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Cells
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Suppressed but Still at Risk: HIV-Related Complications
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Suppressed but Still at Risk: HIV-Related Complications

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Cellular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2024) | Viewed by 4723

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Styliani Karanika

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Interests: HIV; TB; immunology; vaccinology; T cells; dendritic cells

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a progressive, multifactorial impairment of the immune system associated with deleterious immune-related infectious and non-infectious adverse sequelae even after successful viral load suppression. One of the major infections associated with the altered immune response in people living with HIV is tuberculosis, and they continue to be at great risk even while on antiretrovirals. Additionally, HIV-related chronic inflammation, which cannot be completely controlled with antiretrovirals, is associated with multiple non-infectious comorbidities, including but not limited to increased cardiovascular risk, osteoporosis, gonadal dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and malignancies.

Therefore, this Special Issue will summarize the immune-related complications of people living with HIV while on antiretrovirals in the modern era.

We look forward to your contributions.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in JCM.

Dr. Styliani Karanika
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cells is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • HIV
  • TB
  • cardiovascular risk
  • non-AIDS metabolic comorbidities
  • HIV and aging
  • T cells
  • dendritic cells
  • antiretrovirals

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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13 pages, 814 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of the HIV-CARDIO-PREDICT Score to Estimate the Risk of Cardiovascular Events in HIV-Infected Patients
by Styliani Karanika, Theodoros Karantanos, Herman Carneiro and Sabrina A. Assoumou
Cells 2023, 12(4), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12040523 - 5 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1722
Abstract
Importance: Commonly used risk assessment tools for cardiovascular disease might not be accurate for HIV-infected patients. Objective: We aimed to develop a model to accurately predict the 10-year cardiovascular disease (CV) risk of HIV-infected patients. Design: In this retrospective cohort study, adult HIV-infected [...] Read more.
Importance: Commonly used risk assessment tools for cardiovascular disease might not be accurate for HIV-infected patients. Objective: We aimed to develop a model to accurately predict the 10-year cardiovascular disease (CV) risk of HIV-infected patients. Design: In this retrospective cohort study, adult HIV-infected patients seen at Boston Medical Center between March 2012 and January 2017 were divided into model development and validation cohorts. Setting: Boston Medical Center, a tertiary, academic medical center. Participants: Adult HIV-infected patients, seen in inpatient and outpatient setting. Main Outcomes and Measures: We used logistic regression to create a prediction risk model for cardiovascular events using data from the development cohort. Using a point-based risk-scoring system, we summarized the relationship between risk factors and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We then used the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) to evaluate model discrimination. Finally, we tested the model using a validation cohort. Results: 1914 individuals met the inclusion criteria. The model had excellent discrimination for CVD risk [AUC 0.989; (95% CI: 0.986–0.993)] and included the following 11 variables: male sex (95% CI: 2.53–3.99), African American race/ethnicity (95% CI: 1.50–3.13), current age (95% CI: 0.07–0.13), age at HIV diagnosis (95% CI: −0.10–(−0.02)), peak HIV viral load (95% CI: 9.89 × 10−7–3.00 × 10−6), nadir CD4 lymphocyte count (95% CI: −0.03–(−0.02)), hypertension (95% CI: 0.20–1.54), hyperlipidemia (95% CI: 3.03–4.60), diabetes (95% CI: 0.61–1.89), chronic kidney disease (95% CI: 1.26–2.62), and smoking (95% CI: 0.12–2.39). The eleven-parameter multiple logistic regression model had excellent discrimination [AUC 0.957; (95% CI: 0.938–0.975)] when applied to the validation cohort. Conclusions and Relevance: Our novel HIV-CARDIO-PREDICT Score may provide a rapid and accurate evaluation of CV disease risk among HIV-infected patients and inform prevention measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suppressed but Still at Risk: HIV-Related Complications)
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9 pages, 954 KiB  
Perspective
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Clonal Hematopoiesis
by Stamatia C. Vorri, Ilias Christodoulou, Styliani Karanika and Theodoros Karantanos
Cells 2023, 12(5), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12050686 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2548
Abstract
The evolution of antiretroviral therapies (ART) has tremendously improved the life expectancy of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH), which is currently similar to the general population. However, as PLWH are now living longer, they exhibit various comorbidities such as a [...] Read more.
The evolution of antiretroviral therapies (ART) has tremendously improved the life expectancy of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH), which is currently similar to the general population. However, as PLWH are now living longer, they exhibit various comorbidities such as a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defined malignancies. Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is the acquisition of somatic mutations by the hematopoietic stem cells, rendering them survival and growth benefit, thus leading to their clonal dominance in the bone marrow. Recent epidemiologic studies have highlighted that PLWH have a higher prevalence of CH, which in turn is associated with increased CVD risk. Thus, a link between HIV infection and a higher risk for CVD might be explained through the induction of inflammatory signaling in the monocytes carrying CH mutations. Among the PLWH, CH is associated with an overall poorer control of HIV infection; an association that requires further mechanistic evaluation. Finally, CH is linked to an increased risk of progression to myeloid neoplasms including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which are associated with particularly poor outcomes among patients with HIV infection. These bidirectional associations require further molecular-level understanding, highlighting the need for more preclinical and prospective clinical studies. This review summarizes the current literature on the association between CH and HIV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suppressed but Still at Risk: HIV-Related Complications)
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