Atmospheres Design

A special issue of Architecture (ISSN 2673-8945).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2026) | Viewed by 4213

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Design Department, Politecnico di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
Interests: atmospheres design; time-based design; futures studies
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Co-Guest Editor
Design Department, Politecnico di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
Interests: adaptive reuse processes; perceptual design strategies; fragile inhabitants

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Guest Editor Assistant
Design Department, Politecnico di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
Interests: senses and atmosphere design; learning spaces

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Guest Editor Assistant
Design Department, Politecnico di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
Interests: senses; time; atmospheres; design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleauges,

Atmospheres design is a design discipline that focuses on the creation and conceptualization of sensory and emotional atmospheres in both physical and digital spaces. It is a multidimensional approach that integrates elements such as light, color, sound, temperature, texture, materials, and scents to influence perceptual experience and individual well-being within a given environment. This discipline aims to design not only the esthetic or functional aspects of a space but also its emotional, social, and psychological impact. It is applied in various contexts, including architecture, interior design, events, retail spaces, and workplaces, with the goal of creating immersive, engaging, and memorable experiences.

The spaces we inhabit are undergoing an unprecedented transformation. The digital revolution has introduced not only new technologies but also new ways of living, different behaviors, and new temporal dynamics. Therefore, a profound rethinking of spatial design is required, not only from a functional and typological perspective but also from a perceptual and emotional one.

Atmospheres Design is a design field pioneered by scholars such as David Howes, an anthropologist and founder of the Sensory Studies research group at Concordia University; and Swiss architect Peter Zumthor, who authored the book Atmospheres (2006), in which he explores how architectural space and materials create emotional and sensory experiences. Zumthor highlights the importance of atmosphere in evoking emotions through elements such as light, materials, sound, and touch.

Gernot Böhme, a German philosopher, was among the first to theorize atmosphere from the perspective of esthetic philosophy. In his book Atmospheric Architectures, Böhme examines how design influences spatial and emotional perception, conceptualizing atmosphere as a central element in human spatial experience. Finnish architect and theorist Juhani Pallasmaa has addressed the theme of atmosphere in spaces in works such as The Eyes of the Skin, where he emphasizes the importance of the senses and bodily experience in the perception of the built environment.

Other designers and theorists who have contributed to the theory of atmosphere include Markus Gabriel and Tonino Griffero, both philosophers who have explored esthetics and spatial perception, linking them to emotional and cognitive phenomena. Architect Steven Holl and artist Philippe Rahm have also made significant contributions, with Rahm focusing on physiological and environmental architecture studies.

This Special Issue dedicated to atmospheres design explores its role in the design of spaces and architecture. It brings together contributions to a discipline that integrates and synthesizes architecture, design, landscape design, scenography, and related fields:

  • DESIGNING ATMOSPHERES: theories, masters and boundaries;
  • PEOPLE: humans and post humans, perception and neuroscience;
  • NOTATIONS: storytelling, semantics, diagrams and maps;
  • PROJECTS: case studies and realized projects and experimentations (architecture, interiors, scenography, exhibitions design, events, etc.);
  • TIME: rhythms, dramaturgies, ephemerality;
  • TECHNOLOGIES: devices, UX, phygitalization;
  • SENSORY APPROACHES: sound, scents, lighting, colors, etc.

Dr. Anna Barbara
Dr. Barbara Camocini
Guest Editors

Dr. Reejy Mikhail
Dr. Yuemei Ma
Guest Editor Assistants

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • atmospheres
  • senses
  • time
  • ephemeral
  • design
  • architecture
  • interior design
  • exhibitions and event design

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 575 KB  
Article
This Is ‘Home’: Uncovering the Multifaceted Sense of Home via Sensory and Narrative Approaches in Dementia Care
by Natsumi Wada, Silvia Maria Gramegna and Asia Nicoletta Perotti
Architecture 2026, 6(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture6010017 - 28 Jan 2026
Viewed by 238
Abstract
This study examines how the sense of home for people with dementia is shaped not only by physical settings but by dynamic atmospheric compositions emerging through memory, sensation, and everyday practices. Building on a preliminary literature mapping that identified three dimensions of home [...] Read more.
This study examines how the sense of home for people with dementia is shaped not only by physical settings but by dynamic atmospheric compositions emerging through memory, sensation, and everyday practices. Building on a preliminary literature mapping that identified three dimensions of home in later-life care environments—safe space, small world, and connection—we developed a multisensory co-design toolkit combining key-element cards and curated olfactory prompts. The study was conducted in a dementia-friendly residential care facility in Italy. Nine residents with mild–moderate dementia (aged 75–84) participated in two group sessions and six individual sessions, facilitated by two design researchers with care staff present. Data consist of audio-recorded and transcribed interviews, guided olfactory sessions, and researcher fieldnotes. Across sessions, participants articulated “small worlds” as micro-environments composed of meaningful objects, bodily comfort, routines, and sensory cues that supported emotional regulation and identity continuity. Olfactory prompts, administered through a low-intensity and participant-controlled protocol, supported scene-based autobiographical recall for some participants, often eliciting memories of domestic rituals, places, and relationships. Rather than treating home-like design as a fixed architectural style, we interpret home as continuously re-made through situated sensory–temporal patterns and relational practices. We translate these findings into atmospheric design directions for dementia care: designing places of self and refuge, staging accessible material memory devices, embedding gentle olfactory micro-worlds within daily routines, and approaching atmosphere as an ongoing process of co-attunement among residents, staff, and environmental conditions. The study contributes a methodological and conceptual framework for multisensory, narrative-driven approaches to designing home-like environments in long-term care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheres Design)
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19 pages, 2893 KB  
Article
Reconstructing Historical Atmospheres: Creating Sensory Trails for Heritage Sites
by Jieling Xiao and Michael Butler
Architecture 2026, 6(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture6010003 - 24 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Trails in heritage sites are useful ways to engage visitors with the place. Sensory trails proposed in this paper, engaged with the sensory walking method, are designed purposefully to engage the multi-sensory features onsite with prompts to link to the historic sensory elements [...] Read more.
Trails in heritage sites are useful ways to engage visitors with the place. Sensory trails proposed in this paper, engaged with the sensory walking method, are designed purposefully to engage the multi-sensory features onsite with prompts to link to the historic sensory elements that have historic and cultural meanings to the heritage sites. Two questions are asked: (1) What process can we follow to design sensory heritage trails? (2) What criteria can be used to evaluate and guide the sensory features on site and from historic documentations? Taking design research as the overarching methodology, this paper reflects on the creation of two sensory trails, Sensing Beyond the Roundhouse and Sensing Around the Anglesey Column, following the Double Diamond framework developed by UK Design Council. An iterative design framework was developed, beginning with the identification of constraints and sensory opportunities through site observations, document analysis, and stakeholder interviews, which leads to interpretations of sensory features to shape storylines and route planning informed by user analysis. It is followed by representing the trails through sensory maps and other low-cost creative formats and then validating proposed trails with communities and stakeholders via pilot walks and feedback sessions. Four criteria are generated to assess sensory features based on engagement and authenticity: their contribution to the authentic historic atmosphere of the site; their ability to trigger imagination and evoke nostalgia; their distinctiveness and relevance to the site’s heritage narratives; and their capacity to encourage physical interaction and embodied engagement. The discussion part argues that sensory trails can be used as place-based strategies to inform urban planning and development around the heritage site through three pathways: catalyst for improvements and developments, connect isolated heritage sites, generate place-based knowledge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheres Design)
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13 pages, 3804 KB  
Article
Harvesting Atmospheres—Exploring Atmospheric Elements in Spatial Design
by Gillian Treacy
Architecture 2025, 5(4), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040126 - 8 Dec 2025
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Abstract
The atmosphere of an interior space within an architectural built form can be defined by the interactions between the material and immaterial elements surrounding the inhabitant of a space, expressed through our own responding embodied experience. These psychologically tangible yet often immaterial experiences [...] Read more.
The atmosphere of an interior space within an architectural built form can be defined by the interactions between the material and immaterial elements surrounding the inhabitant of a space, expressed through our own responding embodied experience. These psychologically tangible yet often immaterial experiences are deeply embodied, realised through our interconnected visual perception, haptic engagement, auditory characteristics, temporal movement and thermal comfort. The study questions how we can harvest useful data to explore atmosphere as an “in-between” state between perceiver and surroundings, through aligning physical environmental recordings with felt personal responses over parallel time-based studies. The approach explored analyses a set of existing spaces through the harvesting of sensory elements using on-site, temporal recordings and participatory haptic engagement. Physical presence is recorded through measured environmental data and audited through a theoretical stance of “conservation of mass”, as each extracted element is replaced and balanced by the other sensorial elements, supporting a holistic experience. Evolving thinking around design approaches promoting an awareness of atmospheric sensibilities can ensure that we do not lose the rich opportunities that sensory design can provide for contemporary architectural design practice. Harvesting atmospheres seeks to describe the broad, elemental nature of sensory design, defining examples of real-time temporary, elusive boundaries and fluid domains that shift spaces between atmospheric experiences, whilst supporting the interconnected collage of the “in-between” complexity of designing with this realm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheres Design)
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26 pages, 2960 KB  
Article
Olfactory Attribution Circle (OAC): Designing Crossmodal Congruence Between Scent, Color, and Language
by Paulo Eduardo Tonin and Marinella Ferrara
Architecture 2025, 5(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040121 - 29 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1055
Abstract
This article introduces the Olfactory Attribution Circle (OAC), a conceptual tool for integrating olfaction, color and semantic attributes in the design of sensory atmospheres. Developed through a multi-method strategy, the research combined a literature review, semi-structured interviews with academic and industry sources, a [...] Read more.
This article introduces the Olfactory Attribution Circle (OAC), a conceptual tool for integrating olfaction, color and semantic attributes in the design of sensory atmospheres. Developed through a multi-method strategy, the research combined a literature review, semi-structured interviews with academic and industry sources, a case study of Every Human (Algorithmic Perfumery), and AI-assisted exploration. The review revealed a lack of tools operationalizing olfactory design within the built environment. Interviews provided practice-based insights on inclusion, intensity calibration, and feasibility, while the case study demonstrated the potential and limitations of AI-driven personalization. AI was employed to generate mappings between 60 essences, semantic attributes, and chromatic codes, refined through authorial curation. Results highlight systematic crossmodal correspondences between scents, linguistic attributes, and chromatic values, underscoring the importance of crossmodal congruence in designing coherent sensory experiences. The OAC enables congruent, human-centered olfactory design, though cultural variability and semantic ambiguity limit universal application. The study positions the OAC as both a methodological contribution and a foundation for future empirical testing across diverse cultural contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheres Design)
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Review

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13 pages, 244 KB  
Review
Framing Atmospheres: The Display Window as a Dioramic Device for Atmospheric Experimentation in Historical and Contemporary Exhibit Design Culture
by Marta Elisa Cecchi
Architecture 2026, 6(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture6010014 - 27 Jan 2026
Viewed by 224
Abstract
When the breath of a passerby momentarily clouds the glass of a display window that distinctly withdraws from the urban continuum, it signals the presence of a perceptual threshold, an atmospheric interruption before resuming its path. This liminal space engages the observer not [...] Read more.
When the breath of a passerby momentarily clouds the glass of a display window that distinctly withdraws from the urban continuum, it signals the presence of a perceptual threshold, an atmospheric interruption before resuming its path. This liminal space engages the observer not through physical entry, but through a multisensory activation. While the notion of atmosphere has been extensively theorised in architecture and environmental aesthetics, its implications remain insufficiently explored within retail design, particularly in the spatial and exhibit design perspective in the display window. Contemporary shop windows aim to engage passersby beyond mere product visibility; the need to articulate and design for atmosphere becomes more urgent. This article offers an atmospheric interpretation of the display window, understood not simply as a commercial interface or spatial facade but as a dioramic device in which all elements are staged in evocative micro-environments. Through the reinterpretation of selected historical and contemporary case studies, the research positions the display window as a privileged site for atmospheric experimentation. By framing window display design as an environmental and perceptual construct, the study contributes to the broader discourse on atmospheres, advancing the atmospheric paradigm as an operative approach for contemporary exhibit and spatial design practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheres Design)
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