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Batteries
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Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms
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Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (27 May 2021) | Viewed by 58354

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mauro Francesco Sgroi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Materials Engineering, Methods and Tools, Centro Ricerche FIAT, Strada Torino 50, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
Interests: Li-ion batteries; nanomaterials; density functional theory; molecular dynamics; electrochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lithium batteries (including lithium–ion, lithium–sulfur and lithium–air cells) are considered enabling technology for important industrial sectors including electrified vehicles, consumer electronics and stationary energy storage. The calendar and cycle life are key performances to guarantee the penetration in the market of energy storage systems (ESS) based on lithium batteries. The understanding of chemical and physical mechanisms of battery degradation is the first step to develop more reliable and durable systems. Moreover, the monitoring of the battery during its life through different type of sensors to determine the state of health (SOH) and the use of self-healing materials are becoming more and more popular solutions to improve the reliability and durability of Li–ion batteries.

In this Special Issue, we are looking for contributions helping to:

  • Understand aging mechanisms through in situ and ex-situ post-mortem chemical analysis of cell components;
  • Simulate the degradation of materials through multiscale modelling;
  • Develop new in situ and online sensing principles and approaches to monitor the degradation phenomena;
  • Implement new accelerated ageing protocols and data treatment techniques (e.g. machine learning);
  • Improve the control strategies of the ESS to prolong the lifetime of the lithium cells;
  • Develop new self-healing materials able to recover the original functionality after a damage;
  • Determine the impact of the ageing on the safety of the ESS.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Chemical analysis of materials and post-mortem analysis
  • Innovative accelerated protocols for battery ageing
  • Aging multiscale modeling
  • ESS state-of-health (SOH) estimation
  • Sensors for in-situ and online cell monitoring
  • Self-healing functionalities
  • InfluenceofagingoncostandenvironmentalanalysesofESS
  • ControllogicsofESS

Dr. Mauro Francesco Sgroi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Aging mechanisms
  • Aging modeling
  • Lifecycle assessment
  • Lifetime prediction
  • State of health
  • Lithium batteries
  • Self-healing
  • Post-mortem analysis
  • In-situ analysis
  • Machine Learning

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 164 KiB  
Editorial
Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms
by Mauro Francesco Sgroi
Batteries 2022, 8(11), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110205 - 1 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1872
Abstract
Lithium batteries (including lithium-ion, lithium-sulfur and lithium-air cells) are considered a technology enabling industrial sectors, including electrified vehicles, consumer electronics and stationary energy storage [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

19 pages, 5381 KiB  
Article
Absolute Local Quantification of Li as Function of State-of-Charge in All-Solid-State Li Batteries via 2D MeV Ion-Beam Analysis
by Sören Möller, Takahiro Satoh, Yasuyuki Ishii, Britta Teßmer, Rayan Guerdelli, Tomihiro Kamiya, Kazuhisa Fujita, Kota Suzuki, Yoshiaki Kato, Hans-Dieter Wiemhöfer, Kunioki Mima and Martin Finsterbusch
Batteries 2021, 7(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7020041 - 20 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5416
Abstract
Direct observation of the lithiation and de-lithiation in lithium batteries on the component and microstructural scale is still difficult. This work presents recent advances in MeV ion-beam analysis, enabling quantitative contact-free analysis of the spatially-resolved lithium content and state-of-charge (SoC) in all-solid-state lithium [...] Read more.
Direct observation of the lithiation and de-lithiation in lithium batteries on the component and microstructural scale is still difficult. This work presents recent advances in MeV ion-beam analysis, enabling quantitative contact-free analysis of the spatially-resolved lithium content and state-of-charge (SoC) in all-solid-state lithium batteries via 3 MeV proton-based characteristic x-ray and gamma-ray emission analysis. The analysis is demonstrated on cross-sections of ceramic and polymer all-solid-state cells with LLZO and MEEP/LIBOB solid electrolytes. Different SoC are measured ex-situ and one polymer-based operando cell is charged at 333 K during analysis. The data unambiguously show the migration of lithium upon charging. Quantitative lithium concentrations are obtained by taking the physical and material aspects of the mixed cathodes into account. This quantitative lithium determination as a function of SoC gives insight into irreversible degradation phenomena of all-solid-state batteries during the first cycles and locations of immobile lithium. The determined SoC matches the electrochemical characterization within uncertainties. The presented analysis method thus opens up a completely new access to the state-of-charge of battery cells not depending on electrochemical measurements. Automated beam scanning and data-analysis algorithms enable a 2D quantitative Li and SoC mapping on the µm-scale, not accessible with other methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms)
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23 pages, 6215 KiB  
Article
Calendar Aging of Li-Ion Cells—Experimental Investigation and Empirical Correlation
by Daniel Werner, Sabine Paarmann and Thomas Wetzel
Batteries 2021, 7(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7020028 - 30 Apr 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 12183
Abstract
The lifetime of the battery significantly influences the acceptance of electric vehicles. Calendar aging contributes to the limited operating lifetime of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, its consideration in addition to cyclical aging is essential to understand battery degradation. This study consequently examines the same [...] Read more.
The lifetime of the battery significantly influences the acceptance of electric vehicles. Calendar aging contributes to the limited operating lifetime of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, its consideration in addition to cyclical aging is essential to understand battery degradation. This study consequently examines the same graphite/NCA pouch cell that was the subject of previously published cyclic aging tests. The cells were aged at different temperatures and states of charge. The self-discharge was continuously monitored, and after each storage period, the remaining capacity and the impedance were measured. The focus of this publication is on the correlation of the measurements. An aging correlation is obtained that is valid for a wide range of temperatures and states of charge. The results show an accelerated capacity fade and impedance rise with increasing temperature, following the law of Arrhenius. However, the obtained data do also indicate that there is no path dependency, i.e., earlier periods at different temperature levels do not affect the present degradation rate. A large impact of the storage state of charge at 100% is evident, whereas the influence is small below 80%. Instead of the commonly applied square root of the time function, our results are in excellent agreement with an exponential function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms)
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13 pages, 1988 KiB  
Article
Incremental Capacity Analysis as a State of Health Estimation Method for Lithium-Ion Battery Modules with Series-Connected Cells
by Amelie Krupp, Ernst Ferg, Frank Schuldt, Karen Derendorf and Carsten Agert
Batteries 2021, 7(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7010002 - 30 Dec 2020
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6909
Abstract
Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) has proven to be an effective tool for determining the state of health (SOH) of Li-ion cells under laboratory conditions. This paper deals with an outstanding challenge of applying ICA in practice: the evaluation of battery series connections. The [...] Read more.
Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) has proven to be an effective tool for determining the state of health (SOH) of Li-ion cells under laboratory conditions. This paper deals with an outstanding challenge of applying ICA in practice: the evaluation of battery series connections. The study uses experimental aging and characterization data of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells down to 53% SOH. The evaluability of battery series connections using ICA is confirmed by analytical and experimental considerations for cells of the same SOH. For cells of different SOH, a method for identifying non-uniform aging states on the modules’ IC curve is presented. The findings enable the classification of battery modules with series and parallel connections based on partial terminal data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms)
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26 pages, 10612 KiB  
Article
Lithium-Ion Battery Modeling Including Degradation Based on Single-Particle Approximations
by Mostafa Al-Gabalawy, Nesreen S. Hosny and Shimaa A. Hussien
Batteries 2020, 6(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries6030037 - 7 Jul 2020
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 14003
Abstract
This paper introduces a physical–chemical model that governs the lithium ion (Li-ion) battery performance. It starts from the model of battery life and moves forward with simplifications based on the single-particle model (SPM), until arriving at a more simplified and computationally fast model. [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a physical–chemical model that governs the lithium ion (Li-ion) battery performance. It starts from the model of battery life and moves forward with simplifications based on the single-particle model (SPM), until arriving at a more simplified and computationally fast model. On the other hand, the implementation of this model is developed through MATLAB. The goal is to characterize an Li-ion cell and obtain its charging and discharging curves with different current rates and different cycle depths, as well as its transitory response. In addition, the results provided are represented and compared, and different methods of estimating the state of the batteries are applied. They include the dynamics of the electrolyte and the effects of aging caused by a high number of charging and discharging cycles of the batteries. A complete comparison with the three-parameter method (TPM) is represented in order to demonstrate the superiority of the applied methodology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms)
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17 pages, 5846 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Effects of Charging Processes on Lithium-Ion Cells with SiC Anodes at Low Temperatures
by Ralph Bednorz and Tanja Gewald
Batteries 2020, 6(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries6020034 - 18 Jun 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4746
Abstract
Lithium-ion cells with a silicon-graphite (SiC) anode and a nickel-rich cathode are potential candidates for use in electric vehicles (EVs) as this material combination offers high energy densities and low costs. Another desired cell specification that results from an intended short charging time [...] Read more.
Lithium-ion cells with a silicon-graphite (SiC) anode and a nickel-rich cathode are potential candidates for use in electric vehicles (EVs) as this material combination offers high energy densities and low costs. Another desired cell specification that results from an intended short charging time for EVs is the robustness against high charge rates. However, high charge rates can lead to the critical aging mechanism of lithium plating, especially at low temperatures. Investigating this issue, this paper presents a test series on cyclic aging with varying charge rates from 0.2C to 1.5C at ambient temperatures of 0 °C and 10 °C applied to a nickel-rich SiC cell candidate. The resulting effects on cell aging are analyzed with a stripping method, whereby reversible lithium plating can be detected, and a differential voltage analysis (DVA), whereby the overall loss of capacity can be attributed to changes in individual characteristic capacities. The results indicate a degradation sensitivity of SiC anodes at elevated charge rates, evidenced by the loss in the silicon-related characteristic capacity, and question the aging robustness of this material combination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms)
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14 pages, 3802 KiB  
Article
SEI Growth Impacts of Lamination, Formation and Cycling in Lithium Ion Batteries
by Martin Frankenberger, Markus Trunk, Stefan Seidlmayer, Alexander Dinter, Johannes Dittloff, Lukas Werner, Roman Gernhäuser, Zsolt Revay, Bastian Märkisch, Ralph Gilles and Karl-Heinz Pettinger
Batteries 2020, 6(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries6020021 - 26 Mar 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 11556
Abstract
The accumulation of solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) in graphite anodes related to elevated formation rates (0.1C, 1C and 2C), cycling rates (1C and 2C), and electrode-separator lamination is investigated. As shown previously, the lamination technique is beneficial for the capacity aging in graphite-LiNi [...] Read more.
The accumulation of solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) in graphite anodes related to elevated formation rates (0.1C, 1C and 2C), cycling rates (1C and 2C), and electrode-separator lamination is investigated. As shown previously, the lamination technique is beneficial for the capacity aging in graphite-LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cells. Here, surface resistance growth phenomena are quantified using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The graphite anodes were extracted from the graphite NMC cells in their fully discharged state and irreversible accumulations of lithium in the SEI are revealed using neutron depth profiling (NDP). In this post-mortem study, NDP reveals uniform lithium accumulations as a function of depth with lithium situated at the surface of the graphite particles thus forming the SEI. The SEI was found to grow logarithmically with cycle number starting with the main formation in the initial cycles. Furthermore, the EIS measurements indicate that benefits from lamination arise from surface resistance growth phenomena aside from SEI growth in superior anode fractions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms)
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