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A Sustainable Approach to Macroalgae and Microalgae: From Cultivation to Compound Recovery and Biotechnological Applications

A special issue of BioTech (ISSN 2673-6284). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Biotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2026) | Viewed by 6267

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
CIIMAR-CIMAR-LA—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edíficio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
Interests: marine biotechnology; micro- and macroalgae; photobioreactors and culture condition optimization; bioactive compound extraction and optimization; bioactive compound application; micro- and macroalga application; biorefinery; sustainability

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CIIMAR-CIMAR-LA—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edíficio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
Interests: macroalgae ecology and physiology; macroalgae aquaculture; IMTA; marine forest conservation and recovery

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue intends to address the recent advances related to macroalgae and microalgae, from their cultivation and harvest to compound extraction and functional ingredient recovery, as well as their application in greener and more sustainable contexts. The importance of macroalgae and microalgae production has been increasing globally, not only due to their significant ecological role but also because their biomass and compounds have a wide range of biotechnological applications including in the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, feed, cosmetics, and agricultural industries. From a cultivation perspective, macroalgae/microalgae farming offers other potential benefits including nutrient bioremediation (the removal of nutrients from aquaculture effluents for biomass growth) and a climate benefit as CO2 mitigators, in addition to the above-mentioned role as a source of ingredients for food and nutraceutical products, as well as as biofertilizer and biostimulant for agriculture. Therefore, insights into new techniques for seaweed and microalgae production and processing are relevant to this Issue, particularly on how the whole process can be made more sustainable. In addition, the subsequent steps regarding harvesting, specifically the extraction of compounds of interest and functional ingredients, i.e., pigments, polysaccharides, antioxidants, phenolic compounds, and proteins, are usually considered one of the most expensive in algal-based industrial bioprocesses, mainly owing to the excessive processing costs and environmental impacts. Therefore, the application of biorefinery strategies and new emerging extraction technologies can help by being part of an integrated solution and contribute to a novel bioprocess that is expected to be less expensive, greener, and more sustainable in the coming years.

We welcome fundamental research on the above topics, as well as original work identifying the major opportunities, prospects, and challenges in the pursuit of a more sustainable seaweed and microalgae industry—from cultivation to compound extraction and their biotechological applications.

Dr. Joana Assuncao
Dr. Isabel Costa Azevedo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • macroalgae
  • microalgae
  • cultivation
  • biomass
  • compound extraction
  • functional ingredients
  • biorefinery
  • bioremediation
  • industry application

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 4642 KB  
Article
Acylpyruvates and Their Heterocyclic Derivatives as Growth Regulators in Chlorella vulgaris
by Anastasia D. Novokshonova, Pavel V. Khramtsov, Maksim V. Dmitriev and Ekaterina E. Khramtsova
BioTech 2025, 14(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14040090 - 10 Nov 2025
Viewed by 930
Abstract
Acylpyruvate derivatives represent a promising yet underexplored class of compounds for modulating microalgal growth and metabolism. Inspired by the metabolic role of pyruvate and the diverse bioactivity of its acylated analogs, this study investigates the structure–activity relationship of a diverse library of 55 [...] Read more.
Acylpyruvate derivatives represent a promising yet underexplored class of compounds for modulating microalgal growth and metabolism. Inspired by the metabolic role of pyruvate and the diverse bioactivity of its acylated analogs, this study investigates the structure–activity relationship of a diverse library of 55 acylpyruvate-derived compounds for stimulation of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris. The library, encompassing 12 chemotypes including acylpyruvic acids, their esters, and various heterocyclic derivatives, was screened for effects on C. vulgaris growth. Six compounds were identified as active ones that enhanced biomass production in a preliminary microassay. Notably, four of these active compounds were direct acylpyruvate derivatives, highlighting this scaffold as the most promising one. Conversely, a specific subclass, 1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones, exhibited potent, dose-dependent algicidal activity. Detailed assessment of the active compounds under scaled-up culture conditions revealed that while their effect on overall cell density was limited, several compounds significantly enhanced the intracellular content of valuable metabolites: one increased chlorophyll content by 17%, another elevated carotenoids by 40%, and a third boosted neutral lipid accumulation by 44%. Furthermore, control experiments confirmed that the bioactivity of p-ethoxybenzoylpyruvates, which showed the best biological activity, is inherent in the intact framework and is not mediated by their hydrolysis products. Our findings underscore the potential of acylpyruvates as versatile tools for the enhancement of metabolite production in microalgae and as potent candidates for the development of algicides. Full article
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20 pages, 979 KB  
Article
Influence of Nutrient Medium Composition on the Redistribution of Valuable Metabolites in the Freshwater Green Alga Tetradesmus obliquus (Chlorophyta) Under Photoautotrophic Growth Conditions
by Elvira E. Ziganshina and Ayrat M. Ziganshin
BioTech 2025, 14(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14030060 - 11 Aug 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1918
Abstract
The study of microalgae has led to significant progress in recent decades. The current microalgal biomass yield is unsatisfactory, except for certain species that are cultivated for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the growth efficiency and biochemical composition of Tetradesmus [...] Read more.
The study of microalgae has led to significant progress in recent decades. The current microalgal biomass yield is unsatisfactory, except for certain species that are cultivated for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the growth efficiency and biochemical composition of Tetradesmus obliquus at high levels of nutrients were characterized. Increasing the NH4+-N content in the medium to 164 mg L−1 allowed the algae to steadily accumulate biomass (6.14 ± 0.28 g L−1) with a moderate content of starch. Optimizing the levels of N, P, and S allowed the biomass productivity to increase from the average 0.45 to 0.88 g L−1 day−1. A further increase of NH4+-N to 410 mg L−1 and other nutrients’ concentration allowed the algae to accumulate biomass (7.50 ± 0.28 g L−1), enriched with protein and pigments. The algae cultivated with the high load of nutrients reached 100%, 84%, and 96% removal of N, P, and S, respectively. Adding the NaHCO3 to the photobioreactor for pH adjustment (instead of NaOH) did not significantly improve the growth parameters or affect the composition of the algal cells. In general, our study will improve the comprehensive understanding of culture-based approaches to study the perspective use of the alga T. obliquus. Full article
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Review

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25 pages, 2186 KB  
Review
Bio-Oil from Phototrophic Microorganisms: Innovative Technologies and Strategies
by Kenzhegul Bolatkhan, Ardak B. Kakimova, Bolatkhan K. Zayadan, Akbota Kabayeva, Sandugash K. Sandybayeva, Aliyam A. Dauletova and Tatsuya Tomo
BioTech 2026, 15(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech15010011 - 26 Jan 2026
Viewed by 512
Abstract
The transition to low-carbon energy systems requires scalable and energy-efficient routes for producing liquid biofuels that are compatible with existing fuel infrastructures. This review focuses on bio-oil production from phototrophic microorganisms, highlighting their high biomass productivity, rapid growth, and inherent capacity for carbon [...] Read more.
The transition to low-carbon energy systems requires scalable and energy-efficient routes for producing liquid biofuels that are compatible with existing fuel infrastructures. This review focuses on bio-oil production from phototrophic microorganisms, highlighting their high biomass productivity, rapid growth, and inherent capacity for carbon dioxide fixation as key advantages over conventional biofuel feedstocks. Recent progress in thermochemical conversion technologies, particularly hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and fast pyrolysis, is critically assessed with respect to their suitability for wet and dry algal biomass, respectively. HTL enables direct processing of high-moisture biomass while avoiding energy-intensive drying, whereas fast pyrolysis offers high bio-oil yields from lipid-rich feedstocks. In parallel, catalytic upgrading strategies, including hydrodeoxygenation and related hydroprocessing routes, are discussed as essential steps for improving bio-oil stability, heating value, and fuel compatibility. Beyond conversion technologies, innovative biological and biotechnological strategies, such as strain optimization, stress induction, co-cultivation, and synthetic biology approaches, are examined for their role in tailoring biomass composition and enhancing bio-oil precursors. The integration of microalgal cultivation with wastewater utilization is briefly considered as a supporting strategy to reduce production costs and improve overall sustainability. Overall, this review emphasizes that the effective coupling of advanced thermochemical conversion with targeted biological optimization represents the most promising pathway for scalable bio-oil production from phototrophic microorganisms, positioning algal bio-oil as a viable contributor to future low-carbon energy systems. Full article
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24 pages, 2566 KB  
Review
Valorization of Second Cheese Whey Through Microalgae-Based Treatments: Advantages, Limits, and Opportunities
by Gloria Sciuto, Nunziatina Russo, Cinzia L. Randazzo and Cinzia Caggia
BioTech 2025, 14(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14040079 - 9 Oct 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1803
Abstract
The dairy sector produces considerable amounts of nutrient-rich effluents, which are frequently undervalued as simple by-products or waste. In particular, Second Cheese Whey (SCW), also known as scotta, exhausted whey, or deproteinized whey, represents the liquid fraction from ricotta cheese production. Despite its [...] Read more.
The dairy sector produces considerable amounts of nutrient-rich effluents, which are frequently undervalued as simple by-products or waste. In particular, Second Cheese Whey (SCW), also known as scotta, exhausted whey, or deproteinized whey, represents the liquid fraction from ricotta cheese production. Despite its abundance and high organic and saline content, SCW is often improperly discharged into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, causing both environmental impact and resource waste. The available purification methods are expensive for dairy companies, and, at best, SCW is reused as feed or fertilizer. In recent years, increasing awareness of sustainability and circular economy principles has increased interest in the valorization of SCW. Biological treatment of SCW using microalgae represents an attractive strategy, as it simultaneously reduces the organic load and converts waste into algal biomass. This biomass can be further valorized as a source of proteins, pigments, and bioactive compounds with industrial relevance, supporting applications in food, nutraceuticals, biofuels, and cosmetics. This review, starting from analyzing the characteristics, production volumes, and environmental issues associated with SCW, focused on the potential of microalgae application for their valorization. In addition, the broader regulatory and sustainability aspects related to biomass utilization and treated SCW are considered, highlighting both the promises and limitations of microalgae-based strategies by integrating technological prospects with policy considerations. Full article
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