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Ozone Evolution in the Past and Future (2nd Edition)
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Ozone Evolution in the Past and Future (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Quality".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 April 2025 | Viewed by 4365

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Eugene Rozanov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
Interests: ozone; climate; modeling; solar irradiance; stratospheric aerosol; volcanic eruptions; energetic particles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The ozone layer plays a key role in the protection of the biosphere from dangerous solar ultraviolet radiation. It also defines stratospheric temperature structure and therefore has a direct influence on the general circulation and surface climate. The discovery of the ozone hole in 1987 led to limitations in the production of halogen-containing, ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) by the Montreal Protocol and its amendments (MPAs). Thus, this measure prevented catastrophic ozone layer depletion, and most chemistry–climate models predict the recovery of the ozone layer in the middle of the 21st century. However, the ozone layer state and the effectiveness of ODS limitations by the MPAs still require continuous observations and modeling efforts to avoid any undesirable surprises. Besides ODSs, the ozone layer is sensitive to several factors such as the acceleration of meridional circulation caused by global warming; changes in solar irradiance; space weather-related events; emissions of very short-lived halogen-containing species; uncertainties in stratospheric aerosol loading caused by unpredictable volcanic eruption as well as climate intervention via artificial aerosol injections. The influence of these factors on the ozone layer in the past, present, and future is at the center of this Special Issue. Another important ozone-related problem is the expected changes to the tropospheric ozone which can have implications for human health, biology, and agriculture. Papers on these and other relevant topics are welcome in this Special Issue.

Dr. Eugene Rozanov
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • ozone layer
  • Montreal protocol
  • stratospheric aerosol
  • global warming
  • solar activity
  • energetic particles

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 9121 KiB  
Article
Attempt to Explore Ozone Mixing Ratio Data from Reanalyses for Trend Studies
by Peter Krizan
Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111298 - 29 Oct 2024
Viewed by 659
Abstract
In this paper, we use ozone mixing ratio data from the MERRA-2, ERA-5 and JRA-55 reanalyses from 500 hPa to 1 hPa in the period 1980–2020 with the aim of assessing their suitability for trend analysis. We found that these data are not [...] Read more.
In this paper, we use ozone mixing ratio data from the MERRA-2, ERA-5 and JRA-55 reanalyses from 500 hPa to 1 hPa in the period 1980–2020 with the aim of assessing their suitability for trend analysis. We found that these data are not suitable for trend studies due to huge differences in trend values and large differences in the variance of the ozone mixing ratio between reanalyses, and due to strong discrepancies between the ozone mixing ratio from reanalyses and that from the reliable ozonesonde at Hohenpeissenberg. These large differences can be caused by satellite replacement or by the assimilation of imperfect homogeneous data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Evolution in the Past and Future (2nd Edition))
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16 pages, 2739 KiB  
Article
Temperature and Ozone Response to Different Forcing in the Lower Troposphere and Stratosphere
by Margarita Usacheva, Eugene Rozanov, Vladimir Zubov and Sergei Smyshlyaev
Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111289 - 27 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1290
Abstract
To evaluate the contributions of different forcings to the temperature and atmospheric composition changes between 1980 and 2020, we exploited the chemistry-climate model (CCM) SOCOLv3. The study examined ozone content and atmospheric temperature response to (1) ozone-depleting substances; (2) greenhouse gas concentrations, ocean [...] Read more.
To evaluate the contributions of different forcings to the temperature and atmospheric composition changes between 1980 and 2020, we exploited the chemistry-climate model (CCM) SOCOLv3. The study examined ozone content and atmospheric temperature response to (1) ozone-depleting substances; (2) greenhouse gas concentrations, ocean surface temperature, and sea ice coverage; (3) solar irradiance; and (4) stratospheric aerosol loading and, separately, (5) greenhouse gas concentrations, (6) ocean surface temperature and sea ice coverage, and (7) NOx surface emissions. To evaluate the impacts of specific factors, we performed model runs driven by each factor (1–7) variability as well as a reference experiment that accounted for the influence of all factors simultaneously. We identified the relative contribution of different factors to the evolution of the temperature and ozone content of the lower troposphere and stratosphere from 1980 to 2020. The model results were in good agreement with the reanalyses (MERRA2 and ERA5). We showed that stratospheric ozone depletion before the Montreal Protocol introduction and partial recovery after that were chiefly driven by ODS. Stratospheric aerosol from major volcanic eruptions caused only short-term (up to 5 years) ozone decline. Increased greenhouse gas emissions dominate the ongoing long-term stratospheric cooling as well as tropospheric and surface warming. Solar irradiance contributed to short-term fluctuations but had a minimal long-term impact. Furthermore, our analysis of the solar signal in the tropical stratosphere underscores the complex interplay of solar radiation with volcanic, oceanic, and atmospheric factors, revealing significant altitudinal distributions of temperature and ozone responses to solar activity. Our findings advocate further innovative methodologies to take into account the nonlinearity of the atmospheric processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Evolution in the Past and Future (2nd Edition))
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18 pages, 3802 KiB  
Article
Influence of Natural Tropical Oscillations on Ozone Content and Meridional Circulation in the Boreal Winter Stratosphere
by Tatiana Ermakova, Andrey Koval, Kseniia Didenko, Olga Aniskina and Arina Okulicheva
Atmosphere 2024, 15(6), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060717 - 15 Jun 2024
Viewed by 861
Abstract
The dependence of ozone content in the polar stratosphere upon different phases of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of the zonal wind and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during winter was studied. The monthly (from November to January) mean residual meridional circulation (RMC) was [...] Read more.
The dependence of ozone content in the polar stratosphere upon different phases of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of the zonal wind and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during winter was studied. The monthly (from November to January) mean residual meridional circulation (RMC) was calculated for four different combinations of the main phases of ENSO and QBO using MERRA2 reanalysis data. It has been demonstrated that the QBO phase manifests itself in different vertical distributions of ozone in the equatorial stratosphere, as well as in strengthening/weakening of the secondary meridional circulation in the tropics. The enhancement of the RMC from the tropical to the polar stratosphere is stronger at altitudes where ozone is higher in the tropics under El Niño conditions. The RMC modification and intensification are observed from ozone-depleted areas under La Niña conditions. A “cumulative” effect is observed by February under La Niña conditions and the easterly QBO, which is expressed in the lowest ozone content in the polar stratosphere. The numerical experiments carried out using the Middle and Upper Atmosphere Model (MUAM) confirmed tendencies in changes in the meridional transport detected from the reanalysis data for different combinations of QBO and ENSO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Evolution in the Past and Future (2nd Edition))
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Other

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10 pages, 916 KiB  
Brief Report
Environmental Policies and Countermeasures for the Phase-Out of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) over the Last 30 Years: A Case Study in Taiwan
by Wen-Tien Tsai
Atmosphere 2024, 15(8), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080961 - 12 Aug 2024
Viewed by 876
Abstract
It is well established that the reaction cycles involving some halogenated alkanes (so-called ozone-depleting substances—ODSs) contribute to the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere, prompting the Montreal Protocol (initially signed in 1987), and later amendments. The Protocol called for the scheduled phase-out of [...] Read more.
It is well established that the reaction cycles involving some halogenated alkanes (so-called ozone-depleting substances—ODSs) contribute to the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere, prompting the Montreal Protocol (initially signed in 1987), and later amendments. The Protocol called for the scheduled phase-out of ODSs, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), halon, methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3), methyl chloride (CH3Cl), and even hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). In view of the urgent importance of ozone layer protection to the global ecological environment, the Taiwanese government has taken regulatory actions to reduce ODS consumption since 1993, through the joint venture of the central competent authorities. Under the government’s regulatory requirements, and the industry’s efforts to adopt both alternatives to ODSs and abatement technologies, the phase-out of some ODSs (i.e., CFCs, CCl4, halon, and CH3CCl3) was achieved prior to 2010. The consumption of HCFCs and methyl chloride has significantly declined over the past three decades (1993–2022). However, HFC emissions indicated a V-type variation during this period. Due to local production and extensive use of HFCs in Taiwan, the country’s emissions increased from 663 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2eq) in 1993 to 2330 kilotons of CO2eq in 2001, and then decreased to 373 kilotons of CO2eq in 2011. Since then, the emissions of HFCs largely used as the alternatives to ODSs showed an upward trend, increasing to 1555 kilotons of CO2eq in 2022. To be in compliance with the Kigali Amendment (KA-2015) to the Montreal Protocol for mitigating global warming, the Taiwanese government has taken regulatory actions to reduce the consumption of some HFC substances with high global warming potential (GWP) under the authorization of the Climate Change Response Act in 2023, aiming at an 80% reduction by 2045 of the baseline consumption in 2024. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Evolution in the Past and Future (2nd Edition))
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