical properties, such as the longitudinal dynamic modulus (E’L), bending dynamic modulus (Eb), damping coefficient (tan δ), acoustic conversion efficiency (ACEL), and relative acoustic conversion efficiency (RACEL) were evaluated on every moisture content level. Treatment at 180 °C caused the EMC to decrease by 36% and the volume swelling to decrease by 9.9%. Treatment at 200 °C decreased the EMC by 42% and the swelling by 39.6%. The 180 °C treatment decreased the value of the longitudinal sound velocity by 1.6%, whereas the treatment at 200 °C increased the velocity by 2.1%. The acoustical properties EL′, Eb, ACEL, and RACEL were lower due to the higher moisture content of the samples, and only the tanδ increased. Although both treatments significantly affected the swelling and EMC, the treatment at 180 °C did not significantly affect the acoustical properties. Full article
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2020

Jump to: 2021

12 pages, 2379 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Color Change and Biodeterioration Resistance of Gewang (Corypha utan Lamk.) Wood
by Dodi Nandika, Wayan Darmawan, Lina Karlinasari, Yusuf Sudo Hadi, Imam Busyra Abdillah and Salim Hiziroglu
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7501; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217501 - 26 Oct 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2261
Abstract
Gewang (Corypha utan Lamk.) is one of the endemic palm species which has been used as a building material for many years in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to enhance the overall resistance of gewang wood to biological deterioration by [...] Read more.
Gewang (Corypha utan Lamk.) is one of the endemic palm species which has been used as a building material for many years in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to enhance the overall resistance of gewang wood to biological deterioration by using smoke treatment. Samples taken from different parts of the trunks, namely bottom, middle, and upper parts in a longitudinal direction and outer and inner parts in a transversal direction, were exposed to the smoking process. Discoloration, dry-wood termite (Cryptotemes cynocephalus) and fungi (Schizophyllumcommune) resistance of smoked samples were determined according to the Indonesian standard. Based on the findings in this work, discoloration of smoked specimens was more prominent than that of the unsmoked samples. Overall termite and decay resistance of smoked samples were enhanced and higher than those of unsmoked samples without any influence of longitudinal and transversal orientations within the trunks. It appears that smoking can be considered as a potential method to improve decay and termite resistances of gewang wood. Full article
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25 pages, 26364 KiB  
Article
Precast Bridges of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete in Disadvantaged Village Areas in Indonesia
by Muhtar
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7158; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207158 - 14 Oct 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4271
Abstract
Bamboo is an inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and renewable building material that thrives in Indonesia. Bamboo has a high tensile strength but also has weaknesses, namely, it is easily attacked by insects and has high water absorption. Utilization of bamboo as a precast concrete [...] Read more.
Bamboo is an inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and renewable building material that thrives in Indonesia. Bamboo has a high tensile strength but also has weaknesses, namely, it is easily attacked by insects and has high water absorption. Utilization of bamboo as a precast concrete bridge reinforcement must be treated first through soaking, drying, and giving a waterproof coating and sand. This research aimed to obtain a precast bamboo reinforced concrete bridge technology with good integrity, with measuring parameters of deformation and deflection according to AASHTO standards. The dimensions of the bridge were a span of 320 cm, a width of 224 cm, and a height of 115 cm. Two bridge frames were connected by four bridge beams. The bridge plate was made of a 10-cm-thick concrete plate. The bridge support of the reinforced concrete is assumed to be the hinge support and the rubber bearing is assumed to be the roller support. The bamboo reinforced concrete frame bridge test was carried out directly with a load of a minibus-type vehicle. The test results show that the precast bamboo reinforced concrete frame bridges have sufficiently good integrity; that is, they can distribute loads with deflection and deformation that do not exceed their permits. The maximum displacement occurs in the bridge frame of 0.25 mm, meeting the requirements based on the AASTHO and RSNI T-12-2004 standards, which is not more than Δmax = L/800 = 3.75 mm. The maximum deformation occurs in the bridge beam of 0.20 mm, and the bridge frame of 0.13 mm meets the requirements based on the AASTHO and RSNI T-12-2004 standards, which is not more than δmax = L/800 = 3.75 mm. Full article
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10 pages, 1328 KiB  
Article
Termite Resistance of Furfuryl Alcohol and Imidacloprid Treated Fast-Growing Tropical Wood Species as Function of Field Test
by Yusuf Sudo Hadi, Elis Nina Herliyana, Desy Mulyosari, Imam Busyra Abdillah, Rohmah Pari and Salim Hiziroglu
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 6101; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176101 - 2 Sep 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2707
Abstract
In general fast-growing tree species harvested at a young age has substantial amount of sapwood. It also contains juvenile wood, which has undesirable inferior physical and mechanical properties. Having sapwood and juvenile wood in the trees makes them very susceptible to be attacked [...] Read more.
In general fast-growing tree species harvested at a young age has substantial amount of sapwood. It also contains juvenile wood, which has undesirable inferior physical and mechanical properties. Having sapwood and juvenile wood in the trees makes them very susceptible to be attacked by biological deterioration specifically termites in a tropical environment. The main objective of this study was to investigate the termite resistance of four fast-growing Indonesian wood species treated with furfuryl alcohol and imidacloprid. Wood specimens from sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), mangium (Acacia mangium), and pine (Pinus merkusii) were impregnated with furfuryl alcohol, using tartaric acid and heat as well as treated with imidacloprid for the polymerization process. All of the specimens were exposed to environmental conditions in the field for three months. Based on the findings in this work, the untreated control samples had higher weight loss values and lower protection levels than those of imidacloprid-treated and furfurylated samples of all four species. It appears that furfurylation and imidacloprid treatment of such fast-growing species had a significant impact regarding their resistance against termite so that their service life can be extended during their utilization. Full article
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12 pages, 1291 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Thermal Treatment on Structural Changes of Teak and Iroko Wood Lignins
by Danica Kačíková, Ivan Kubovský, Nikoleta Ulbriková and František Kačík
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 5021; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10145021 - 21 Jul 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3201
Abstract
Thermal modification is an environmentally friendly method to improve dimensional stability, durability, and aesthetic properties of wood. Changes in lignin as one of the main wood components markedly influence wood product properties and recycling possibilities of thermowood at the end of its life [...] Read more.
Thermal modification is an environmentally friendly method to improve dimensional stability, durability, and aesthetic properties of wood. Changes in lignin as one of the main wood components markedly influence wood product properties and recycling possibilities of thermowood at the end of its life cycle. Teak and iroko wood samples were thermally treated at the temperatures of 160 °C, 180 °C and 210 °C following the Thermowood process. Dioxane lignin was isolated from treated and untreated wood and analysed by nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The yields of both acid-insoluble and dioxane lignins increased with an increasing treatment temperature. Dioxane lignins are GS-types containing more guaiacyl units compared to syringyl ones with S/G ratios of 0.91 and 0.84, respectively. In the process of thermal modification, several degradation and condensation reactions were observed. The cleavage of methoxyl groups and side chains, oxidation reactions, cleavage of the β-O-4 ether linkage and cross-linking radicals arising at higher temperatures were all confirmed. However, during the thermal treatment, teak lignin changed in a different way than iroko lignin, e.g., the molecular weight of iroko lignin decreased at all applied temperatures while it increased at 180 °C and 210 °C in teak lignin, and the change in S/G ratio and the cleavage of alkyl-aryl bonds are different in both wood species. Full article
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11 pages, 1883 KiB  
Article
Fluid Flow in Nanosilver-Impregnated Heat-Treated Beech Wood in Different Mediums
by Hamid R. Taghiyari, Ghane Hosseini, Asghar Tarmian and Antonios N. Papadopoulos
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(6), 1919; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10061919 - 11 Mar 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2213
Abstract
Specific gas permeability of beech wood was determined and compared with values obtained after nanosilver-impregnation and heat-treatment in three mediums of air, water, and water steam at 150 °C for four durations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Separate sets of specimens [...] Read more.
Specific gas permeability of beech wood was determined and compared with values obtained after nanosilver-impregnation and heat-treatment in three mediums of air, water, and water steam at 150 °C for four durations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Separate sets of specimens for each group were prepared and impregnated with a 400 ppm aqueous nanosilver suspension. The results revealed that the effect of heat treatment in hot-air depended on the duration of treatment. Hydrothermal treatment generally increased gas permeability, this was attributed to the dissolving of extractives in the hot water medium, although lower duration of one hour did not significantly change permeability. Hygrothermal treatment increased gas permeability at all four durations, revealing its effectiveness as a pre-treatment to improve penetration of preservatives and fire-retardants into wood texture in wood preservation industry. High thermal conductivity of silver nanoparticles intensified the effects of heat treatment in all mediums. Full article
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