Biology

15 pages, 2775 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A Insecticidal Toxins and Their Digests Do Not Stimulate Histamine Release from Cultured Rat Mast Cells

by Hisashi Ohto, Mayumi Ohno, Miho Suganuma-Katagiri, Takashi Hara, Yoko Egawa, Kazuya Tomimoto, Kosuke Haginoya, Hidetaka Hori, Yuzuri Iwamoto and Tohru Hayakawa

Biology 2025, 14(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14010015 - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1380

Abstract

Public acceptance of genetically modified crops engineered with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal protein genes (BT-GMCs), which confer resistance to various lepidopteran insect pests, is generally lacking. As a major concern over BT-GMCs is the allergenicity of insecticidal proteins, alleviating safety concerns should help [...] Read more.

Public acceptance of genetically modified crops engineered with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal protein genes (BT-GMCs), which confer resistance to various lepidopteran insect pests, is generally lacking. As a major concern over BT-GMCs is the allergenicity of insecticidal proteins, alleviating safety concerns should help increase public acceptance. In this study, three lepidopteran-specific Bt toxins, Cry1Aa, Cy1Ab, and Cry1Ac, were treated with simulated digestive fluids under various conditions. Western blotting using antiserum raised against individual segments (α-helices of domain I and β-sheets of domains II and III) of Cry1Aa showed that digestion produces a variety of polypeptides. In particular, the transmembrane α4–α5 of domain I, which may retain the ability to form pores, was the most resistant to digestion. Intact Cry1A toxins and these digests were then applied to RBL-2H3 cultured rat mast cells to determine whether the toxins directly induce histamine release. However, fluorescence microscopy revealed no specific binding of Cry1A toxins to RBL-2H3 cultured rat mast cells. In addition, neither the OPA method nor HPLC analysis detected significant histamine release from mast cells treated with Cry1A toxins and these digests. Our results provide important data supporting the safety of Cry1A toxins and potentially BT-GMCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotechnology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 2141 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phylogeny and Polyploidy Evolution of the Suckers (Teleostei: Catostomidae)

by Lei Yang, Richard L. Mayden and Gavin J. P. Naylor

Biology 2024, 13(12), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121072 - 20 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1191

Abstract

Fishes in the cypriniform family Catostomidae (suckers) are evolutionary tetraploids. The use of nuclear markers in the phylogenetic study of this important group has been greatly hindered by the challenge of identifying paralogous copies of genes. In the present study, we used two [...] Read more.

Fishes in the cypriniform family Catostomidae (suckers) are evolutionary tetraploids. The use of nuclear markers in the phylogenetic study of this important group has been greatly hindered by the challenge of identifying paralogous copies of genes. In the present study, we used two different methods to separate the gene copies of five single-copy nuclear genes (i.e., RAG1, EGR2B, EGR3, IRBP2, and RAG2). For each gene, all sequences of Copy I formed a clade that was sister to the clade formed by all sequences of Copy II in the phylogenetic trees. The maternal and paternal progenitor of the tetraploid ancestor of the Catostomidae could not be determined. We also constructed a mitochondrial tree to reflect the maternal relationships among major catostomid lineages. Our data appear to support a sister relationship between Catostominae and a monophyletic group composed of Myxocyprininae, Cycleptinae, and Ictiobinae. However, within Catostominae, there is significant conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear data regarding the relationships among Erimyzonini, Catostomini, and Moxostomatini/Thoburnini. Many indels, unexpected stop codons, and possible gene loss were identified in one gene copy of RAG1, RAG2, and IRBP2. We believe that additional nuclear genome data are needed to better resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the family Catostomidae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in 'Conservation Biology and Biodiversity')

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3005 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Life Cycle Transitions in the Freshwater Jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii

by Kent Winata, Jonathan A. Zhu, Katherine M. Hanselman, Ethan Zerbe, Jensyn Langguth, Nadine Folino-Rorem and Paulyn Cartwright

Biology 2024, 13(12), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121069 - 20 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1388

Abstract

Craspedacusta sowerbii is an invasive hydrozoan found globally in freshwater habitats. C. sowerbii has a complex life cycle that includes benthic, pelagic, dispersal and dormant stages. The distribution of the medusa (jellyfish) stage has been well documented, but little is known about the [...] Read more.

Craspedacusta sowerbii is an invasive hydrozoan found globally in freshwater habitats. C. sowerbii has a complex life cycle that includes benthic, pelagic, dispersal and dormant stages. The distribution of the medusa (jellyfish) stage has been well documented, but little is known about the other life cycle stages, which are suggested to be more widespread. In addition, the conditions required for growth, reproduction and dispersal of the different life cycle stages, as well as the environmental cues that regulate life cycle transitions, are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine laboratory conditions for growth of, and transition to, different life cycle stages in order to improve our ability to culture all life cycle stages of C. sowerbii. In addition, insight into the environmental triggers that promote life cycle transitions will enable us to better predict the potential negative effects C. sowerbii could impose on freshwater ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Characteristics and Genetic Population Structure of the Invasive Freshwater Jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii Species Complex)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3613 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sexual Body Size Dimorphism in Small Mammals: A Case Study from Lithuania

by Linas Balčiauskas and Laima Balčiauskienė

Biology 2024, 13(12), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121032 - 10 Dec 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1418

Abstract

We assessed the sexual size dimorphism (SSD), analyzing standard morphometric traits in juveniles, subadults, and adults, of 14 species of voles, mice, and shrews in Lithuania on the basis of long-term surveys, updating information published 35 years ago and in the context of [...] Read more.

We assessed the sexual size dimorphism (SSD), analyzing standard morphometric traits in juveniles, subadults, and adults, of 14 species of voles, mice, and shrews in Lithuania on the basis of long-term surveys, updating information published 35 years ago and in the context of data from other countries. ANOVA, t-tests, and a 5% threshold were used in the analyses. Male-biased SSD was observed in Apodemus flavicollis and Alexandromys oeconomus, which was subject to Rensch’s rule, and in three other meadow vole species, with the strongest expression in adult individuals. Female-biased SSD was best expressed in Clethrionomys glareolus and was also identified in four mouse species, although patterns were less consistent across age groups. Shrews and the smallest mouse, Apodemus uralensis, exhibited monomorphic traits. The transition of dimorphism during postnatal development was observed in some species. We present an assessment of SSD in Microtus rossiaemeridionalis and Sicista betulina, the less common small mammals not analyzed in publications by other authors, and provide new baseline data for boreal mid-latitude small mammal species as a foundation for future studies on SSD and its adaptive significance under shifting ecological pressures or climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife Conservation and Habitat Management in the Anthropocene)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1673 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

ROS, an Important Plant Growth Regulator in Root Growth and Development: Functional Genes and Mechanism

by Jialin Su, Yumei Liu, Fengqing Han, Fuxin Gao, Fangyi Gan, Ke Huang and Zhansheng Li

Biology 2024, 13(12), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121033 - 10 Dec 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2441

Abstract

Roots are fundamental to the growth, development, and survival of plants. Beyond anchoring the plant, roots absorb water and nutrients, supporting the plant’s ability to grow and function normally. Root systems, originating from the apical meristem, exhibit significant diversity depending on the plant [...] Read more.

Roots are fundamental to the growth, development, and survival of plants. Beyond anchoring the plant, roots absorb water and nutrients, supporting the plant’s ability to grow and function normally. Root systems, originating from the apical meristem, exhibit significant diversity depending on the plant species. ROS are byproducts of aerobic metabolism, present in both above- and below-ground plant tissues. While ROS were once considered merely harmful byproducts of oxygen metabolism, they are now recognized as critical signaling molecules that regulate plant growth and development. Under stress conditions, plants produce elevated levels of ROS, which can inhibit growth. However, moderate ROS levels act as signals that integrate various regulatory pathways, contributing to normal plant development. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic research on how ROS precisely regulate root growth and development. This review provides an overview of ROS production pathways and their regulatory mechanisms in plants, with a particular focus on their influence on root development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Development and Stress Tolerance in Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

37 pages, 2037 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Good, the Bad, and the Fungus: Insights into the Relationship Between Plants, Fungi, and Oomycetes in Hydroponics

by Grace C. S. Laevens, William C. Dolson, Michelle M. Drapeau, Soufiane Telhig, Sarah E. Ruffell, Danielle M. Rose, Bernard R. Glick and Ashley A. Stegelmeier

Biology 2024, 13(12), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121014 - 4 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3898

Abstract

Hydroponic systems are examples of controlled environment agriculture (CEA) and present a promising alternative to traditional farming methods by increasing productivity, profitability, and sustainability. In hydroponic systems, crops are grown in the absence of soil and thus lack the native soil microbial community. [...] Read more.

Hydroponic systems are examples of controlled environment agriculture (CEA) and present a promising alternative to traditional farming methods by increasing productivity, profitability, and sustainability. In hydroponic systems, crops are grown in the absence of soil and thus lack the native soil microbial community. This review focuses on fungi and oomycetes, both beneficial and pathogenic, that can colonize crops and persist in hydroponic systems. The symptomatology and mechanisms of pathogenesis for Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Fulvia, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium, and Sclerotinia are explored for phytopathogenic fungi that target floral organs, leaves, roots, and vasculature of economically important hydroponic crops. Additionally, this review thoroughly explores the use of plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) to combat phytopathogens and increase hydroponic crop productivity; details of PGP strategies and mechanisms are discussed. The benefits of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Taloromyces, and Trichoderma to hydroponics systems are explored in detail. The culmination of these areas of research serves to improve the current understanding of the role of beneficial and pathogenic fungi, specifically in the hydroponic microbiome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Control of Vegetable Diseases and Bacterial Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

87 pages, 114037 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phylogenetics of Lepidonotopodini (Macellicephalinae, Polynoidae, Annelida) and Comparative Mitogenomics of Shallow-Water vs. Deep-Sea Scaleworms (Aphroditiformia)

by Avery S. Hiley, Nicolás Mongiardino Koch and Greg W. Rouse

Biology 2024, 13(12), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13120979 - 27 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

Within Polynoidae, a diverse aphroditiform family, the subfamily Macellicephalinae comprises anchialine cave-dwelling and deep-sea scaleworms. In this study, Lepidonotopodinae is synonymized with Macellicephalinae, and the tribe Lepidonotopodini is applied to a well-supported clade inhabiting deep-sea chemosynthetic-based ecosystems. Newly sequenced “genome skimming” data for [...] Read more.

Within Polynoidae, a diverse aphroditiform family, the subfamily Macellicephalinae comprises anchialine cave-dwelling and deep-sea scaleworms. In this study, Lepidonotopodinae is synonymized with Macellicephalinae, and the tribe Lepidonotopodini is applied to a well-supported clade inhabiting deep-sea chemosynthetic-based ecosystems. Newly sequenced “genome skimming” data for 30 deep-sea polynoids and the comparatively shallow living Eulagisca gigantea is used to bioinformatically assemble their mitogenomes. When analyzed with existing scaleworm mitogenomes, deep-sea scaleworms exhibit increased gene order rearrangement events compared to shallow-water relatives. Additionally, comparative analyses of shallow-water vs. deep-sea polynoid substitution rates in mitochondrial protein-coding genes show an overall relaxed purifying selection and a positive selection of several amino acid sites in deep-sea species, indicating that polynoid mitogenomes have undergone selective pressure to evolve metabolic adaptations suited to deep-sea environments. Furthermore, the inclusion of skimming data for already known Lepidonotopodini species allowed for an increased coverage of DNA data and a representation of the taxa necessary to create a more robust phylogeny using 18 genes, as opposed to the six genes previously used. The phylogenetic results support the erection of Cladopolynoe gen. nov., Mamiwata gen. nov., Photinopolynoe gen. nov., Stratigos gen. nov., and Themis gen. nov., and emended diagnoses for Branchinotogluma, Branchipolynoe, Lepidonotopodium, and Levensteiniella. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Evolutionary Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6895 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Curcumin Mitigates Gut Dysbiosis and Enhances Gut Barrier Function to Alleviate Metabolic Dysfunction in Obese, Aged Mice

by Gopal Lamichhane, Femi Olawale, Jing Liu, Da-Yeon Lee, Su-Jeong Lee, Nathan Chaffin, Sanmi Alake, Edralin A. Lucas, Guolong Zhang, Josephine M. Egan and Yoo Kim

Biology 2024, 13(12), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13120955 - 21 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3668

Abstract

The gut microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining gut and metabolic health, and its composition is often altered by aging and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of curcumin on gut dysbiosis, gut barrier integrity, and bile acid homeostasis [...] Read more.

The gut microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining gut and metabolic health, and its composition is often altered by aging and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of curcumin on gut dysbiosis, gut barrier integrity, and bile acid homeostasis in aged mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFHSD). Eighteen- to twenty-one-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into groups fed a normal chow diet or HFHSD, with or without curcumin supplementation (0.4% w/w) for 8 and 15 weeks. We assessed body weight, food intake, insulin sensitivity, gut microbiota composition, and gene expression in the gut and liver and performed histological analysis of gut tissues. Curcumin supplementation prevented HFHSD-induced weight gain and metabolic disturbances. In the gut, curcumin-treated mice showed a higher abundance of beneficial bacterial genera, such as Lachnospiraceae, Akkermansia, Mucispirillum, and Verrucomicrobiota, alongside a lower abundance of harmful bacterial genera like Desulfobacteria, Alistipes, and Muribaculaceae compared to control. This shift in gut microbiota was associated with improved gut integrity, as demonstrated by increased expression of the tight junction protein occludin and reduced levels of the pro-inflammatory marker interleukin-1β in the ileum. Additionally, curcumin modulated hepatic gene expression involved in bile acid homeostasis, suggesting a positive effect on liver health. Curcumin supplementation can alleviate the negative effects of aging and an HFHSD on the gut microbiome, improve gut barrier integrity, and maintain bile acid homeostasis. These findings highlight curcumin’s potential as a dietary intervention for managing obesity- and age-associated gut health issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 6216 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Intraperitoneal Administration of S100A8 Ameliorates Experimental Acute Colitis in Rats

by Kano Matsuo, Masaki Ikemoto and Kohki Okada

Biology 2024, 13(11), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110916 - 11 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1118

Abstract

S100A8 is a protein that is abundant in neutrophils and macrophages (MΦ), but its role in inflammation remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the immunological role(s) of S100A8 in acute intestinal inflammation in rats and its role in MΦ. Rat recombinant S100A8 [...] Read more.

S100A8 is a protein that is abundant in neutrophils and macrophages (MΦ), but its role in inflammation remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the immunological role(s) of S100A8 in acute intestinal inflammation in rats and its role in MΦ. Rat recombinant S100A8 (rr-S100A8, 1.0 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered daily to rats with 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) (DSS + A8 group)-induced experimental acute colitis. The histological severity score (6.50 ± 0.51, p = 0.038) in the DSS + A8 group rats remained lower than that (9.75 ± 1.48) of the rats without S100A8 (DSS group) administration. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production in the colon tissues of the rats in the DSS + A8 group (4.76 ± 0.90 pg/mL/g, p = 0.042) was significantly suppressed, compared with that of the DSS group (10.45 ± 2.04 pg/mL/g). To stimulate rat peritoneal MΦ, rr-S100A8, the anti-rat S100A8 antibody, and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used in the in vitro experiments. In the MΦ stimulated with rr-S100A8 for 2 h, the mRNA level of intracellular S100A8 (47.41 ± 24.44, p = 0.002) increased in an autocrine manner, whereas that of S100A9 (0.24 ± 0.43, p = 0.782) was not significant. The TNF-α mRNA level in the MΦ treated with LPS and the anti-rat S100A8 antibody significantly increased (102.26 ± 18.60, p = 0.001) compared to that with LPS alone (16.9 ± 8.56). These results indicate that S100A8 can serve as an anti-inflammatory protein in acute inflammation by negatively regulating S100A9 and TNF-α production through inflammatory signaling pathways in MΦ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3557 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Novel Quinoline Inhibitor of the Canonical NF-κB Transcription Factor Pathway

by Panagiotis Ntavaroukas, Konstantinos Michail, Rafaela Tsiakalidou, Eleni Stampouloglou, Aikaterini Tsingene, Dimitrios Komiotis, Nikitas Georgiou, Thomas Mavromoustakos, Stella Manta, Danielle Aje, Panagiotis Michael, Barry J. Campbell and Stamatia Papoutsopoulou

Biology 2024, 13(11), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110910 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1814

Abstract

The NF-κB family of transcription factors is a master regulator of cellular responses during inflammation, and its dysregulation has been linked to chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease. It is therefore of vital importance to design and test new effective NF-κB [...] Read more.

The NF-κB family of transcription factors is a master regulator of cellular responses during inflammation, and its dysregulation has been linked to chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease. It is therefore of vital importance to design and test new effective NF-κB inhibitors that have the potential to be utilized in clinical practice. In this study, we used a commercial transgenic HeLa cell line as an NF-κB activation reporter to test a novel quinoline molecule, Q3, as a potential inhibitor of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Q3 inhibited NF-κB-induced luciferase in concentrations as low as 5 μM and did not interfere with cell survival or induced cell death. A real-time PCR analysis revealed that Q3 could inhibit the TNF-induced transcription of the luciferase gene, as well as the TNF gene, a known downstream target gene. Immunocytochemistry studies revealed that Q3 moderately interferes with TNF-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation. Moreover, docking and molecular dynamics analyses confirmed that Q3 could potentially modulate transcriptional activity by inhibiting the interaction of NF-κB and DNA. Therefore, Q3 could be potentially developed for further in vivo studies as an NF-κB inhibitor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue NF-κB and Its Role in Health and Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 4211 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Generalized Ketogenic Diet Induced Liver Impairment and Reduced Probiotics Abundance of Gut Microbiota in Rat

by Ge Song, Dan Song, Yongwei Wang, Li Wang and Weiwei Wang

Biology 2024, 13(11), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110899 - 4 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1750

Abstract

The ketogenic diet is becoming an assisted treatment to control weight, obesity, and even type 2 diabetes. However, there has been no scientific proof supporting that the ketogenic diet is absolutely safe and sustainable. In this study, Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were fed different [...] Read more.

The ketogenic diet is becoming an assisted treatment to control weight, obesity, and even type 2 diabetes. However, there has been no scientific proof supporting that the ketogenic diet is absolutely safe and sustainable. In this study, Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were fed different ratios of fat to carbohydrates under the same apparent metabolizable energy level to evaluate the effects of a ketogenic diet on healthy subjects. The results showed that the ketogenic diet could relatively sustain body weight and enhance the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP), leading to more moderate lipoidosis and milder local non-specific inflammation in the liver compared with the high-carbohydrate diet. In addition, the abundance of probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Faecalitalea were reduced with the ketogenic diet in rats, while an abundance of pathogenic strains such as Anaerotruncus, Enterococcus, Rothia, and Enterorhabdus were increased with both the ketogenic diet and the high-carbohydrate diet. This study suggests that the ketogenic diet can lead to impairments of liver function and changed composition of the gut microbiota in rats, which to some extent indicates the danger of consuming a generalized ketogenic diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Interactions between the Gut Microbiome and Host)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1868 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Bone Mechanical Stress Caused by Electrical Stimulation-Induced Muscle Contraction on Osteocalcin Secretion

by Yi-Chen Chen, Ryoya Oga, Takahiro Furumi, Koki Nakagawa, Yoshihiro Nita and Hiroyuki Tamaki

Biology 2024, 13(11), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110882 - 30 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1818

Abstract

Electrical stimulation-induced muscle contraction (ESMC) has demonstrated various physiological benefits, but its effects on the secretion of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), a bone-derived cytokine, remain unclear. This study explored the relationship between ESMC, bone strain, and ucOC secretion through two experiments. In the first, [...] Read more.

Electrical stimulation-induced muscle contraction (ESMC) has demonstrated various physiological benefits, but its effects on the secretion of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), a bone-derived cytokine, remain unclear. This study explored the relationship between ESMC, bone strain, and ucOC secretion through two experiments. In the first, young male Fischer 344 rats were divided into three groups: low-frequency ES (LF, 10 Hz), high-frequency ES (HF, 100 Hz), and control (CON). Acute 30-min transcutaneous ES was applied, and both bone strain and ucOC levels were measured. In the second experiment, rats underwent LF or HF long-term ES (two sessions per week for 4 weeks), with ucOC and insulin levels monitored. Results revealed a significant peak in ucOC at 6 h post-acute LF-ESMC. Despite HF-ESMC generating greater bone strain, LF-ESMC, with smaller but repetitive bone strain, proved more effective in stimulating ucOC secretion. In the long-term study, both ESMC groups exhibited early increases in ucOC, with a positive correlation to insulin levels. In conclusion, bone strain induced by ES-mediated muscle contraction promotes ucOC secretion, with both the magnitude and frequency of strain playing critical roles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 5257 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Post-Flowering Photoperiod Sensitivity of Soybean in Pod-Setting Responses

by Zhihui Sun, Limei Yuan, Yulin Wang, Ran Fang, Xiaoya Lin, Haiyang Li, Liyu Chen, Yichun Wu, Xin Huang, Fanjiang Kong, Baohui Liu, Sijia Lu and Lingping Kong

Biology 2024, 13(11), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110868 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2257

Abstract

The development of soybean (Glycine max) is regulated by the photoperiod, with genes related to photoperiod sensitivity primarily focused on the flowering time. However, their roles in post-flowering reproductive development and the mechanisms by which the photoperiod affects them are not [...] Read more.

The development of soybean (Glycine max) is regulated by the photoperiod, with genes related to photoperiod sensitivity primarily focused on the flowering time. However, their roles in post-flowering reproductive development and the mechanisms by which the photoperiod affects them are not yet determined. In this study, we found that pod formation is sensitive to the photoperiod. Long-day conditions tended to extend the time from flowering to pod formation, and the first wave of flowers tended to fall off. Additionally, the photoperiod affected the pistil morphology; under short-day conditions, the stigma had a curved hook-like structure that facilitated better interaction with the filaments when pollen was released, ultimately influencing the timing of pod formation. Photoperiod-insensitive mutants, lacking E1 family and Evening Complex (EC) genes, showed no difference in the pod formation time under long-day or short-day conditions. Hormone content analysis and transcriptome data analysis indicated that various hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst pathway signals, and the application of sucrose solution in vitro might influence floral organ abscission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Response of Plants to Environmental Changes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 20945 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Responses of Soil Respiration and Ecological Environmental Factors to Warming and Thermokarst in River Source Wetlands of the Qinghai Lake Basin

by Yanli Yang, Ni Zhang, Zhiyun Zhou, Lin Li, Kelong Chen, Wei Ji and Xia Zhao

Biology 2024, 13(11), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110863 - 24 Oct 2024

Viewed by 11043

Abstract

Global climate warming has led to the deepening of the active layer of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau, further triggering thermal subsidence phenomena, which have profound effects on the carbon cycle of regional ecosystems. This study conducted warming (W) and thermal subsidence (RR) [...] Read more.

Global climate warming has led to the deepening of the active layer of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau, further triggering thermal subsidence phenomena, which have profound effects on the carbon cycle of regional ecosystems. This study conducted warming (W) and thermal subsidence (RR) control experiments using an Open-Top Chamber (OTC) device in the river source wetlands of the Qinghai Lake basin. The aim was to assess the impacts of warming and thermal subsidence on soil temperature, volumetric water content, biomass, microbial diversity, and soil respiration (both autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration). The results indicate that warming significantly increased soil temperature, especially during the colder seasons, and thermal subsidence treatment further exacerbated this effect. Soil volumetric water content significantly decreased under thermal subsidence, with the RRW treatment having the most pronounced impact on moisture. Additionally, a microbial diversity analysis revealed that warming promoted bacterial richness in the surface soil, while thermal subsidence suppressed fungal community diversity. Soil respiration rates exhibited a unimodal curve during the growing season. Warming treatment significantly reduced autotrophic respiration rates, while thermal subsidence inhibited heterotrophic respiration. Further analysis indicated that under thermal subsidence treatment, soil respiration was most sensitive to temperature changes, with a Q₁₀ value reaching 7.39, reflecting a strong response to climate warming. In summary, this study provides new scientific evidence for understanding the response mechanisms of soil carbon cycling in Tibetan Plateau wetlands to climate warming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wetland Ecosystems (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1848 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Putative Nociceptive Responses in a Decapod Crustacean: The Shore Crab (Carcinus maenas)

by Eleftherios Kasiouras, Peter C. Hubbard, Albin Gräns and Lynne U. Sneddon

Biology 2024, 13(11), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110851 - 22 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 70591

Abstract

Nociceptors are receptors that detect injurious stimuli and are necessary to convey such information from the periphery to the central nervous system. While nociception has been extensively studied in various taxa, there is relatively little electrophysiological evidence for the existence of nociceptors in [...] Read more.

Nociceptors are receptors that detect injurious stimuli and are necessary to convey such information from the periphery to the central nervous system. While nociception has been extensively studied in various taxa, there is relatively little electrophysiological evidence for the existence of nociceptors in decapod crustaceans. This study investigated putative nociceptive responses in the shore crabs, specifically their response to mechanical and noxious chemical stimuli. Extracellular multi-unit electrophysiological recordings were conducted from the anterior ganglion and the circumesophageal connective ganglia to assess nociceptive responses. Soft tissues at the joints of the chelae, antennae, and walking legs were stimulated using acetic acid (noxious stimulus) and von Frey hairs (mechanical stimulus), while nearby ganglion activity was recorded. The results indicate the existence of nociceptors in the tested areas, with mechanical stimuli eliciting shorter, more intense neural activity compared with acetic acid. Although acetic acid triggered responses in all areas, the antennae and antennules did not respond to mechanical stimuli. Though we acknowledge the challenges of conducting in vivo electrophysiological recordings, future research should focus on further characterizing nociceptor activity because the results suggest the presence of nociceptors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Zoology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1728 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Integrating Molecular Perspectives: Strategies for Comprehensive Multi-Omics Integrative Data Analysis and Machine Learning Applications in Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics

by Pedro H. Godoy Sanches, Nicolly Clemente de Melo, Andreia M. Porcari and Lucas Miguel de Carvalho

Biology 2024, 13(11), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110848 - 22 Oct 2024

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 12927

Abstract

With the advent of high-throughput technologies, the field of omics has made significant strides in characterizing biological systems at various levels of complexity. Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are the three most widely used omics technologies, each providing unique insights into different layers of [...] Read more.

With the advent of high-throughput technologies, the field of omics has made significant strides in characterizing biological systems at various levels of complexity. Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are the three most widely used omics technologies, each providing unique insights into different layers of a biological system. However, analyzing each omics data set separately may not provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject under study. Therefore, integrating multi-omics data has become increasingly important in bioinformatics research. In this article, we review strategies for integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data, including co-expression analysis, metabolite–gene networks, constraint-based models, pathway enrichment analysis, and interactome analysis. We discuss combined omics integration approaches, correlation-based strategies, and machine learning techniques that utilize one or more types of omics data. By presenting these methods, we aim to provide researchers with a better understanding of how to integrate omics data to gain a more comprehensive view of a biological system, facilitating the identification of complex patterns and interactions that might be missed by single-omics analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-omics Data Integration in Complex Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1524 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dermal Papilla Cells: From Basic Research to Translational Applications

by He-Li Zhang, Xi-Xi Qiu and Xin-Hua Liao

Biology 2024, 13(10), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100842 - 20 Oct 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5696

Abstract

As an appendage of the skin, hair protects against ultraviolet radiation and mechanical damage and regulates body temperature. It also reflects an individual’s health status and serves as an important method of expressing personality. Hair loss and graying are significant psychosocial burdens for [...] Read more.

As an appendage of the skin, hair protects against ultraviolet radiation and mechanical damage and regulates body temperature. It also reflects an individual’s health status and serves as an important method of expressing personality. Hair loss and graying are significant psychosocial burdens for many people. Hair is produced from hair follicles, which are exclusively controlled by the dermal papilla (DP) at their base. The dermal papilla cells (DPCs) comprise a cluster of specialized mesenchymal cells that induce the formation of hair follicles during early embryonic development through interaction with epithelial precursor cells. They continue to regulate the growth cycle, color, size, and type of hair after the hair follicle matures by secreting various factors. DPCs possess stem cell characteristics and can be cultured and expanded in vitro. DPCs express numerous stemness-related factors, enabling them to be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using only two, or even one, Yamanaka factor. DPCs are an important source of skin-derived precursors (SKPs). When combined with epithelial stem cells, they can reconstitute skin and hair follicles, participating in the regeneration of the dermis, including the DP and dermal sheath. When implanted between the epidermis and dermis, DPCs can induce the formation of new hair follicles on hairless skin. Subcutaneous injection of DPCs and their exosomes can promote hair growth. This review summarizes the in vivo functions of the DP; highlights the potential of DPCs in cell therapy, particularly for the treatment of hair loss; and discusses the challenges and recent advances in the field, from basic research to translational applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stem Cells in Experimental Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2826 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exposure to Gold Induces Autoantibodies against Nuclear Antigens in A.TL Mice

by Sara Puente-Marin and Said Havarinasab

Biology 2024, 13(10), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100812 - 11 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1201

Abstract

To demonstrate causation or/and assess pathogenic mechanisms of environment-induced autoimmunity, various animal models that mimic the characteristics of the human autoimmune diseases need to be developed. Experimental studies in mice reveal the genetic factors that contribute to autoimmune diseases. Here, the immune response [...] Read more.

To demonstrate causation or/and assess pathogenic mechanisms of environment-induced autoimmunity, various animal models that mimic the characteristics of the human autoimmune diseases need to be developed. Experimental studies in mice reveal the genetic factors that contribute to autoimmune diseases. Here, the immune response of two mouse strains congenic for non-H-2 genes, A.TL (H-2^tl) and A.SW (H-2^s), was evaluated after 15 weeks’ exposure to gold aurothiomalate (AuTM). AuTM-treated A.TL mice showed anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) with homogenous and/or fine speckled staining patterns and serum autoantibodies to ds-DNA, chromatin, histones, and ribonucleoproteins (RNP). Female A.TL mice showed a stronger immune response than males, as well as an increase of B cells in their spleen after 15 weeks of gold exposure. A.SW exposed for AuTM showed the induction of anti-nucleolar antibodies (ANoA) with a clumpy staining pattern, as well as an increase in splenic B and T cells. The serum autoantibodies levels in A.SW mice were limited compared to those of A.TL mice. Overall, A.TL presents a stronger immune response after gold exposure than A.SW. The immune response developed in A.TL presents similarities with the clinical manifestations in human autoimmune diseases. Thus, gold-exposed A.TL could constitute a potential experimental mouse model for the study of autoimmunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Models of Autoimmune Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 6257 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Benzodiazepine Delorazepam on Growth and Behaviour of Artemia salina Nauplii

by Chiara Fogliano, Rosa Carotenuto, Claudio Agnisola, Chiara Maria Motta and Bice Avallone

Biology 2024, 13(10), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100808 - 10 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1753

Abstract

Benzodiazepines, a significant group of newly recognised water contaminants, are psychotropic medications prescribed for common anxiety symptoms and sleep disorders. They resist efficient degradation during sewage treatment and endure in aquatic environments. Their presence in aquatic matrices is increasing, particularly after the recent [...] Read more.

Benzodiazepines, a significant group of newly recognised water contaminants, are psychotropic medications prescribed for common anxiety symptoms and sleep disorders. They resist efficient degradation during sewage treatment and endure in aquatic environments. Their presence in aquatic matrices is increasing, particularly after the recent pandemic period, which has led many people to systematically use benzodiazepines to manage anxiety. In previous studies, an important interference of this class of drugs on both the larval and adult stages of some aquatic species has been demonstrated, with effects on behaviour and embryonic development. This study examined the influence of delorazepam, a diazepam metabolite, on Artemia salina development to gain insight into responses in naupliar larvae. Results demonstrated that treatments (1, 5, and 10 µg/L) increase the hatching percentage and induce a desynchronisation in growth. Mortality was only slightly increased (close to 10% at six days post-hatching), but lipid reserve consumption was modified, with the persistence of lipid globules at the advanced naupliar stages. Locomotory activity significantly decreased only at 10 µg/L treatment. No teratogenic effects were observed, though modest damages were noticed in the posterior trunk and eyes, two targets of environmental toxicity. The negative impact of delorazepam on Artemia salina adds to those already reported in other species of invertebrates and vertebrates, which are not yet considered targets of these drugs. This study underscores the need for further research and immediate attention to this class of contaminants and the importance of monitoring their presence during environmental risk assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Developmental and Reproductive Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2811 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Metabolic Rate of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) in the Face of Common Aquaculture Challenges

by Lisbeth Herrera-Castillo, Germán Vallejo-Palma, Nuria Saiz, Abel Sánchez-Jiménez, Esther Isorna, Ignacio Ruiz-Jarabo and Nuria de Pedro

Biology 2024, 13(10), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100804 - 9 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2935

Abstract

This study examined the metabolic rate (MO₂, oxygen consumption) of goldfish (Carassius auratus) under normal management conditions in aquaculture. Using an intermittent respirometry system, we assessed daily variations and the effects of feeding, handling, temperature increase, and anesthetics. MO [...] Read more.

This study examined the metabolic rate (MO₂, oxygen consumption) of goldfish (Carassius auratus) under normal management conditions in aquaculture. Using an intermittent respirometry system, we assessed daily variations and the effects of feeding, handling, temperature increase, and anesthetics. MO₂ exhibited a daily rhythm, with higher values during day. Feeding to satiety produced a 35% increase in MO₂ compared to fasted animals, with a maximum peak after 3 h and returning to baseline after 7 h. Handling stress (5 min) produced a 140% MO₂ peak (from 180 to 252 mg O₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹), returning to the routine MO₂ after 2.5 h. An increase in water temperature (+0.1 °C min⁻¹) up to 30 °C caused MO₂ to peak at 200% after 2.5 h from the start of the temperature increase. The use of common anesthetics in aquaculture (MS-222, 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil in deep anesthesia concentration) affects MO₂ during the first few minutes after anesthetic recovery, but also during the following 4 h. It can be concluded that the metabolic rate is a good indicator of the goldfish’s response to aquaculture practices involving energy expenditure and stress. Thus, intermittent respirometry is a valuable non-invasive tool for understanding and improving fish welfare in aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Zoology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

31 pages, 3739 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Pericytes in Inner Ear Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

by Antonino Maniaci, Marilena Briglia, Fabio Allia, Giuseppe Montalbano, Giovanni Luca Romano, Mohamed Amine Zaouali, Dorra H’mida, Caterina Gagliano, Roberta Malaguarnera, Mario Lentini, Adriana Carol Eleonora Graziano and Giovanni Giurdanella

Biology 2024, 13(10), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100802 - 8 Oct 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3392

Abstract

Inner ear disorders, including sensorineural hearing loss, Meniere’s disease, and vestibular neuritis, are prevalent conditions that significantly impact the quality of life. Despite their high incidence, the underlying pathophysiology of these disorders remains elusive, and current treatment options are often inadequate. Emerging evidence [...] Read more.

Inner ear disorders, including sensorineural hearing loss, Meniere’s disease, and vestibular neuritis, are prevalent conditions that significantly impact the quality of life. Despite their high incidence, the underlying pathophysiology of these disorders remains elusive, and current treatment options are often inadequate. Emerging evidence suggests that pericytes, a type of vascular mural cell specialized to maintain the integrity and function of the microvasculature, may play a crucial role in the development and progression of inner ear disorders. The pericytes are present in the microvasculature of both the cochlea and the vestibular system, where they regulate blood flow, maintain the blood–labyrinth barrier, facilitate angiogenesis, and provide trophic support to neurons. Understanding their role in inner ear disorders may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of these conditions and lead to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, improving the standard of living. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed overview of the role of pericytes in inner ear disorders, highlighting the anatomy and physiology in the microvasculature, and analyzing the mechanisms that contribute to the development of the disorders. Furthermore, we explore the potential pericyte-targeted therapies, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic approaches, as well as gene therapy strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4048 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrative Analysis of ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq through Machine Learning Identifies 10 Signature Genes for Breast Cancer Intrinsic Subtypes

by Jeong-Woon Park and Je-Keun Rhee

Biology 2024, 13(10), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100799 - 7 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4223

Abstract

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease composed of various biologically distinct subtypes, each characterized by unique molecular features. Its formation and progression involve a complex, multistep process that includes the accumulation of numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although integrating RNA-seq transcriptome data with [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease composed of various biologically distinct subtypes, each characterized by unique molecular features. Its formation and progression involve a complex, multistep process that includes the accumulation of numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although integrating RNA-seq transcriptome data with ATAC-seq epigenetic information provides a more comprehensive understanding of gene regulation and its impact across different conditions, no classification model has yet been developed for breast cancer intrinsic subtypes based on such integrative analyses. In this study, we employed machine learning algorithms to predict intrinsic subtypes through the integrative analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data. We identified 10 signature genes (CDH3, ERBB2, TYMS, GREB1, OSR1, MYBL2, FAM83D, ESR1, FOXC1, and NAT1) using recursive feature elimination with cross-validation (RFECV) and a support vector machine (SVM) based on SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) feature importance. Furthermore, we found that these genes were primarily associated with immune responses, hormone signaling, cancer progression, and cellular proliferation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Breast Cancer Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 601 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Evolution of Media Supporting the Development of Mammalian Preimplantation Embryos In Vitro

by Hongsheng Men

Biology 2024, 13(10), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100789 - 1 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1784

Abstract

Assisted reproductive technology has revolutionized our ability to genetically manipulate, maintain and rederive laboratory animals of biomedical importance; manipulate animal reproduction or genetics to boost production of farm animals; and improve human reproductive health. The media for in vitro manipulation and the culture [...] Read more.

Assisted reproductive technology has revolutionized our ability to genetically manipulate, maintain and rederive laboratory animals of biomedical importance; manipulate animal reproduction or genetics to boost production of farm animals; and improve human reproductive health. The media for in vitro manipulation and the culture of embryos play a critical role in the development of assisted reproductive technology. In this review, the evolution of culture media supporting embryo development in vitro from selected animal species, laboratory animals (mice and rats) and farm animals (pigs and cattle), will be discussed with a focus on the development of chemically defined media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers on Developmental and Reproductive Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3247 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Quercus glauca Acorn Seed Coat Extract Promotes Wound Re-Epithelialization by Facilitating Fibroblast Migration and Inhibiting Dermal Inflammation

by Shin-Hye Kim, Hye-Lim Shin, Tae Hyun Son, So-An Lim, Dongsoo Kim, Jun-Hyuck Yoon, Hyunmo Choi, Hwan-Gyu Kim and Sik-Won Choi

Biology 2024, 13(10), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100775 - 28 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1564

Abstract

The skin, recognized as the largest organ in the human body, serves a vital function in safeguarding against external threats. Severe damage to the skin can pose significant risks to human health. There is an urgent requirement for safe and effective therapies for [...] Read more.

The skin, recognized as the largest organ in the human body, serves a vital function in safeguarding against external threats. Severe damage to the skin can pose significant risks to human health. There is an urgent requirement for safe and effective therapies for wound healing. While phytotherapy has been widely utilized for various health conditions, the potential of Quercus glauca in promoting wound healing has not been thoroughly explored. Q. glauca is a cultivated crop known for its abundance of bioactive compounds. This study examined the wound-healing properties of Quercus glauca acorn seed coat water extract (QGASE). The findings from the study suggest that QGASE promotes wound closure in HF cells by upregulating essential markers related to the wound-healing process. Additionally, QGASE demonstrates antioxidant effects, mitigating oxidative stress and aiding in recovery from injuries induced by H₂O₂. In vivo experiments provide additional substantiation supporting the efficacy of QGASE in enhancing wound healing. The collective results indicate that QGASE may be a promising candidate for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing skin wound repair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Mechanisms of Action for Promoting Health)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

41 pages, 1012 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Investigating the Interplay between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disease

by Jason Patrick Cousineau, Aimee Maria Dawe and Melanie Alpaugh

Biology 2024, 13(10), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100764 - 26 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3142

Abstract

Neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), are the primary cause of disability worldwide and the second leading cause of death. The chronic nature of these conditions and the lack of disease-modifying therapies highlight the urgent need for developing effective therapies. To accomplish this, [...] Read more.

Neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), are the primary cause of disability worldwide and the second leading cause of death. The chronic nature of these conditions and the lack of disease-modifying therapies highlight the urgent need for developing effective therapies. To accomplish this, effective models of NDDs are required to increase our understanding of underlying pathophysiology and for evaluating treatment efficacy. Traditionally, models of NDDs have focused on the central nervous system (CNS). However, evidence points to a relationship between systemic factors and the development of NDDs. Cardiovascular disease and related risk factors have been shown to modify the cerebral vasculature and the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. These findings, combined with reports of changes to vascular density and blood–brain barrier integrity in other NDDs, such as Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, suggest that cardiovascular health may be predictive of brain function. To evaluate this, we explore evidence for disruptions to the circulatory system in murine models of NDDs, evidence of disruptions to the CNS in cardiovascular disease models and summarize models combining cardiovascular disruption with models of NDDs. In this study, we aim to increase our understanding of cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration interactions across multiple disease states and evaluate the utility of combining model systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 3804 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Predicting Boar Sperm Survival during Liquid Storage Using Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques

by Serge L. Kameni, Bryan Semon, Li-Dunn Chen, Notsile H. Dlamini, Gombojav O. Ariunbold, Carrie K. Vance-Kouba and Jean M. Feugang

Biology 2024, 13(10), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100763 - 26 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2153

Abstract

Artificial insemination (AI) plays a critical role in livestock reproduction, with semen quality being essential. In swine, AI primarily uses cool-stored semen adhering to industry standards assessed through routine analysis, yet fertility inconsistencies highlight the need for enhanced semen evaluation. Over 10-day storage [...] Read more.

Artificial insemination (AI) plays a critical role in livestock reproduction, with semen quality being essential. In swine, AI primarily uses cool-stored semen adhering to industry standards assessed through routine analysis, yet fertility inconsistencies highlight the need for enhanced semen evaluation. Over 10-day storage at 17 °C, boar semen samples were analyzed for motility, morphology, sperm membrane integrity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress indicators. Additionally, machine learning tools were employed to explore the potential of Raman and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in enhancing semen sample evaluation. Sperm motility and morphology gradually decreased during storage, with distinct groups categorized as “Good” or “Poor” survival semen according to motility on Day 7 of storage. Initially similar on Day 0 of semen collection, “Poor” samples revealed significantly lower total motility (21.69 ± 4.64% vs. 80.19 ± 1.42%), progressive motility (4.74 ± 1.71% vs. 39.73 ± 2.57%), and normal morphology (66.43 ± 2.60% vs. 87.91 ± 1.92%) than their “Good” counterparts by Day 7, using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer. Furthermore, “Poor” samples had higher levels of apoptotic cells, membrane damage, and intracellular reactive oxygen species on Day 0. Conversely, “Good” samples maintained higher total antioxidant capacity. Raman spectroscopy outperformed NIR, providing distinctive spectral profiles aligned with semen biochemical changes and enabling the prediction of semen survival during storage. Overall, the spectral profiles coupled with machine learning tools might assist in enhancing semen evaluation and prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental and Reproductive Biology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Linking Sleep Disorders to Atrial Fibrillation: Pathways, Risks, and Treatment Implications

by Monica Ferreira, Mario Oliveira, Sergio Laranjo and Isabel Rocha

Biology 2024, 13(10), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100761 - 25 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2941

Abstract

Sleep is a complex biobehavioural process essential for overall health, with various dimensions including duration, continuity, timing, and satisfaction. This study investigated the intricate relationships between common sleep disorders such as insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and their impact on atrial fibrillation [...] Read more.

Sleep is a complex biobehavioural process essential for overall health, with various dimensions including duration, continuity, timing, and satisfaction. This study investigated the intricate relationships between common sleep disorders such as insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and their impact on atrial fibrillation (AF), a prevalent arrhythmia with significant health implications. Using a comprehensive review of the current literature, this study examined the pathophysiological mechanisms linking sleep disorders to cardiovascular risks, focusing on autonomic nervous system disturbances, inflammation, and oxidative stress associated with OSA. These findings indicate that sleep disorders significantly elevate the risk of AF through mechanisms such as increased sympathetic activity and structural cardiac remodelling. Additionally, this study highlights the potential benefits of treating sleep disorders, particularly with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, in reducing AF recurrence and improving cardiovascular outcomes. This conclusion emphasises the importance of integrated therapeutic approaches that address both sleep disorders and AF to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life. Future research should explore these connections to develop more effective and holistic treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 2.0)

► Show Figures

Figure A1

21 pages, 1698 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mitochondrial Dynamics and mRNA Translation: A Local Synaptic Tale

by Marta Zaninello, Pedro Baptista and Filipe V. Duarte

Biology 2024, 13(9), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090746 - 23 Sep 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3036

Abstract

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can adjust and respond to different stimuli within a cell. This plastic ability allows them to effectively coordinate several cellular functions in cells and becomes particularly relevant in highly complex cells such as neurons. An imbalance in mitochondrial [...] Read more.

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can adjust and respond to different stimuli within a cell. This plastic ability allows them to effectively coordinate several cellular functions in cells and becomes particularly relevant in highly complex cells such as neurons. An imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics can disrupt mitochondrial function, leading to abnormal cellular function and ultimately to a range of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Regulation of mRNA transport and local translation inside neurons is crucial for maintaining the proteome of distal mitochondria, which is vital for energy production and synaptic function. A significant portion of the axonal transcriptome is dedicated to mRNAs for mitochondrial proteins, emphasizing the importance of local translation in sustaining mitochondrial function in areas far from the cell body. In neurons, local translation and the regulation of mRNAs encoding mitochondrial-shaping proteins could be essential for synaptic plasticity and neuronal health. The dynamics of these mRNAs, including their transport and local translation, may influence the morphology and function of mitochondria, thereby affecting the overall energy status and responsiveness of synapses. Comprehending the mitochondria-related mRNA regulation and local translation, as well as its influence on mitochondrial morphology near the synapses will help to better understand neuronal physiology and neurological diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired synaptic plasticity play a central role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Emerging Role of Mitochondria in Neurobiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

37 pages, 4357 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Low Magnetic Field Exposure Alters Prostate Cancer Cell Properties

by Sigrun Lange, Jameel M. Inal, Igor Kraev, Dafydd Alwyn Dart and Pinar Uysal-Onganer

Biology 2024, 13(9), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090734 - 19 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3086

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the second most common neoplasia and fifth-leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Electromagnetic and magnetic fields have been classified as possible human carcinogens, but current understanding of molecular and cellular pathways involved is very limited. Effects due to [...] Read more.

Prostate cancer is the second most common neoplasia and fifth-leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Electromagnetic and magnetic fields have been classified as possible human carcinogens, but current understanding of molecular and cellular pathways involved is very limited. Effects due to extremely low magnetic/hypomagnetic fields (LMF) are furthermore poorly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of cellular communication with multifaceted roles in cancer progression, including via transport and uptake of various protein and microRNA (miRNA) EV-cargoes. miRNAs regulate gene expression and are implicated in cancer-related processes such as proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance. This study investigated the effects of LMF exposure (20 nT) by magnetic shielding on the prostate cancer cell line PC3 compared to the prostate epithelial cell line PNT2 under short-term (4 h) conditions. We examined EV profiles following a 4 h LMF exposure alongside associated functional enrichment KEGG and GO pathways for the EV proteomes. The 4 h LMF exposure significantly reduced cellular EV release and modified PC3 EV cargoes to a more inflammatory and metastatic profile, with 16 Disease Pathways and 95 Human Phenotypes associated specifically with the LMF-treated PC3 EV proteomes. These included cancerous, metabolic, blood, skin, cardiac and skeletal Disease Pathways, as well as pain and developmental disorders. In the normal PNT2 cells, less EV protein cargo was observed following LMF exposure compared with cells not exposed to LMF, and fewer associated functional enrichment pathways were identified. This pointed to some differences in various cellular functions, ageing, defence responses, oxidative stress, and disease phenotypes, including respiratory, digestive, immune, and developmental pathways. Furthermore, we analysed alterations in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and miRNAs linked to metastasis, as this is crucial in cancer aggressiveness. The 4 h LMF exposure caused a significant increase in MMP2 and MMP9, as well as in onco-miRs miR-155, miR-210, miR-21, but a significant reduction in tumour-suppressor miRs (miR-200c and miR-126) in the metastatic PC3 cells, compared with normal PNT2 cells. In addition, 4 h LMF exposure significantly induced cellular invasion of PC3 cells. Overall, our findings suggest that changes in magnetic field exposures modulate EV-mediated and miR-regulatory processes in PCa metastasis, providing a basis for exploring novel therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Rules of Life Rethought: Latest Progress in Quantum Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1328 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Brain to Muscle: The Role of Muscle Tissue in Neurodegenerative Disorders

by Elisa Duranti and Chiara Villa

Biology 2024, 13(9), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090719 - 12 Sep 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4661

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD), primarily affect the central nervous system, leading to progressive neuronal loss and motor and cognitive dysfunction. However, recent studies have revealed that muscle tissue also plays a significant [...] Read more.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD), primarily affect the central nervous system, leading to progressive neuronal loss and motor and cognitive dysfunction. However, recent studies have revealed that muscle tissue also plays a significant role in these diseases. ALS is characterized by severe muscle wasting as a result of motor neuron degeneration, as well as alterations in gene expression, protein aggregation, and oxidative stress. Muscle atrophy and mitochondrial dysfunction are also observed in AD, which may exacerbate cognitive decline due to systemic metabolic dysregulation. PD patients exhibit muscle fiber atrophy, altered muscle composition, and α-synuclein aggregation within muscle cells, contributing to motor symptoms and disease progression. Systemic inflammation and impaired protein degradation pathways are common among these disorders, highlighting muscle tissue as a key player in disease progression. Understanding these muscle-related changes offers potential therapeutic avenues, such as targeting mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation, and promoting muscle regeneration with exercise and pharmacological interventions. This review emphasizes the importance of considering an integrative approach to neurodegenerative disease research, considering both central and peripheral pathological mechanisms, in order to develop more effective treatments and improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Repair and Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1817 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Differential Cellular Response to Mercury in Non-Farmed Fish Species Based on Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Variation Analysis

by Marta Giuga, Venera Ferrito, Giada Santa Calogero, Anna Traina, Maria Bonsignore, Mario Sprovieri and Anna Maria Pappalardo

Biology 2024, 13(9), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090691 - 3 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1559

Abstract

Mercury (Hg) pro-oxidant role on biological systems and its biogeochemical cycle represent a serious threat due to its persistence in marine environment. As the mitochondrial genome is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS), the aim of the present study is the validation of [...] Read more.

Mercury (Hg) pro-oxidant role on biological systems and its biogeochemical cycle represent a serious threat due to its persistence in marine environment. As the mitochondrial genome is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS), the aim of the present study is the validation of the variation in the number of mitochondrial DNA copies (mtDNAcn) as biomarker of oxidative stress in aquatic environment. During summer 2021, three selected fish species (Mullus barbatus, Diplodus annularis and Pagellus erythrinus) were collected in Augusta Bay, one of the most Mediterranean contaminated areas remarkable by past Hg inputs, and in a control area, both in the south-east of Sicily. The relative mtDNAcn was evaluated by qPCR on specimens of each species from both sites, characterized respectively by higher and lower Hg bioaccumulation. M. barbatus and P. erythrinus collected in Augusta showed a dramatic mtDNAcn reduction compared to their control groups while D. annularis showed an incredible mtDNAcn rising suggesting a higher resilience of this species. These results align with the mitochondrial dynamics of fission and fusion triggered by environmental toxicants. In conclusion, we suggest the implementation of the mtDNAcn variation as a valid tool for the early warning stress-related impacts in aquatic system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondria: The Signaling Organelle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1242 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impacts of Whole-Grain Soft Red, Whole-Grain Soft White, and Refined Soft White Wheat Flour Crackers on Gastrointestinal Inflammation and the Gut Microbiota of Adult Humans

by Gigi A. Kinney, Eliot N. Haddad, Neha Gopalakrishnan, Kameron Y. Sugino, Linda S. Garrow, Perry K. W. Ng and Sarah S. Comstock

Biology 2024, 13(9), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090677 - 30 Aug 2024

Viewed by 2196

Abstract

Consumption of whole-grain wheat has been associated with positive health outcomes, but it remains unclear whether different types of wheat elicit varying effects on the gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation. The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of two whole-grain [...] Read more.

Consumption of whole-grain wheat has been associated with positive health outcomes, but it remains unclear whether different types of wheat elicit varying effects on the gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation. The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of two whole-grain wheat flours versus refined wheat flour on the diversity of the human gut microbiota, as well as on butyrate production capacity and gastrointestinal inflammation, using one-week dietary interventions. For this study, 28 participants were recruited, with ages ranging from 18 to 55 years and a mean BMI of 26.0 kg/m². For four weeks, participants were provided 80 g daily servings of different wheat crackers: Week A was a run-in period of crackers made from soft white wheat flour, Week B crackers were whole-grain soft white wheat flour, Week C crackers were a wash-out period identical to Week A, and Week D crackers were whole-grain soft red wheat flour. At the end of each week, participants provided fecal samples that were analyzed for markers of intestinal inflammation, including lipocalin and calprotectin, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and quantitative real-time PCR. The primary outcome, gut bacterial community alpha and beta diversity, was similar across timepoints. Three taxa significantly differed in abundance following both whole-grain wheat flour interventions: Escherichia/Shigella and Acidaminococcus were significantly depleted, and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group was enriched. Secondary outcomes determined that protein markers of intestinal inflammation and genes related to putative butyrate production capacity were similar throughout the study period, with no significant changes. Lipocalin concentrations ranged from 14.8 to 22.6 ng/mL while calprotectin ranged from 33.2 to 62.5 ng/mL across all 4 weeks. The addition of wheat crackers to the adult human subjects’ usual diet had a minimal impact on their gastrointestinal inflammation or the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Food- and Nutrient-Derived Molecules on Cells and Tissue)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 3343 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Typical Marine Ecological Disasters in China Attributed to Marine Organisms and Their Significant Insights

by Lulu Yao, Peimin He, Zhangyi Xia, Jiye Li and Jinlin Liu

Biology 2024, 13(9), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090678 - 30 Aug 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4035

Abstract

Owing to global climate change or the ever-more frequent human activities in the offshore areas, it is highly probable that an imbalance in the offshore ecosystem has been induced. However, the importance of maintaining and protecting marine ecosystems’ balance cannot be overstated. In [...] Read more.

Owing to global climate change or the ever-more frequent human activities in the offshore areas, it is highly probable that an imbalance in the offshore ecosystem has been induced. However, the importance of maintaining and protecting marine ecosystems’ balance cannot be overstated. In recent years, various marine disasters have occurred frequently, such as harmful algal blooms (green tides and red tides), storm surge disasters, wave disasters, sea ice disasters, and tsunami disasters. Additionally, overpopulation of certain marine organisms (particularly marine faunas) has led to marine disasters, threatening both marine ecosystems and human safety. The marine ecological disaster monitoring system in China primarily focuses on monitoring and controlling the outbreak of green tides (mainly caused by outbreaks of some Ulva species) and red tides (mainly caused by outbreaks of some diatom and dinoflagellate species). Currently, there are outbreaks of Cnidaria (Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa organisms; outbreak species are frequently referred to as jellyfish), Annelida (Urechis unicinctus Drasche, 1880), Mollusca (Philine kinglipini S. Tchang, 1934), Arthropoda (Acetes chinensis Hansen, 1919), and Echinodermata (Asteroidea organisms, Ophiuroidea organisms, and Acaudina molpadioides Semper, 1867) in China. They not only cause significant damage to marine fisheries, tourism, coastal industries, and ship navigation but also have profound impacts on marine ecosystems, especially near nuclear power plants, sea bathing beaches, and infrastructures, posing threats to human lives. Therefore, this review provides a detailed introduction to the marine organisms (especially marine fauna species) causing marine biological disasters in China, the current outbreak situations, and the biological backgrounds of these outbreaks. This review also provides an analysis of the causes of these outbreaks. Furthermore, it presents future prospects for marine biological disasters, proposing corresponding measures and advocating for enhanced resource utilization and fundamental research. It is recommended that future efforts focus on improving the monitoring of marine biological disasters and integrating them into the marine ecological disaster monitoring system. The aim of this review is to offer reference information and constructive suggestions for enhancing future monitoring, early warning systems, and prevention efforts related to marine ecological disasters in support of the healthy development and stable operation of marine ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Macrophytes and Algae)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 10083 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Study of Bacillus-Based Plant Biofertilizers: A Proposed Index

by Adoración Barros-Rodríguez, Pamela Pacheco, María Peñas-Corte, Antonio J. Fernández-González, José F. Cobo-Díaz, Yasmira Enrique-Cruz and Maximino Manzanera

Biology 2024, 13(9), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090668 - 28 Aug 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2162

Abstract

The market for bacteria as agricultural biofertilizers is growing rapidly, offering plant-growth stimulants; biofungicides; and, more recently, protectors against extreme environmental factors, such as drought. This abundance makes it challenging for the end user to decide on the product to use. In this [...] Read more.

The market for bacteria as agricultural biofertilizers is growing rapidly, offering plant-growth stimulants; biofungicides; and, more recently, protectors against extreme environmental factors, such as drought. This abundance makes it challenging for the end user to decide on the product to use. In this work, we describe the isolation of a strain of Bacillus velezensis (belonging to the operational group Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) for use as a plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium, a biofungicide, and a protector against drought. To compare its effectiveness with other commercial strains of the same operational group, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, we analyzed its ability to promote the growth of pepper plants and protect them against drought, as well as its fungicidal activity through antibiosis and antagonism tests, its ability to solubilize potassium and phosphates, and its ability to produce siderophores. Finally, we used a probit function, a type of regression analysis used to model the outcomes of analyses, to quantify the biostimulatory effectiveness of the different plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, developing what we have called the Agricultural Protection Against Stress Index, which allowed us to numerically compare the four commercial strains of the operational group Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, based on a Delphi method—a type of regression analysis that can be used to model a cumulative normal distribution—and integrate the results from our panel of tests into a single value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 8040 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Putative Virulence Plasmid pYR4 of the Fish Pathogen Yersinia ruckeri Is Conjugative and Stabilized by a HigBA Toxin–Antitoxin System

by Fisentzos Floras, Chantell Mawere, Manvir Singh, Victoria Wootton, Luke Hamstead, Gareth McVicker and Jack C. Leo

Biology 2024, 13(9), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090652 - 23 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1514

Abstract

The bacterium Yersinia ruckeri causes enteric redmouth disease in salmonids and hence has substantial economic implications for the farmed fish industry. The Norwegian Y. ruckeri outbreak isolate NVH_3758 carries a relatively uncharacterized plasmid, pYR4, which encodes both type 4 pili and a type [...] Read more.

The bacterium Yersinia ruckeri causes enteric redmouth disease in salmonids and hence has substantial economic implications for the farmed fish industry. The Norwegian Y. ruckeri outbreak isolate NVH_3758 carries a relatively uncharacterized plasmid, pYR4, which encodes both type 4 pili and a type 4 secretion system. In this study, we demonstrate that pYR4 does not impose a growth burden on the Y. ruckeri host bacterium, nor does the plasmid contribute to twitching motility (an indicator of type 4 pilus function) or virulence in a Galleria mellonella larval model of infection. However, we show that pYR4 is conjugative. We also reveal, through mutagenesis, that pYR4 encodes a functional post-segregational killing system, HigBA, that is responsible for plasmid maintenance within Y. ruckeri. This is the first toxin–antitoxin system to be characterized for this organism. Whilst further work is needed to elucidate the virulence role of pYR4 and whether it contributes to bacterial disease under non-laboratory conditions, our results suggest that the plasmid possesses substantial stability and transfer mechanisms that imply importance within the organism. These results add to our understanding of the mobile genetic elements and evolutionary trajectory of Y. ruckeri as an important commercial pathogen, with consequences for human food production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Microbial Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 772 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Trait Variation and Spatiotemporal Dynamics across Avian Secondary Contact Zones

by Shangyu Wang, Lei Wu, Qianghui Zhu, Jiahao Wu, Shiyu Tang, Yifang Zhao, Yalin Cheng, Dezhi Zhang, Gexia Qiao, Runzhi Zhang and Fumin Lei

Biology 2024, 13(8), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080643 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 2022

Abstract

A secondary contact zone (SCZ) is an area where incipient species or divergent populations may meet, mate, and hybridize. Due to the diverse patterns of interspecific hybridization, SCZs function as field labs for illuminating the on-going evolutionary processes of speciation and the establishment [...] Read more.

A secondary contact zone (SCZ) is an area where incipient species or divergent populations may meet, mate, and hybridize. Due to the diverse patterns of interspecific hybridization, SCZs function as field labs for illuminating the on-going evolutionary processes of speciation and the establishment of reproductive isolation. Interspecific hybridization is widely present in avian populations, making them an ideal system for SCZ studies. This review exhaustively summarizes the variations in unique traits within avian SCZs (vocalization, plumage, beak, and migratory traits) and the various movement patterns of SCZs observed in previous publications. It also highlights several potential future research directions in the genomic era, such as the relationship between phenotypic and genomic differentiation in SCZs, the genomic basis of trait differentiation, SCZs shared by multiple species, and accurate predictive models for forecasting future movements under climate change and human disturbances. This review aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of speciation processes and offers a theoretical foundation for species conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bird Biology and Conservation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 16552 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ablation of TrkB from Enkephalinergic Precursor-Derived Cerebellar Granule Cells Generates Ataxia

by Elena Eliseeva, Mohd Yaseen Malik and Liliana Minichiello

Biology 2024, 13(8), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080637 - 20 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4177

Abstract

In ataxia disorders, motor incoordination (ataxia) is primarily linked to the dysfunction and degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). In spinocerebellar ataxia 6 (SCA6), for example, decreased BDNF–TrkB signalling appears to contribute to PC dysfunction and ataxia. However, abnormal BDNF–TrkB signalling in granule [...] Read more.

In ataxia disorders, motor incoordination (ataxia) is primarily linked to the dysfunction and degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). In spinocerebellar ataxia 6 (SCA6), for example, decreased BDNF–TrkB signalling appears to contribute to PC dysfunction and ataxia. However, abnormal BDNF–TrkB signalling in granule cells (GCs) may contribute to PC dysfunction and incoordination in ataxia disorders, as TrkB receptors are also present in GCs that provide extensive input to PCs. This study investigated whether dysfunctional BDNF–TrkB signalling restricted to a specific subset of cerebellar GCs can generate ataxia in mice. To address this question, our research focused on Trkb^Penk-KO mice, in which the TrkB receptor was removed from enkephalinergic precursor-derived cerebellar GCs. We found that deleting Ntrk2, encoding the TrkB receptor, eventually interfered with PC function, leading to ataxia symptoms in the Trkb^Penk-KO mice without affecting their cerebellar morphology or levels of selected synaptic markers. These findings suggest that dysfunctional BDNF–TrkB signalling in a subset of cerebellar GCs alone is sufficient to trigger ataxia symptoms and may contribute to motor incoordination in disorders like SCA6. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Roles and Functions of Neurotrophins and Their Receptors in the Brain)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3496 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Neutralizing Oxidized Phosphatidylcholine Reduces Airway Inflammation and Hyperreactivity in a Murine Model of Allergic Asthma

by Jignesh Vaghasiya, Aruni Jha, Sujata Basu, Alaina Bagan, Siwon K. Jengsuksavat, Amir Ravandi, Christopher D. Pascoe and Andrew J. Halayko

Biology 2024, 13(8), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080627 - 17 Aug 2024

Viewed by 2349

Abstract

Oxidative stress is associated with asthma pathobiology. We reported that oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPCs) are mediators of oxidative stress and accumulate in the lung in response to allergen challenge. The current study begins to unravel mechanisms for OxPC accumulation in the lung, providing the [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is associated with asthma pathobiology. We reported that oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPCs) are mediators of oxidative stress and accumulate in the lung in response to allergen challenge. The current study begins to unravel mechanisms for OxPC accumulation in the lung, providing the first insights about how OxPCs underpin allergic airway pathophysiology, and pre-clinical testing of selective neutralization of OxPCs in a murine model of allergic asthma. We hypothesized that intranasal delivery of E06, a natural IgM antibody that neutralizes the biological activity of OxPCs, can ameliorate allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Adult BALB/c mice were intranasally (i.n.) challenged with house dust mite (HDM) (25 μg/mouse, 2 weeks). Some animals also received E06 monoclonal antibody (mAb) (10 µg) i.n. 1 hr before each HDM challenge. HDM challenge reduced mRNA for anti-oxidant genes (SOD1, SOD2, HO-1, and NFE2L2) in the lung by several orders of magnitude (p < 0.05). Concomitantly, total immune cell number in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased significantly (p < 0.001). E06 mAb treatment prevented allergen-induced BALF immune cell number by 43% (p < 0.01). This included a significant blockade of eosinophils (by 48%, p < 0.001), neutrophils (by 80%, p < 0.001), macrophages (by 80%, p < 0.05), and CD4 (by 30%, p < 0.05) and CD8 (by 42%, p < 0.01) lymphocytes. E06 effects correlated with a significant reduction in TNF (by 64%, p < 0.001) and IL-1β (by 75%, p < 0.05) and a trend to diminish accumulation of other cytokines (e.g., IL-4, -10, and -33, and IFN-γ). E06 mAb treatment also inhibited HDM exposure-induced increases in total respiratory resistance and small airway resistance by 24% and 26%, respectively. In conclusion, prophylactic treatment with an OxPC-neutralizing antibody significantly limits allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, suggesting that OxPCs are important mediators of oxidative stress-associated allergic lung pathophysiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and New Targets of Refractory Asthma)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1535 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Generation of Two-Line Restorer Line with Low Chalkiness Using Knockout of Chalk5 through CRISPR/Cas9 Editing

by Gucheng Fan, Jiefeng Jiang, Yu Long, Run Wang, Famao Liang, Haiyang Liu, Junying Xu, Xianjin Qiu and Zhixin Li

Biology 2024, 13(8), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080617 - 15 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1502

Abstract

Chalkiness is an important grain quality trait in rice. Chalk5, encoding a vacuolar H⁺-translocating pyrophosphatase, is a major gene affecting both the percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC) and chalkiness degree (DEC) in rice. Reducing its expression can decrease both [...] Read more.

Chalkiness is an important grain quality trait in rice. Chalk5, encoding a vacuolar H⁺-translocating pyrophosphatase, is a major gene affecting both the percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC) and chalkiness degree (DEC) in rice. Reducing its expression can decrease both PGEC and DEC. In this study, the first exon of Chalk5 was edited in the elite restorer line 9311 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and two knockout mutants were obtained, one of which did not contain the exogenous Cas9 cassette. PGWC and DEC were both significantly reduced in both mutants, while the seed setting ratio (SSR) was also significantly decreased. Staggered sowing experiments showed that the chalkiness of the mutants was insensitive to temperature during the grain-filling stage, and the head milled rice rate (HMRR) could be improved even under high-temperature conditions. Finally, in the hybrid background, the mutants showed significantly reduced PGWC and DEC without changes in other agronomic traits. The results provide important germplasm and allele resources for breeding high-yield rice varieties with superior quality, especially for high-yield indica hybrid rice varieties with superior quality in high-temperature conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mining Favorable Alleles for Crop Yield, Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 8533 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mammalian Life History: Weaning and Tooth Emergence in a Seasonal World

by B. Holly Smith

Biology 2024, 13(8), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080612 - 12 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3688

Abstract

The young of toothed mammals must have teeth to reach feeding independence. How tooth eruption integrates with gestation, birth and weaning is examined in a life-history perspective for 71 species of placental mammals. Questions developed from high-quality primate data are then addressed in [...] Read more.

The young of toothed mammals must have teeth to reach feeding independence. How tooth eruption integrates with gestation, birth and weaning is examined in a life-history perspective for 71 species of placental mammals. Questions developed from high-quality primate data are then addressed in the total sample. Rather than correlation, comparisons focus on equivalence, sequence, the relation to absolutes (six months, one year), the distribution of error and adaptive extremes. These mammals differ widely at birth, from no teeth to all deciduous teeth emerging, but commonalities appear when infants transit to independent feeding. Weaning follows completion of the deciduous dentition, closest in time to emergence of the first permanent molars and well before second molars emerge. Another layer of meaning appears when developmental age is counted from conception because the total time to produce young feeding independently comes up against seasonal boundaries that are costly to cross for reproductive fitness. Mammals of a vast range of sizes and taxa, from squirrel monkey to moose, hold conception-to-first molars in just under one year. Integrating tooth emergence into life history gives insight into living mammals and builds a framework for interpreting the fossil record. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary Insights into Life History)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

26 pages, 2855 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transcriptome Profiling and Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis Reveal Hub Genes and Pathways Involved in the Response to Polyethylene-Glycol-Induced Drought Stress of Two Citrus Rootstocks

by Emanuele Scialò, Angelo Sicilia, Alberto Continella, Alessandra Gentile and Angela Roberta Lo Piero

Biology 2024, 13(8), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080595 - 7 Aug 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

Agriculture faces the dual challenge of increasing food production and safeguarding the environment. Climate change exacerbates this challenge, reducing crop yield and biomass due to drought stress, especially in semi-arid regions where Citrus plants are cultivated. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance [...] Read more.

Agriculture faces the dual challenge of increasing food production and safeguarding the environment. Climate change exacerbates this challenge, reducing crop yield and biomass due to drought stress, especially in semi-arid regions where Citrus plants are cultivated. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in Citrus is crucial for developing adaptive strategies. Plants of two citrus rootstocks, Carrizo Citrange and Bitters (C22), were grown in aerated half-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution. Post-acclimation, the plants were exposed to a solution containing 0% (control) or 15% PEG-8000 for 10 days. Leaf malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content were measured to assess the reached oxidative stress level. Total RNA was extracted, sequenced, and de novo-assembled. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to examine the relationship between gene expression patterns and the levels of MDA and H₂O₂ used as oxidative stress indicators. Plant visual inspection and MDA and H₂O₂ contents clearly indicate that Bitters is more tolerant than Carrizo towards PEG-induced drought stress. RNA-Seq analysis revealed a significantly higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Carrizo (6092) than in Bitters (320), with most being associated with drought sensing, ROS scavenging, osmolyte biosynthesis, and cell wall metabolism. Moreover, the WGCNA identified transcription factors significantly correlated with MDA and H₂O₂ levels, thus providing insights into drought-coping strategies and offering candidate genes for enhancing citrus drought tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 23106 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigating Development and Defense Systems in Early Reproductive Stages of Male and Female Gonads in Black Scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758)

by Alessio Alesci, Sebastian Marino, Claudio D’Iglio, Silvana Morgante, Anthea Miller, Gabriele Rigano, Josipa Ferri, Jorge M. O. Fernandes and Gioele Capillo

Biology 2024, 13(8), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080587 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1372

Abstract

One of the most crucial biological indicators in tracking long-term variations in the reproductive cycle is sexual development. Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758), commonly known as the black scorpionfish, is a small teleost from the family Scorpaenidae. Much is known about its ecology, but [...] Read more.

One of the most crucial biological indicators in tracking long-term variations in the reproductive cycle is sexual development. Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758), commonly known as the black scorpionfish, is a small teleost from the family Scorpaenidae. Much is known about its ecology, but data on its reproductive and defense systems are still lacking. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as piscidins, are integral components of the innate immune system in fish. These peptides exhibit a wide range of activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa and act as the first line of host defense. This study aims to investigate the primary sexual development stages in male and female gonads of black scorpionfish, providing additional knowledge on the reproductive biology of this teleost while evaluating concomitant changes in the expression of a Piscidin-1 antimicrobial peptide. The results show a histological, morpho-structural change from the immature stage to the developing virgin stage. Immunohistochemical analyses show that germinal and somatic cells are strongly reactive to Piscidin-1 in both gonads at an early ontogeny stage. These data suggest that Piscidin-1 may play a key role in the local defense system of scorpionfish gonads at this delicate stage, which is critical for the continuation and maintenance of the species. The present findings are potentially useful for a better understanding of the reproductive cycle of this fish, improving our knowledge of the interaction between the immune system and reproduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Defense System and Evolution of Aquatic Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 1407 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Proteomic Profile of Endometrial Cancer: A Scoping Review

by Beatriz Serambeque, Catarina Mestre, Kristina Hundarova, Carlos Miguel Marto, Bárbara Oliveiros, Ana Rita Gomes, Ricardo Teixo, Ana Sofia Carvalho, Maria Filomena Botelho, Rune Matthiesen, Maria João Carvalho and Mafalda Laranjo

Biology 2024, 13(8), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080584 - 1 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3704

Abstract

Proteomics can be a robust tool in protein identification and regulation, allowing the discovery of potential biomarkers. In clinical practice, the management of endometrial cancer can be challenging. Thus, identifying promising markers could be beneficial, helping both in diagnosis and prognostic stratification, even [...] Read more.

Proteomics can be a robust tool in protein identification and regulation, allowing the discovery of potential biomarkers. In clinical practice, the management of endometrial cancer can be challenging. Thus, identifying promising markers could be beneficial, helping both in diagnosis and prognostic stratification, even predicting the response to therapy. Therefore, this manuscript systematically reviews the existing evidence of the proteomic profile of human endometrial cancer. The literature search was conducted via Medline (through PubMed) and the Web of Science. The inclusion criteria were clinical, in vitro, and in vivo original studies reporting proteomic analysis using all types of samples to map the human endometrial cancer proteome. A total of 55 publications were included in this review. Most of the articles carried out a proteomic analysis on endometrial tissue, serum and plasma samples, which enabled the identification of several potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In addition, eight articles were analyzed regarding the identified proteins, where three studies showed a strong correlation, sharing forty-five proteins. This analysis also allowed the identification of the 10 most frequently reported proteins in these studies: EGFR, PGRMC1, CSE1L, MYDGF, STMN1, CASP3 ANXA2, YBX1, ANXA1, and MYH11. Proteomics-based approaches pointed out potential diagnostic and prognostic candidates for endometrial cancer. However, there is a lack of studies exploring novel therapeutic targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sight in Cancer Genetics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 793 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

The Association between the Abundance of Homozygous Deleterious Variants and the Morbidity of Dog Breeds

by Sankar Subramanian and Manoharan Kumar

Biology 2024, 13(8), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080574 - 29 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2553

Abstract

It is well known that highly inbred dogs are more prone to diseases than less inbred or outbred dogs. This is because inbreeding increases the load of recessive deleterious variants. Using the genomes of 392 dogs belonging to 83 breeds, we investigated the [...] Read more.

It is well known that highly inbred dogs are more prone to diseases than less inbred or outbred dogs. This is because inbreeding increases the load of recessive deleterious variants. Using the genomes of 392 dogs belonging to 83 breeds, we investigated the association between the abundance of homozygous deleterious variants and dog health. We used the number of non-routine veterinary care events for each breed to assess the level of morbidity. Our results revealed a highly significant positive relationship between the number of homozygous deleterious variants located within the runs of homozygosity (RoH) tracts of the breeds and the level of morbidity. The dog breeds with low morbidity had a mean of 87 deleterious SNVs within the RoH, but those with very high morbidity had 187 SNVs. A highly significant correlation was also observed for the loss-of-function (LoF) SNVs within RoH tracts. The dog breeds that required more veterinary care had 2.3 times more homozygous LoF SNVs than those that required less veterinary care (112 vs. 50). The results of this study could be useful for understanding the disease burden on breed dogs and as a guide for dog breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Assessment of Sperm DNA Integrity: Implications for Assisted Reproductive Technology Fertility Outcomes across Livestock Species

by Maya J. Robertson, Caitlin Chambers, Eloise A. Spanner, Simon P. de Graaf and Jessica P. Rickard

Biology 2024, 13(7), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13070539 - 17 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3197

Abstract

Sperm DNA integrity is increasingly considered a useful measure of semen quality in mammalian reproduction. However, the definition of DNA integrity, the ideal means by which it should be measured, and its predictive value for fertility remain a topic of much discussion. With [...] Read more.

Sperm DNA integrity is increasingly considered a useful measure of semen quality in mammalian reproduction. However, the definition of DNA integrity, the ideal means by which it should be measured, and its predictive value for fertility remain a topic of much discussion. With an emphasis on livestock species, this review discusses the assays that have been developed to measure DNA integrity as well as their correlation with in vitro and in vivo fertility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Zoology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3870 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dynamic Analysis of Stool Microbiota of Simmental Calves and Effects of Diarrhea on Their Gut Microbiota

by Qianxun Wang, Mula Na, Shiyu Jia, Miao Sun, Song Gao, Shiwei Pan, Wu Dong, Yang Song and Jingfeng Yang

Biology 2024, 13(7), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13070520 - 13 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1573

Abstract

The objective of this study was to explore the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota of Simmental calves before weaning and to compare the microbial composition and functionality between healthy calves and those with diarrhea. Fourteen neonatal Simmental calves were divided into a [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to explore the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota of Simmental calves before weaning and to compare the microbial composition and functionality between healthy calves and those with diarrhea. Fourteen neonatal Simmental calves were divided into a healthy group (n = 8) and a diarrhea group (n = 6). Rectal stool samples were collected from each calf on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 35, and 40. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V1–V9 region was conducted to examine changes in the gut microbiota over time in both groups and to assess the influence of diarrhea on microbiota structure and function. Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and B. vulgatus were the top three bacterial species in preweaning Simmental calves. Meanwhile, the major functions of the fecal microbiota included “metabolic pathways”, “biosynthesis of secondary metabolites”, “biosynthesis of antibiotics”, “microbial metabolism in diverse environments”, and “biosynthesis of amino acids”. For calves in the healthy group, PCoA revealed that the bacterial profiles on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 differed from those on days 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 35, and 40. The profiles on day 12 clustered with both groups, indicating that microbial structure changes increased with age. When comparing the relative abundance of bacteria between healthy and diarrheic calves, the beneficial Lactobacillus johnsonii, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Limosilactobacillus were significantly more abundant in the healthy group than those in the diarrhea group (p < 0.05). This study provides fundamental insights into the gut microbiota composition of Simmental calves before weaning, potentially facilitating early interventions for calf diarrhea and probiotic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure, Function and Diversity of Gut Microbes in Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1319 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) of mutp53 and Epigenetic Changes Induced by mutp53

by Rossella Benedetti, Michele Di Crosta, Gabriella D’Orazi and Mara Cirone

Biology 2024, 13(7), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13070508 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2372

Abstract

Wild-type (wt) p53 and mutant forms (mutp53) play a key but opposite role in carcinogenesis. wtP53 acts as an oncosuppressor, preventing oncogenic transformation, while mutp53, which loses this property, may instead favor this process. This suggests that a better understanding of the mechanisms [...] Read more.

Wild-type (wt) p53 and mutant forms (mutp53) play a key but opposite role in carcinogenesis. wtP53 acts as an oncosuppressor, preventing oncogenic transformation, while mutp53, which loses this property, may instead favor this process. This suggests that a better understanding of the mechanisms activating wtp53 while inhibiting mutp53 may help to design more effective anti-cancer treatments. In this review, we examine possible PTMs with which both wt- and mutp53 can be decorated and discuss how their manipulation could represent a possible strategy to control the stability and function of these proteins, focusing in particular on mutp53. The impact of ubiquitination, phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation of p53, in the context of several solid and hematologic cancers, will be discussed. Finally, we will describe some of the recent studies reporting that wt- and mutp53 may influence the expression and activity of enzymes responsible for epigenetic changes such as acetylation, methylation, and microRNA regulation and the possible consequences of such changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer and Signalling: Targeting Cellular Pathways)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 587 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Olfactory Function as a Potential Predictor of Cognitive Impairment in Men and Women

by Carla Masala, Francesco Loy, Ilenia Pinna, Nicoletta Aurora Manis, Tommaso Ercoli and Paolo Solla

Biology 2024, 13(7), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13070503 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1814

Abstract

Background: Different previous studies indicated olfactory function as a predictor of several types of cognitive impairment, in particular related to neurodegenerative disease. However, scanty data are available on the role of odor threshold (OT), odor discrimination (OD), and odor identification (OI) as a [...] Read more.

Background: Different previous studies indicated olfactory function as a predictor of several types of cognitive impairment, in particular related to neurodegenerative disease. However, scanty data are available on the role of odor threshold (OT), odor discrimination (OD), and odor identification (OI) as a predictor of cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential correlations between each factor of the olfactory function versus each specific cognitive domain of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test on healthy subjects in relation to gender and age. Methods: Sniffin’ Sticks and MoCA tests were used to determine olfactory function and cognitive abilities, respectively. Results: In men, significant correlations were found in OT versus language index score and OI versus language and executive index score, while in women, OD and OI were correlated to visuospatial index score. Conclusions: Our data suggested that olfactory function (OT, OD, and OI) may be considered a predictor for cognitive impairment in relation to gender and age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender-Related Differences in the Correlation between Olfactory Dysfunction and Cognitive Abilities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 729 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Noises on—How the Brain Deals with Acoustic Noise

by Livia de Hoz and David McAlpine

Biology 2024, 13(7), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13070501 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2545

Abstract

What is noise? When does a sound form part of the acoustic background and when might it come to our attention as part of the foreground? Our brain seems to filter out irrelevant sounds in a seemingly effortless process, but how this is [...] Read more.

What is noise? When does a sound form part of the acoustic background and when might it come to our attention as part of the foreground? Our brain seems to filter out irrelevant sounds in a seemingly effortless process, but how this is achieved remains opaque and, to date, unparalleled by any algorithm. In this review, we discuss how noise can be both background and foreground, depending on what a listener/brain is trying to achieve. We do so by addressing questions concerning the brain’s potential bias to interpret certain sounds as part of the background, the extent to which the interpretation of sounds depends on the context in which they are heard, as well as their ethological relevance, task-dependence, and a listener’s overall mental state. We explore these questions with specific regard to the implicit, or statistical, learning of sounds and the role of feedback loops between cortical and subcortical auditory structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neural Correlates of Perception in Noise in the Auditory System)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7868 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Vp-Porin, an Outer Membrane Protein, on the Biological Characteristics and Virulence of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus

by Jinyuan Che, Qitong Fang, Shaojie Hu, Binghong Liu, Lei Wang, Xiu Fang, Lekang Li, Tuyan Luo and Baolong Bao

Biology 2024, 13(7), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13070485 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2616

Abstract

Porins are crucial proteins located in the outer membrane that directly influence antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and virulence in bacteria. In this study, a porin gene (Vp-porin) was cloned in V. parahaemolyticus, and the function of Vp-Porin in biological characteristics and [...] Read more.

Porins are crucial proteins located in the outer membrane that directly influence antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and virulence in bacteria. In this study, a porin gene (Vp-porin) was cloned in V. parahaemolyticus, and the function of Vp-Porin in biological characteristics and virulence was investigated. The results of sequence analysis showed that Vp-Porin is highly conserved in Vibrio spp., and the predicted 3D structure showed it could form a 20-strand transmembrane β-barrel domian. Membrane permeabilization provides evidence that the membrane integrity of ∆Vp-porin was damaged and the sensitivity to tetracycline, polymyxin B, rifampicin and cephalothin of ∆Vp-porin obviously increased. In addition, loss of Vp-porin damaged motility due to downregulated flagellar synthesis. In addition, ∆Vp-porin exhibited attenuated cytotoxicity to Tetrahymena. The relative survival rate of Tetrahymena infection with ∆Vp-porin was 86%, which is much higher than that with WT (49%). Taken together, the results of this study indicate that Vp-Porin in V. parahaemolyticus plays various roles in biological characteristics in membrane integrity, antimicrobial resistance and motility and contributes to virulence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Editor’s Choice Articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI