Biology

27 pages, 3742 KB

Open AccessArticle

Halamphora kolbei (Aleem) Álvarez-Blanco et S. Blanco 2014, A Rare Diatom from the Black Sea: Morphological Observations and Revised Description with Biochemical Composition

by Anastasiia Andreevna Blaginina, Daria Sergeevna Balycheva, Elena Mikhailovna Kezlya, Svetlana Nikolaevna Zheleznova, Ruslan Georgievich Gevorgiz, Ekaterina Sergeevna Miroshnichenko, Maxim Sergeevich Kulikovskiy and Larisa Ivanovna Ryabushko

Biology 2026, 15(5), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050394 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

The species Halamphora kolbei is a rarely reported diatom, and information on its distribution and characteristics is limited. The original taxonomic description of this species is inaccurate and insufficient for identification, as the available literature contains scarce and scattered data. In the present [...] Read more.

The species Halamphora kolbei is a rarely reported diatom, and information on its distribution and characteristics is limited. The original taxonomic description of this species is inaccurate and insufficient for identification, as the available literature contains scarce and scattered data. In the present study, we summarised the available data on this species and provided a detailed description of the strain isolated from Sevastopol Bay of the Black Sea. Findings from a phylogenetic analysis of two genes, 18S rRNA and rbcL, are presented. The process of isolation, identification and establishment of a monoculture of the H. kolbei is described in detail. In addition, the productivity and biochemical characteristics were evaluated to assess the biotechnological potential of the strain. The growth rate, biomass productivity and protein, carbohydrate, lipid and fatty acid composition of this species were determined in this study, under controlled conditions. The high content of C14–C16 acids in H. kolbei has been revealed to make it a promising source of eicosapentaenoic acid. The detailed description of the species, its photographs and phylogeny, as well as additional morphological keys presented in the paper, will enable scientists around the world to study this species as a promising biological resource. Full article

19 pages, 2268 KB

Open AccessArticle

Behavioral Alterations in Male Zebrafish After Administration of Androgen Receptor Blockers and an Activator

by Ching-Yu Huang, Gilbert Audira, Ross D. Vasquez, Honeymae C. Alos, Hung-Yu Lin, Chung-Der Hsiao and Chih-Hsin Hung

Biology 2026, 15(5), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050393 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is crucial for mediating male-typical behaviors across vertebrates. Enzalutamide (ENZ) and apalutamide (APA) are two second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors (SGARIs) that have been primarily used in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, these drugs still possess side effects, and [...] Read more.

Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is crucial for mediating male-typical behaviors across vertebrates. Enzalutamide (ENZ) and apalutamide (APA) are two second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors (SGARIs) that have been primarily used in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, these drugs still possess side effects, and there remains limited information regarding their behavioral and neurophysiological impacts following chronic exposure in non-mammalian animal models, particularly in fish. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the behavioral alterations in adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio) following exposure to specific AR blockers (ENZ and APA) and an activator, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), to provide a comprehensive comparison between each tested drug. Adult male zebrafish were exposed via aqueous immersion to each compound at a 1 ppm concentration for ~2 weeks and were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests. From the results, both AR blockers were found to slightly compromise fish locomotion, with contrary results observed in DHT-treated fish, which displayed an increased locomotor activity together with slight alterations in fish exploratory behaviors. Furthermore, ENZ also caused a tightened shoal formation in zebrafish, while exposure to APA was observed to slightly diminish the fear response of fish. On the other hand, the DHT-treated group displayed a higher level of aggression compared to the vehicle control group. In conclusion, functional modulation of androgen receptor signaling leads to significant alterations in male zebrafish behavior, particularly affecting fear responses, aggression, and anxiety-related behaviors. We believe that these findings could contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between androgens and behaviors in vertebrates, especially zebrafish. Full article

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20 pages, 3950 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structure-Based Screening of Deep-Sea Microbial Metabolites Against Plasmodium falciparum Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase

by Avtar Singh, Kannan R. R. Rengasamy and Soottawat Benjakul

Biology 2026, 15(5), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050392 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Malaria is a major global health concern caused by Plasmodium parasites, among which Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most severe and fatal cases. The emergence of drug resistance to existing antimalarial therapies necessitates the discovery of novel molecular targets and chemically distinct [...] Read more.

Malaria is a major global health concern caused by Plasmodium parasites, among which Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most severe and fatal cases. The emergence of drug resistance to existing antimalarial therapies necessitates the discovery of novel molecular targets and chemically distinct inhibitors. Current study employed an integrated in silico drug discovery pipeline combining high-throughput structure-based virtual screening of 1549 deep-sea marine microbial metabolites with MM-GBSA binding free-energy estimation, QikProp-based ADME/Tox profiling, and 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to link rapid screening with dynamic verification of binding stability. Molecular docking against Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH; PDB ID: 7KZ4) yielded five top-ranked compounds with Glide scores ranging from −12.02 to −10.61 kcal·mol⁻¹, which is higher than the Primaquine (−6.920 kcal·mol⁻¹; a clinically approved antimalarial reference compound). MM-GBSA analysis further refined hit selection, producing binding free energies (ΔG_bind) between −63.28 and −31.37 kcal·mol⁻¹. The selected lead compounds included (±)-puniceusine P, aspergilol F, tersaphilone C, 4-carbglyceryl-3,3′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethyldiphenyl ether, and 15-O-methyl ML-236A. The top hits were subjected to 100 ns MD simulations in Desmond, demonstrating stable protein–ligand complexes, particularly for (±)-puniceusine P and 15-O-methyl ML-236A (protein backbone root mean square deviation (RMSD; ~0.8–1.0 Å). ADME profiling indicated acceptable predicted physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Overall, these in silico findings highlight deep-sea marine microbial metabolites as promising PfDHODH inhibitor candidates requiring experimental validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceutical and Bioactive Compounds in Foods)

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16 pages, 2014 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hypomagnetic Fields Influence the Developmental Duration, Fecundity and Temperature Stress Resistance of Drosophila melanogaster via Frataxin-Associated Traits

by Huiming Kang, Guijun Wan, Junzheng Zhang and Weidong Pan

Biology 2026, 15(5), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050391 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Frataxin is a highly conserved mitochondrial protein that plays a key role in iron homeostasis and metabolism, and its deficiency leads to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. Hypomagnetic fields (HMF) can lead to various biological effects including increased oxidative stress, neurological and [...] Read more.

Frataxin is a highly conserved mitochondrial protein that plays a key role in iron homeostasis and metabolism, and its deficiency leads to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. Hypomagnetic fields (HMF) can lead to various biological effects including increased oxidative stress, neurological and developmental disorders; yet, their effects acting as environmental stressors that exacerbate the inherent metabolic vulnerabilities in frataxin-deficient Drosophila melanogaster flies are still unknown. In this study, the bio-effects of HMF on growth, development, reproduction, and temperature stress resistance of frataxin-silenced flies were investigated. The results showed that HMF extended egg-to-adult and pupa developmental durations of both the control line of repo-GAL4; tub-GAL80^ts>GFP-RNAi (GFP-RNAi) and frataxin-deficient line of repo-GAL4; tub-GAL80^ts>fh RNAi (fh-RNAi) compared to those reared under a geomagnetic field (GMF). Compared with GMF, HMF significantly increased offspring fecundity in fh-RNAi flies, whereas the change in GFP-RNAi controls was not significant, while showing no significant effects on the adult weight of fh-RNAi flies. The impact of HMF on temperature stress resistance was particularly specific: it enhanced recovery from chill coma in control (GFP-RNAi) flies, while it accelerated recovery from heat shock in frataxin-silenced (fh-RNAi) flies. The mechanisms through which HMF modulate frataxin-associated phenotypes at a fundamental physical level warrant further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular, Biophysical, and Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Magnetoreception)

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19 pages, 2331 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Rhodotorula Yeast Culture on Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Rumen Health in Sheep

by Jie Ma, Jianlong Dang, Huiru Ma, Guang Yang, Ke Wang, Xinyu Lu, Xiangtan Su, Xinhao Zhang, Feilong Liu and Aiqin Gao

Biology 2026, 15(5), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050390 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

The potential of Rhodotorula yeast culture (RYC) in animal production remains underexplored. This study investigated the effects of RYC supplementation on nutrient apparent digestibility, rumen tissue morphology, fermentation parameters, and fungal microbiota in sheep. Twenty-four three-month-old male Dorper × Han crossbred sheep (weight [...] Read more.

The potential of Rhodotorula yeast culture (RYC) in animal production remains underexplored. This study investigated the effects of RYC supplementation on nutrient apparent digestibility, rumen tissue morphology, fermentation parameters, and fungal microbiota in sheep. Twenty-four three-month-old male Dorper × Han crossbred sheep (weight 36 ± 4 kg) were selected and randomly divided into four groups, with six sheep in each group: the control group (CON) was fed a basal diet, and the three treatment groups were supplemented with 10, 20, or 40 g/d of RYC (RYC10, RYC20, RYC40), respectively. The results showed that RYC supplementation significantly increased (p < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, and the apparent digestibility of CP and ADF was significantly higher in the RYC20 than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Rumen papillae length and muscular layer thickness were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in RYC-treated groups compared to the CON group, and the RYC20 group exhibited significantly greater rumen papilla length and muscularis propria thickness than the other experimental groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ruminal pH and bacterial crude protein content were significantly elevated (p < 0.05), while ammonia nitrogen concentration was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The RYC40 group exhibited significantly higher rumen pH and BCP concentrations, and significantly lower NH3-N concentration, compared to the other experimental groups (p < 0.05). The concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids were also significantly higher (p < 0.05) in RYC groups. For RYC20, rumen acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, total volatile fatty acid content and the acetate-to-propionate ratio were significantly higher than those of the other experimental groups (p < 0.05). Analysis of fungal community revealed that RYC increased the relative abundance of fibrolytic fungi (e.g., Neocallimastix, Caecomyce, Piromyces). Supplementation of RYC at 20 g/d optimizes apparent nutrient digestibility and rumen tissue development in ruminants, while maintaining favorable rumen fermentation characteristics and selectively enhancing the growth of core fibrolytic fungi; this dosage achieves the optimal balance of biological performance and economic feasibility, and is thus recommended as the optimal practical supplementation dosage for ruminant production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Zoology)

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16 pages, 3459 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Codon Usage Bias of CD2AP and BACH2 Across 49 Vertebrates: Implications for Porcine Macrophage Immunity in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Infection

by Wenxi Li, Peihuan Wang, Jiaxin Liu, Xiaoshu Xue, Shuhao Fan, Yueyun Ding, Xiaodong Zhang, Zongjun Yin and Xianrui Zheng

Biology 2026, 15(5), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050389 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Alveolar macrophages orchestrate phagocytosis and inflammatory programs during respiratory infection. CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) and BTB and CNC homology 2 (BACH2) are immune-related genes involved in cytoskeletal organization/vesicular trafficking and transcriptional regulation, respectively, but the coding-level constraints shaping their synonymous-site architecture remain unclear. Here, [...] Read more.

Alveolar macrophages orchestrate phagocytosis and inflammatory programs during respiratory infection. CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) and BTB and CNC homology 2 (BACH2) are immune-related genes involved in cytoskeletal organization/vesicular trafficking and transcriptional regulation, respectively, but the coding-level constraints shaping their synonymous-site architecture remain unclear. Here, we profiled codon usage bias (CUB) of CD2AP and BACH2 across 49 vertebrate species using nucleotide composition, relative synonymous codon usage, and complementary codon bias diagnostics. Across species, BACH2 preferentially used G/C-ending codons with higher GC3s, whereas CD2AP was enriched for A/T-ending codons with lower GC3s. Both genes showed weak-to-moderate CUB (high ENC and modest CAI). ENC–GC3s and PR2 analyses indicated a strong compositional background at third codon positions, while neutrality analysis yielded shallow GC12–GC3 slopes, suggesting overall coding constraints, with compositional effects acting as a background influence and selective constraints possibly contributing to GC1/GC2 patterns. CD2AP deviated more from composition-only expectations than BACH2, suggesting greater gene-specific modulation. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed Sus scrofa within mammalian clades for both genes. In conclusion, CD2AP and BACH2 display opposite third-base codon-ending preferences across vertebrates, with CD2AP favoring A/T-ending codons and BACH2 favoring G/C-ending codons. This provides a comparative baseline for codon usage analyses of macrophage-relevant immune genes. Full article

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22 pages, 6803 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Stress-Responsive SNARE Genes in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

by Long Han, Yuanhao Zhang, Zhaohui Li, Yongshun Huang, Baoning Xing, Jinxia Li, Mingyu Wang and Lixin Li

Biology 2026, 15(5), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050388 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Plant SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) constitute a large superfamily and play pivotal roles in diverse biological processes and responses to various abiotic stresses. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa wild.) is a nutritionally superior crop endowed with robust tolerance to environmental stresses. [...] Read more.

Plant SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) constitute a large superfamily and play pivotal roles in diverse biological processes and responses to various abiotic stresses. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa wild.) is a nutritionally superior crop endowed with robust tolerance to environmental stresses. In this study, we identified 88 CqSNARE genes in quinoa, which are unevenly distributed across 18 chromosomes and classified into 23 subfamilies. We systematically analyzed their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene and protein structures, and cis-acting elements. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of quinoa leaves under saline–alkaline stress revealed that CqSNAP30a was the most significantly upregulated. This gene is predominantly expressed in leaves and localized on the plasma membrane. Constitutive expression of CqSNAP30a enhanced plant stress resistance by regulating ion homeostasis and antioxidant capacity. Our findings provide valuable insights into the SNARE genes of stress-tolerant crops and lays a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of stress resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cereals)

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17 pages, 3379 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbiome–Metabolome Analyses Reveal Compound Risks from Multiple-Generation Cocoon Accumulation in Honeybee Combs

by Qingxin Meng, Wutao Jiang, Tao Ye, Zhenhui Cao, Qiuye Lin, Fangdong You, Zhijun Zhao, Wenming Tian, Yakai Tian and Kun Dong

Biology 2026, 15(5), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050387 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

The accumulation of cocoons within brood cells of old combs is a key factor causing a series of negative impacts on bee colonies. Previous studies did not sufficiently address this dynamic nature as the core microenvironment for preimaginal bee development. During this accumulation, [...] Read more.

The accumulation of cocoons within brood cells of old combs is a key factor causing a series of negative impacts on bee colonies. Previous studies did not sufficiently address this dynamic nature as the core microenvironment for preimaginal bee development. During this accumulation, the enrichment of potentially harmful microorganisms and chemical substances may pose a latent threat to colony health. This study combined microbiome and metabolomics analyses to systematically investigate the potential colony health risks posed by multi-generational accumulation of cocoons in Apis mellifera combs. The results demonstrated that with the growing number of brood rearing generations, the microbial diversity within the cocoons underwent significant shifts. For the bacterial community within multiple-generation cocoons, the Simpson index exhibited a significant increase, whereas indices including Sobs, Ace, and Chao showed significant decreases (p < 0.05). In the fungal community, the Shannon and Pielou_e indices significantly increased, while the Simpson and Faith_pd indices significantly declined (p < 0.05). Potential pathogens such as Melissococcus and the mycotoxin-producing fungus Wallemia became significantly enriched, reaching alarming relative abundances of 42.70% and 13.52%, respectively, in the multiple-generation cocoons. Metabolomic analysis further revealed the enrichment of 685 differential metabolites, including persistent exogenous pesticides such as cyanazine and pymetrozine, etc. Correlation analysis uncovered a significant positive relationship (r > 0.8) between these pesticide residues and pathogen abundance, indicating interactions between pollutants and pathogens that may exacerbate risks. This study reveals the aggravation of microecological imbalance and chemical pollution load within the cocoons of old combs and therefore provides strong scientific support for risk assessment of comb age in colony health management and offers practical guidance for the sustainable development of beekeeping. Full article

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26 pages, 6045 KB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Heat-Resistant Morchella Strains and Elucidation of Their Heat-Tolerance Mechanisms

by Qilong Wu, Xiaoxuan You, Lihong Zheng, Zhen Li, Dingbang Da, Hongyu Chen, Yicheng Cao, Yuping Fan, Minglei Li and Wenqiang Li

Biology 2026, 15(5), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050386 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Morchella is a nutritious and artificially cultivable rare ascomycete, and its growth and development regulation mechanisms are a current research hotspot. High-temperature stress severely limits the annual yield of Morchella, and this challenge is intensifying with global warming. However, previous studies have [...] Read more.

Morchella is a nutritious and artificially cultivable rare ascomycete, and its growth and development regulation mechanisms are a current research hotspot. High-temperature stress severely limits the annual yield of Morchella, and this challenge is intensifying with global warming. However, previous studies have lacked systematic screening for heat-tolerant Morchella strains, and their molecular response mechanisms to heat stress remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of phenotypic characteristics, physiological metabolism, and transcriptomics on 19 Morchella strains under normal (25 °C) and high-temperature (30 °C) conditions. The heat-tolerant strain HLM exhibited superior performance in mycelial growth, morphology, and field cultivation. It maintained cell homeostasis under heat stress through mild osmotic regulation (elevated levels of proline, soluble sugars, and proteins), a robust antioxidant system (increased activities of CAT, POD, and SOD), and reduced malondialdehyde accumulation. Transcriptomic analysis identified a novel regulatory model of “stress perception—metabolic preparation—terminal detoxification” in the heat-tolerant strain HLM under heat stress. The rapid upregulation of the SMPD1 gene may mediate ceramide signal generation, promoting G6PDH expression to drive carbon flow into the pentose phosphate pathway, thereby increasing NADPH output. As the detoxification terminal, AKR4C uses this reducing power to eliminate toxic carbonyl end products like malondialdehyde, completing the defense loop. These findings offer new insights into the heat-tolerance mechanisms of large ascomycetes, provide a theoretical foundation for stress-resistant Morchella breeding and cultivation in high-temperature areas, and serve as valuable resources for exploring heat-tolerance mechanisms and molecular breeding in other edible fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Ecology and Genomics of Fungi)

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16 pages, 23138 KB

Open AccessArticle

Colonization by Distinct Lineages, the Sundaland Barrier, and Historical Bottlenecks Shape the East–West Population Structure of Avicennia Mangroves Across the Indo-Pacific Interface

by Poompat Phadphon, Chutintorn Yundaeng, Nattapol Narong, Nukoon Jomchai, Phakamas Phetchawang, Nawin Phormsin, Darunee Jiumjamrassil, Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang and Wirulda Pootakham

Biology 2026, 15(5), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050385 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

The emergence of Sundaland during the Pleistocene glaciation has played a crucial role, as the Indo-Pacific Barrier (IPB), in shaping the genetic structure of marine taxa and coastal flora, specifically mangroves. This study investigated the genetic diversity, population structure, demographic history and phylogeography [...] Read more.

The emergence of Sundaland during the Pleistocene glaciation has played a crucial role, as the Indo-Pacific Barrier (IPB), in shaping the genetic structure of marine taxa and coastal flora, specifically mangroves. This study investigated the genetic diversity, population structure, demographic history and phylogeography of Avicennia marina and two other Indo-West Pacific (IWP) Avicennia species, Avicennia alba and Avicennia officinalis, across the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) and the Gulf of Thailand (Pacific Ocean). Using Restriction-site-Associated DNA sequencing (RADseq), we generated thousands of genome-wide SNPs for 362 Avicennia individuals and revealed a pronounced East–West genetic divergence, separating the Andaman and Gulf of Thailand populations. Phylogeographic and demographic analyses suggest that colonization events by distinct ancestral lineages (Indian and West Pacific Ocean lineages), the Indo-Pacific Barrier (Sundaland), and Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations shaped the population structure and contributed to low genetic diversity (H_o = 0.073–0.083) and high inbreeding coefficients (F_IS = 0.169–0.501). This study highlights the importance of Thailand, as part of the Indo-Pacific interface, in harboring genetic resources from both Indian and West Pacific Ocean lineages, as exemplified in A. marina. Consequently, Andaman and Thai Gulf populations should be managed as distinct evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)

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21 pages, 3048 KB

Open AccessArticle

Drought Stress Response of Doubled Haploid Interspecific Rapeseed Hybrids at Germination and Flowering Stages

by Ainash Daurova, Dias Daurov, Zagipa Sapakhova, Maxat Toishimanov, Zhanar Abilda, Rakhim Kanat, Malika Shamekova, Irina Oshergina, Evgeniy Ten and Kabyl Zhambakin

Biology 2026, 15(5), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050384 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

Drought stress is a major limiting factor for canola production in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly during seed germination, seedling and flowering stages. In this study, we evaluated drought responses of doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from interspecific hybrids of B. napus × [...] Read more.

Drought stress is a major limiting factor for canola production in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly during seed germination, seedling and flowering stages. In this study, we evaluated drought responses of doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from interspecific hybrids of B. napus × B. rapa and their parental cultivars under simulated (PEG-6000) and soil-based drought conditions. Drought stress significantly reduced germination, growth, and physiological performance in all genotypes; however, DH lines consistently exhibited superior tolerance. Under PEG-induced osmotic stress, DH lines maintained higher germination rates, root elongation, and relative water content compared with parental genotypes. During seedling and flowering stages drought, DH lines showed lower accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, alongside markedly higher antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and POD) and improved photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm). Gene expression analysis revealed strong induction of drought-responsive genes, including WRKY28, MYB, LTP, WSP, metallothionein, and protein kinase family genes, particularly in DH lines at prolonged stress exposure. Multivariate analyses (PCA and correlation) confirmed a close association between enhanced antioxidant capacity, transcriptional activation, and drought tolerance traits. Overall, our results demonstrate that homozygous doubled haploid lines derived from distant hybridization between B. napus and B. rapa exhibit enhanced drought tolerance at both early and reproductive stages. These genotypes represent valuable genetic resources for breeding drought-tolerance canola cultivars. Full article

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16 pages, 1066 KB

Open AccessReview

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury: A Comprehensive Review

by Luca Bonanni and Nicola Ferri

Biology 2026, 15(5), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050383 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury remains a major unresolved challenge in cardiovascular medicine. Although timely restoration of blood flow is essential to limit ischemic damage, reperfusion triggers a complex network of maladaptive biological responses, including oxidative stress, calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic impairment, and sterile [...] Read more.

Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury remains a major unresolved challenge in cardiovascular medicine. Although timely restoration of blood flow is essential to limit ischemic damage, reperfusion triggers a complex network of maladaptive biological responses, including oxidative stress, calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic impairment, and sterile inflammation. These processes converge on cardiomyocyte death, adverse ventricular remodeling, and long-term functional deterioration. Mesenchymal stem cells have been widely investigated as cardioprotective agents; however, accumulating evidence indicates that their beneficial effects are predominantly mediated by paracrine mechanisms. Among these, extracellular vesicles released by mesenchymal stem cells have emerged as key biological effectors. Experimental studies demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cell–derived extracellular vesicles modulate multiple signaling pathways involved in ischemia–reperfusion injury, including activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB) axis, regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in a cell-specific manner, suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-driven inflammatory responses, and stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)–dependent adaptive programs. At the subcellular level, these vesicles preserve mitochondrial structure and function, support energy metabolism, regulate mitophagy, and limit oxidative damage. Their molecular cargo, comprising regulatory microRNAs, metabolic enzymes, and stress-response proteins, enables coordinated modulation of survival, inflammatory, and reparative pathways rather than single-target effects. This review synthesizes current experimental evidence on the mechanistic basis of mesenchymal stem cell–derived extracellular vesicle–mediated cardioprotection and discusses their potential as cell-free, mechanism-based therapeutic strategies to limit myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cardiac and Vascular Biology: From Mechanisms to Pathophysiology)

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37 pages, 2735 KB

Open AccessReview

The UFM1 Conjugation System: A Master Regulator of Cellular Stress Surveillance in Human Disease

by Meiqian Kuang, Haigang Xu, Hongjun Huang, Caifang Ren, Pan Huang and Aihua Gong

Biology 2026, 15(5), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050382 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

Post-translational modification (PTM) encompasses diverse modifications, including phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitin-like modifications (UBLs), and so on, which profoundly influence cellular functions. UFMylation is a recently identified ubiquitin-like modification, which is mediated by the Ubiquitin-like Ubiquitin Fold Modifier 1 (UFM1) conjugation system. The UFM1 conjugation [...] Read more.

Post-translational modification (PTM) encompasses diverse modifications, including phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitin-like modifications (UBLs), and so on, which profoundly influence cellular functions. UFMylation is a recently identified ubiquitin-like modification, which is mediated by the Ubiquitin-like Ubiquitin Fold Modifier 1 (UFM1) conjugation system. The UFM1 conjugation system comprises UFM1, Ubiquitin-like protein activating enzyme 5 (UBA5), UFM1-conjugating enzyme 1 (UFC1), UFM1-specific ligase 1 (UFL1), UFM1-specific protease 1 (UFSP1), UFM1-specific protease 2 (UFSP2), UFM1-binding protein 1 (UFBP1), and CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 3 (CDK5RAP3). Accumulating research has demonstrated that the UFM1 conjugation system regulates various cellular stress responses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, protein trafficking, DNA damage repair, and autophagy. Additionally, abnormal stress adaptations of the UFM1 conjugation system contribute to the pathophysiological complications of inflammatory diseases and cancer, underscoring its significance as a key regulatory node in human health and disease. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive exploration of the structural characteristics of UFM1 conjugation system members and the mechanistic roles of UFMylation by UFM1 conjugation system-mediated diseases related to cellular stress responses, which will not only facilitate the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic indicators but also enable the identification of specific therapeutic targets for UFM1 conjugation system-related diseases. Full article

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13 pages, 463 KB

Open AccessArticle

Canned Fish in Brine—Variability in Macronutrient and Fatty Acid Composition

by Diana Chrpová, Vojtech Ilko, Markéta Růžičková, Miroslava Potůčková, Lenka Kouřimská, Pavel Kohout, Jan Pánek and Marek Doležal

Biology 2026, 15(5), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050381 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

Marine fish are a good dietary source of important macro- and micronutrients. In addition to fresh fish, fish with varying degrees of industrial processing—frozen, marinated, smoked, canned, etc.—is used extensively in the food market. This study comprehensively characterizes the protein content, fat content, [...] Read more.

Marine fish are a good dietary source of important macro- and micronutrients. In addition to fresh fish, fish with varying degrees of industrial processing—frozen, marinated, smoked, canned, etc.—is used extensively in the food market. This study comprehensively characterizes the protein content, fat content, and fatty acid composition of various commercially available canned marine fish species. All canned fish muscle and cod liver were in salted brine, to eliminate the influence of other ingredients. All samples obtained from muscle had a relatively high protein content, mostly between 15 and 21 g/100 g. The fat content was highly variable, ranging from a few tenths to 15 g/100 g. Of the fatty acids, PUFAs predominated in almost all samples. The fatty acid composition of canned fish was very similar to the fatty acid composition of fresh fish. The fact that the content of highly oxylabile PUFAs practically did not differ compared to fresh fish indicates that the preservation process does not lead to significant oxidative damage to this type of product. A significant benefit of eating marine fish is the intake of highly unsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA of the omega-3 fatty acid series. Mainly mackerel and sardines are an excellent source of these two acids. Atlantic salmon and sockeye salmon are also very good sources. As a result, consuming an average of 3 g of cod liver, 10 g of mackerel, 15 g of sardines, or 30 g of Atlantic and sockeye salmon is sufficient to ensure the recommended daily intake of EPA and DHA. Full article

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14 pages, 1217 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Bee Bread (Perga) on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels and Histopathological Alterations in the Liver and Kidneys of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

by Nur Akman, Turan Yaman, Ahmet Ufuk Kömüroğlu and Meryem Çalışır

Biology 2026, 15(5), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050380 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent systemic inflammation, which contributes to progressive multi-organ dysfunction, particularly in metabolically active tissues such as the liver and kidneys. Bee bread (Perga), a fermented bee pollen product rich in bioactive compounds, has [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent systemic inflammation, which contributes to progressive multi-organ dysfunction, particularly in metabolically active tissues such as the liver and kidneys. Bee bread (Perga), a fermented bee pollen product rich in bioactive compounds, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and organ-protective effects; however, its tissue-specific influence on inflammatory responses under diabetic conditions remains incompletely defined. Thirty-two male Wistar Albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, DM, DM + Perga, and Perga. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg, i.p.). Perga was administered orally at a dose of 0.5 g/kg/day for 28 days. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were quantified in liver and kidney tissues using ELISA. Histopathological alterations were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. DM significantly increased the IL-1β, IL-6, and CRP levels in hepatic tissue and elevated TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CRP levels in renal tissue. Perga administration attenuated these inflammatory responses, particularly reducing IL-1β and IL-6 levels in the liver and all measured cytokines in the kidney. Histopathological analyses revealed hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, sinusoidal dilatation, tubular epithelial degeneration, and glomerular damage in diabetic rats, whereas Perga treatment partially improved hepatic alterations and improved renal structural integrity. These findings indicate that Perga exerts tissue-specific anti-inflammatory and protective effects in experimental diabetes, with a more pronounced impact on renal inflammation than on hepatic responses. Although its effects on hepatic TNF-α and CRP levels were limited, Perga may act as a natural modulator of cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular and Molecular Biology of Liver Diseases)

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17 pages, 3042 KB

Open AccessEssay

A Reference Assembly for the Legume Cover Crop Smooth Vetch Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens

by Zhongxu Yao, Xinru Li, Yurou Wang, Yaqi Sun, Songchong Lu, Kunlong Su, Huajie Zhang, Shaoyong Yang, Guofeng Yang and Lichao Ma

Biology 2026, 15(5), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050379 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens (smooth vetch) is an economically important legume cover crop valued for its nitrogen-fixing capacity, high biomass yield, and adaptability across diverse agroecosystems. Here, we present a chromosome-scale, high-quality genome assembly of V. villosa var. glabrescens, constructed using [...] Read more.

Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens (smooth vetch) is an economically important legume cover crop valued for its nitrogen-fixing capacity, high biomass yield, and adaptability across diverse agroecosystems. Here, we present a chromosome-scale, high-quality genome assembly of V. villosa var. glabrescens, constructed using PacBio HiFi sequencing combined with Hi-C scaffolding. The assembly spans 3.70 Gb with a scaffold N50 of 4.69 Mb and exhibits lower heterozygosity (0.9%) compared to V. villosa Roth (3.1%). Genome analysis revealed significant expansion of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs), as well as lineage-specific proliferation of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) in V. villosa var. glabrescens. Comparative genomics with V. villosa Roth highlighted gene family expansions associated with trichome development, providing insights into the genetic basis of morphological and adaptive differences within the Vicia species. This reference genome provides a foundational resource for accelerating the breeding of V. villosa varieties with enhanced agronomic traits and contributes to a broader understanding of legume genomics and plant genome evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Multi-Omics)

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19 pages, 445 KB

Open AccessReview

Epigenetic Basis of Stress-Induced Central Nervous System Disorders: Therapeutic Approaches

by Yuriy Udalov, Yulia Kochenkova, Olga Kasymova, Tatiana Astrelina and Vasily Pustovoit

Biology 2026, 15(5), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050378 - 25 Feb 2026

Abstract

Accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms interact to shape stress vulnerability and the adaptive capacity of the central nervous system (CNS). This review aimed to identify molecular markers with potential prognostic value for stress-induced CNS disorders. We analyzed 93 publications (2008–2025) [...] Read more.

Accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms interact to shape stress vulnerability and the adaptive capacity of the central nervous system (CNS). This review aimed to identify molecular markers with potential prognostic value for stress-induced CNS disorders. We analyzed 93 publications (2008–2025) identified in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and the Cochrane Library, including 80 original experimental and clinical studies, as well as 13 reviews and meta-analyses addressing epigenetic regulation, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function, CNS remodeling, and therapeutic or environmental modulation in stress-exposed models and clinical cohorts with stress-related disorders. Across studies, altered methylation of NR3C1, FKBP5, and BDNF, reduced hippocampal histone acetylation, and shifts in microRNA profiles (miR-16, miR-124, miR-132, miR-135a, miR-34c) were repeatedly associated with HPA axis dysregulation, limbic system remodeling, and phenotypes relevant to PTSD and depression. Evidence further suggests that at least some of these signatures show partial reversibility, with modulation reported after pharmacological interventions (e.g., SSRIs, histone deacetylase inhibitors, FKBP51 inhibitors, ketamine) and non-pharmacological approaches (e.g., physical activity, social support) in animal models and, to a lesser extent, in clinical and observational studies. We conclude that targeted modulation of specific epigenetic and post-transcriptional pathways supports the development of candidate biomarkers and may inform stratified prevention and treatment strategies for stress-induced CNS disorders, while acknowledging that further validation in large, well-characterized cohorts is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuroscience)

17 pages, 1993 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin C Promoted Feeding and Growth Rate of Apostichopus japonicus by Increasing Its Digestive Capacity Through a 5-Hydroxytryptamine-Mediated Signaling Pathway

by Xianyu Wang, Guangyao Zhao, Dejiang Luan, Haobo Sun, Ziyang Hu, Yan Wang, Wenjing Cai, Jun Ding, Yaqing Chang and Rantao Zuo

Biology 2026, 15(5), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050377 - 25 Feb 2026

Abstract

To investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C (VC) supplementation at different concentrations (0, 5000, and 15,000 mg/kg) on the growth and feeding performance of sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus), a 60-day feeding trial was conducted. The results demonstrated that supplementation with [...] Read more.

To investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C (VC) supplementation at different concentrations (0, 5000, and 15,000 mg/kg) on the growth and feeding performance of sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus), a 60-day feeding trial was conducted. The results demonstrated that supplementation with 5000 mg/kg VC significantly enhanced growth performance, evidenced by a higher specific growth rate and weight gain, along with a shorter feeding initiation time and increased tentacle feeding frequency. Furthermore, the activities of digestive enzymes—including amylase, lipase, and pepsin—were markedly elevated in the intestines of A. japonicus fed 5000 mg/kg VC, accompanied by increased mucus secretion in the oral tentacles. Correspondingly, intestinal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels and the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase (AjTPH) and 5-HT receptor (Aj5-HT4R) genes were significantly upregulated in the same group. In contrast, relatively lower growth performance was observed in the control (0 mg/kg) and high-dose (15,000 mg/kg) VC groups. Histological analysis further revealed that 5000 mg/kg VC increased villus height and width and thickened the intestinal muscle layer. Overall, dietary supplementation with 5000 mg/kg VC enhanced feeding activity, digestive function, and intestinal morphology, thereby promoting growth. However, excessive supplementation (15,000 mg/kg) failed to provide similar benefits and was associated with impaired performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Economic Animal Breeding and Healthy Farming (2nd Edition))

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18 pages, 1763 KB

Open AccessReview

Coupling Causal Inference and Cross-Modal Recalibration: A Unified Framework for Adaptive Multisensory Perception

by Jing Liu, Chu-Chung Huang and Fu Zeng

Biology 2026, 15(5), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050376 - 25 Feb 2026

Abstract

Perception in natural environments relies on the integration of information from multiple sensory modalities. Although combining sensory cues can improve perceptual accuracy, sensory signals are inherently noisy and do not always arise from a common source. As a result, the brain must continuously [...] Read more.

Perception in natural environments relies on the integration of information from multiple sensory modalities. Although combining sensory cues can improve perceptual accuracy, sensory signals are inherently noisy and do not always arise from a common source. As a result, the brain must continuously determine whether multisensory signals should be integrated or segregated, while also adapting sensory representations when discrepancies persist over time. Multisensory causal inference provides a principled framework of how the brain infers the causal structure underlying sensory inputs and flexibly arbitrates between integration and segregation. In parallel, extensive behavioral work has shown that prolonged exposure to cross-modal conflicts induces multisensory recalibration, leading to persistent changes in unisensory and multisensory perception. Despite progress in both areas, the relationship between causal inference and recalibration has remained unclear. In this review, we synthesize behavioral, computational, and neurophysiological evidence to argue that causal inference and recalibration form a coupled adaptive system operating across distinct time scales. We propose that causal inference constrains whether sensory discrepancies drive recalibration, whereas recalibration reshapes sensory representations and expectations, thereby influencing future causal judgments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuroscience)

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