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Batteries
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Electrochemistry of Lead-Acid Batteries
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Electrochemistry of Lead-Acid Batteries

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Mechanisms and Fundamental Electrochemistry Aspects".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2025 | Viewed by 5772

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Adrian Calborean

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Interests: PEIS electrochemical analysis of lead-acid batteries; chemical physics; modeling electronic processes; DPN nanolithography; AFM topographical analysis; lead-acid battery; nanotechnology; molecular electronics; impedance spectroscopy; electrochemistry; sensors; nanolithography

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lead-acid batteries have been widely used as secondary sources of energy for many years. Their reliability is due to several characteristics such as high specific energy, high-rate fast-charge, low-cost manufacturing and recycling, life cycle durability, and high discharge rates. In spite of their long history, the performances of lead-acid batteries are being continuously improved by employing various changes. The optimization of the electrodes’ design is mainly conceived towards obtaining the optimal current distribution in the electrodes.

Within all these innovative developments, the LAB industry is still hardly challenged about its future, and there is a strong demand for innovations capable to deal with novel alternative storage technologies. As such, this Special Issue addresses the progress in battery and energy storage development using distinguished fabrication features of electrode grids, electrolyte additives, or oxide paste additives embodiment. New state-of-the-art materials and technological procedures are pursued in order to further improve parameters such as energy density, capacity, cycle life, high-rate discharge performance, or environmental applicability.

In parallel to the development of new materials and design elements, characterization techniques should also be integrated in this Special Issue. In particular, we refer here to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the characterization of lead-acid batteries and SoH and SoC performance.

Dr. Adrian Calborean
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metallic grids optimization
  • electrodes design
  • electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
  • SoH/SoC analysis
  • batteries performance
  • manufacturing technology
  • alloys incorporation
  • electrode additives

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 2331 KiB  
Article
Heat Effects during the Operation of Lead-Acid Batteries
by Petr Bača, Petr Vanýsek, Martin Langer, Jana Zimáková and Ladislav Chladil
Batteries 2024, 10(5), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10050148 - 27 Apr 2024
Viewed by 2929
Abstract
Thermal events in lead-acid batteries during their operation play an important role; they affect not only the reaction rate of ongoing electrochemical reactions, but also the rate of discharge and self-discharge, length of service life and, in critical cases, can even cause a [...] Read more.
Thermal events in lead-acid batteries during their operation play an important role; they affect not only the reaction rate of ongoing electrochemical reactions, but also the rate of discharge and self-discharge, length of service life and, in critical cases, can even cause a fatal failure of the battery, known as “thermal runaway.” This contribution discusses the parameters affecting the thermal state of the lead-acid battery. It was found by calculations and measurements that there is a cooling component in the lead-acid battery system which is caused by the endothermic discharge reactions and electrolysis of water during charging, related to entropy change contribution. Thus, under certain circumstances, it is possible to lower the temperature of the lead-acid battery during its discharging. The Joule heat generated on the internal resistance of the cell due to current flow, the exothermic charging reaction, and above all, the gradual increase in polarization as the cell voltage increases during charging all contribute to the heating of the cell, overtaking the cooling effect. Of these three sources of thermal energy, Joule heating in polarization resistance contributes the most to the temperature rise in the lead-acid battery. Thus, the maximum voltage reached determines the slope of the temperature rise in the lead-acid battery cell, and by a suitably chosen limiting voltage, it is possible to limit the danger of the “thermal runaway” effect. The overall thermal conditions of the experimental cell are significantly affected by the ambient temperature of the external environment and the rate of heat transfer through the walls of the calorimeter. A series of experiments with direct temperature measurement of individual locations within a lead-acid battery uses a calorimeter made of expanded polystyrene to minimize external influences. A hitherto unpublished phenomenon is discussed whereby the temperature of the positive electrode was lower than that of the negative electrode throughout the discharge, while during charging, the order was reversed and the temperature of the positive electrode was higher than that of the negative electrode throughout the charge. The authors relate this phenomenon to the higher reaction entropy change of the active mass of the positive electrode than that of the negative electrode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemistry of Lead-Acid Batteries)
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16 pages, 2918 KiB  
Article
Qualitative Characterization of Lead–Acid Batteries Fabricated Using Different Technological Procedures: An EIS Approach
by Olivia Bruj and Adrian Calborean
Batteries 2023, 9(12), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120593 - 14 Dec 2023
Viewed by 2382
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were applied in this work to nine industrially fabricated lead–acid battery prototypes, which were divided into three type/technology packages. Frequency-dependent impedance changes were interpreted during successive charge/discharge cycles in two distinct stages: (1) immediately after fabrication and (2) after [...] Read more.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were applied in this work to nine industrially fabricated lead–acid battery prototypes, which were divided into three type/technology packages. Frequency-dependent impedance changes were interpreted during successive charge/discharge cycles in two distinct stages: (1) immediately after fabrication and (2) after a controlled aging procedure to 50% depth of discharge following industrial standards. To investigate their state of health behavior vs. electrical response, three methods were employed, namely, the Q-Q0 total charge analysis, the decay values of the constant-phase element in the equivalent Randles circuits, and the resonance frequency of the circuit. A direct correlation was found for the prediction of the best-performing batteries in each package, thus allowing for a qualitative analysis that was capable of providing the decay of the batteries’ states of health. We found which parameters were directly connected with their lifetime performance in both stages and, as a consequence, which type/technology battery prototype displayed the best performance. Based on this methodology, industrial producers can further establish the quality of novel batteries in terms of performance vs. lifespan, allowing them to validate the novel technological innovations implemented in the current prototypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemistry of Lead-Acid Batteries)
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