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Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil
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Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil

A special issue of Climate (ISSN 2225-1154).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2017) | Viewed by 92533

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Valdir Adilson Steinke

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geography, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
Interests: modeling climate; water resources and climate studies; urban climate
Prof. Dr. Charlei Aparecido da Silva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geography, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Brazil
Interests: climate variability; regional climate; urban climate

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, the amount of research on the climate of Brazil, and its consequences in terms of territory and society, has grown considerably. This increase is largely due to the emergence and structuring of research groups, institutions, and research institutes, which are dedicated to study and understanding of the climatic characteristics of Brazil at various scales.

Research on the climate of the Amazon, the possible anthropogenic changes, and the connections with global climate, are a facet of current work developed by Brazilian and foreign researchers. Across Brazil’s initiatives, research aimed at unravelling the complex climate that prevails in the country, of which size and geographical location allow the occurrence of equatorial, tropical, and sub-tropical climates. Brazil is a country where there are semi-arid regions and, at the same time, places where rainfall easily exceeds 3000 mm per year; places where it snows; and others of which average annual air temperatures are never below 25 °C. It is a country where the climate’s effects are not felt and experienced by society in the same way because of the great social differences that prevails.

In fact, there is, nowadays, an effort on the part of researchers at aiming to understand the urban climate of Brazilian cities; conduct studies on climate variability; microclimates; climate risks and vulnerabilities; and also research involving the sustainable use of water resources, etc. Climate studies and land management were presented at the beginning of the 21st century as an important and necessary premise facing the challenges posed to think about the concept of sustainability more broadly and socially, and to be able to bring contributions and improvements. The understanding of the climate is present in the Brazilian political-economic-social agenda.

Thinking about this scenario of intense and fruitful scientific research, Climate, in the second half of 2016, will publish a Special Issue devoted exclusively to research involving studies of Brazilian climatology. This Special Issue, entitled "Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil", is receiving manuscripts that have “Brazil” as the central object. The call for papers for this Special Issue of Climate is open. We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Valdir Adilson Steinke
Prof. Dr. Charlei Aparecido da Silva
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Climate is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • regional climate modeling
  • climatic disasters
  • the theory of geographic climatology
  • climatology teaching
  • episodes la niña and el niño
  • urban climate
  • climate and water resources
  • climate and health studies
  • climate changes
  • climate an land management
  • climate variability
  • studies microclimate
  • climate risks and vulnerabilities

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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2277 KiB  
Article
Intensity of Urban Heat Islands in Tropical and Temperate Climates
by Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim and Vincent Dubreuil
Climate 2017, 5(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5040091 - 3 Dec 2017
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6518
Abstract
Nowadays, most of the Earth’s population lives in urban areas. The replacement of vegetation by buildings and the general soil sealing, associated with human activity, lead to a rise in cities temperature, resulting in the formation of urban heat islands. This article aims [...] Read more.
Nowadays, most of the Earth’s population lives in urban areas. The replacement of vegetation by buildings and the general soil sealing, associated with human activity, lead to a rise in cities temperature, resulting in the formation of urban heat islands. This article aims to evaluate the intensity and the hourly maintenance of the atmospheric heat islands in two climates: one tropical (Presidente Prudente, Brazil) and one temperate (Rennes, France) throughout 2016. For this, air temperature and hourly averages were measured and calculated using both a HOBO datalogger (U23-002—protected under the same RS3 brand) and weather stations Davis Vantage PRO 2. The daily evolution of the heat islands presented characteristics that varied according to the hours and seasons of the year. For both Rennes and Presidente Prudente, the largest magnitudes occurred overnight, being more greatly expressed in the tropical environment and during the driest months (winter in the tropical city and summer in the temperate one). The variability of synoptic conditions from one month to another also leads to a great heterogeneity of UHI intensity throughout the year. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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6026 KiB  
Article
Rainfall Variability in January in the Federal District of Brazil from 1981 to 2010
by Valdir Adilson Steinke, Luis Alberto Martins Palhares de Melo and Ercília Torres Steinke
Climate 2017, 5(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5030068 - 28 Aug 2017
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5599
Abstract
The Federal District is a politically and economically important part of Brazil, which suffers from water stress. Exploratory analyzes were conducted using data on rainfall in the Federal District from the monthly precipitation time series to assess the rainfall variability in January, a [...] Read more.
The Federal District is a politically and economically important part of Brazil, which suffers from water stress. Exploratory analyzes were conducted using data on rainfall in the Federal District from the monthly precipitation time series to assess the rainfall variability in January, a month that falls in the middle of the rainy season in the region. A time series of 30 years (1981–2010), recorded at 19 rain gauges was analyzed. The resulting exploratory analyses show a gradient of increasing rainfall in the westward direction in the Federal District. Moreover, the time series shows a moderate inter-annual variability in rainfall volume, which is, however, of a stationary nature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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3138 KiB  
Article
Identification of Homogeneous Rainfall Regions in the Eastern Watersheds of the State of Paraná, Brazil
by Paulo Miguel de Bodas Terassi and Emerson Galvani
Climate 2017, 5(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5030053 - 15 Jul 2017
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6537
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to use a clustering technique to identify homogeneous rainfall regions in the watersheds of the eastern region of the state of Paraná and to associate the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall with the influences of orography, [...] Read more.
The objectives of this study are to use a clustering technique to identify homogeneous rainfall regions in the watersheds of the eastern region of the state of Paraná and to associate the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall with the influences of orography, the ocean and regional atmospheric dynamics. Rainfall data were obtained from 54 pluviometric stations and from eight meteorological stations, which comprise the historical series from 1976 to 2015. A cluster analysis technique was used with the Euclidean distance for measuring proximity and Ward’s method for hierarchical grouping. The Litorânea watershed exhibited the highest rainfall totals in the study area, and the annual average was 2551 mm for the homogeneous group with the highest rainfall. The Ribeira river watershed exhibited the lowest total rainfall (1488 mm); therefore, it was considered a rain shadow region with a more tropical climate due to the concentration of rainfall in the period from September to March. The Alto Iguaçu watershed was characterized by the smallest spatiotemporal variation in rainfall due to its flatter relief and the influence of the subtropical climate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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4197 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Climate Behavior and Land Use in the City of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
by Henderson Da Silva Neiva, Michele Souza Da Silva and Cristiane Cardoso
Climate 2017, 5(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5030052 - 14 Jul 2017
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 13429
Abstract
The city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) is located in a tropical zone of the planet, in medium latitude that experiences strong insolation throughout the year. The existence of different geographic factors, and different land uses and covers favor the diversity of existing [...] Read more.
The city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) is located in a tropical zone of the planet, in medium latitude that experiences strong insolation throughout the year. The existence of different geographic factors, and different land uses and covers favor the diversity of existing microclimates. This study aims to analyze the different land uses and covers during the last 30 years that impact the varying climatic conditions in the city of Rio de Janeiro, especially for the development of the urban heat and fresh islands. To accomplish this research, images were used from the satellites Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 to capture the apparent surface temperatures, and land use and land cover maps. Comparing these three decades (1986, 1997 and 2016), an increase in the temperatures of urban areas is noticeable toward the last year, 2016. The neighborhoods located in the West and North zones showed the highest temperatures. The areas near the Pedra Branca, Tijuca and Mendanha massifs showed lower temperatures. Therefore, it is possible to recognize a relationship between land cover and temperature behavior; the greenest areas tend to register lower temperatures, and the urban areas demonstrate higher temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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6428 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Lake Sobradinho Reservoir (Northeastern Brazil) on the Regional Climate
by Nikoo Ekhtiari, Susanne Grossman-Clarke, Hagen Koch, Werônica Meira de Souza, Reik V. Donner and Jan Volkholz
Climate 2017, 5(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5030050 - 13 Jul 2017
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5985
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of Lake Sobradinho, a large reservoir in Northeastern Brazil, on the local near-surface atmospheric and boundary layer conditions. For this purpose, simulations with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM are compared for two different scenarios: (1) with the lake [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effects of Lake Sobradinho, a large reservoir in Northeastern Brazil, on the local near-surface atmospheric and boundary layer conditions. For this purpose, simulations with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM are compared for two different scenarios: (1) with the lake being replaced by the average normal native vegetation cover and (2) with the lake as it exists today, for two different two-month periods reflecting average and very dry conditions, respectively. The performance of the simulation is evaluated against data from surface meteorological stations as well as satellite data in order to ensure the model’s ability to capture atmospheric conditions in the vicinity of Lake Sobradinho. The obtained results demonstrate that the lake affects the near-surface air temperature of the surrounding area as well as its humidity and wind patterns. Specifically, Lake Sobradinho cools down the air during the day and warms it up during the night by up to several ∘ C depending on the large-scale meteorological conditions. Moreover, the humidity is significantly increased as a result of the lake’s presence and causes a lake breeze. The observed effects on humidity and air temperature also extend over areas relatively far away from the lake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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4233 KiB  
Article
Climate and Production: The Case of the Administrative Region of Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
by André Geraldo Berezuk, Charlei Aparecido da Silva, Lisandra Pereira Lamoso and Heverton Schneider
Climate 2017, 5(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5030049 - 8 Jul 2017
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6000
Abstract
In the academic literature we can find a wide range of studies in climatology which show that current land management methods are contributing to an increase in environmental impact on the planet. These studies in climatology not only analyze atmospheric data, but also [...] Read more.
In the academic literature we can find a wide range of studies in climatology which show that current land management methods are contributing to an increase in environmental impact on the planet. These studies in climatology not only analyze atmospheric data, but also require a wide knowledge of the researcher’s regional interests for territorial planning. This article aims to explain the characteristics and tendencies used in the territory of the administrative region of Grande Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and the environmental implications of this process of land exploration. Then, we analyze several climatological surveys carried out by the physical geography laboratory of the Federal University of Grande Dourados and the socio-economic and environmental research group of Mato Grosso do Sul. The results demonstrate how important it is to develop strong measures to valorize environmental actions in the area. Climatic parameters can also exacerbate more extreme regional climate patterns, an exacerbation that has a strong spatio-temporal aspect, and also has a direct relation to the various climatological scales. This type of research is pioneering work in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and in Brazil, and it will contribute to further academic work which will discuss the important relations between land production and climate impact in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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5563 KiB  
Article
Variations of Rainfall Rhythm in Alto Pardo Watershed, Brazil: Analysis of Two Specific Years, a Wet and a Dry One, and Their Relation with the River Flow
by Pedro Augusto Breda Fontão and João Afonso Zavattini
Climate 2017, 5(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5030047 - 4 Jul 2017
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7144
Abstract
This research aims to understand the variability and rhythm of rainfall for two specific standard-years, and their relation with the river flow of the Alto Pardo watershed, located in southeastern Brazil, and thus identify atmospheric systems that can cause extreme events, and which [...] Read more.
This research aims to understand the variability and rhythm of rainfall for two specific standard-years, and their relation with the river flow of the Alto Pardo watershed, located in southeastern Brazil, and thus identify atmospheric systems that can cause extreme events, and which may be reflected in heavy rainfall, floods, or drought episodes. Therefore, the research chose to investigate the years 1983 and 1984, rainy and dry standard-years respectively in the study area, where rainfall was described and spatialized through the geostatistical method of kriging at the monthly level and the rhythmic analysis technique was applied in order to identify what weather types are usual and extreme in the area. The results indicate that a high involvement of the frontal system in the year 1983 was responsible for the episodes of greater rainfall and peak water flow, especially in stationary front episodes. The year 1984 presented low rainfall in summer, a meteorological drought during the year, and the predominance of tropical air masses in relation to the frontal systems. The comparison between the two extreme years, a wet and a dry one, made it possible to understand the frequency and the chaining of the atmospheric systems during this period for the Alto Pardo watershed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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2786 KiB  
Article
Spatial Pattern of the Seasonal Drought/Burned Area Relationship across Brazilian Biomes: Sensitivity to Drought Metrics and Global Remote-Sensing Fire Products
by Joana M. P. Nogueira, Serge Rambal, João Paulo R. A. D. Barbosa and Florent Mouillot
Climate 2017, 5(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5020042 - 16 Jun 2017
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7949
Abstract
Fires are complex processes having important impacts on biosphere/atmosphere interactions. The spatial and temporal pattern of fire activity is determined by complex feedbacks between climate and plant functioning through and biomass desiccation, usually estimated by fire danger indices (FDI) in official fire risk [...] Read more.
Fires are complex processes having important impacts on biosphere/atmosphere interactions. The spatial and temporal pattern of fire activity is determined by complex feedbacks between climate and plant functioning through and biomass desiccation, usually estimated by fire danger indices (FDI) in official fire risk prevention services. Contrasted vegetation types from fire-prone Brazilian biomes may respond differently to soil water deficit during the fire season. Then, we propose to evaluate the burned area (BA)/FDI relationship across Brazil using most common FDIs and the main BA products from global remote sensing. We computed 12 standard FDIs- at 0.5° resolution from 2002 to 2011 and used the monthly BA from four BA datasets—from the MODIS sensor (MCD45A1), the MERIS sensor (MERIS FIRE_CCI), the Global Fire Emission Database version 4 (GFED4) and version 4s including small fires (GFED4s). We performed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the coefficients of determination (R2) of the FDI/BA relationship to investigate the biome specificities of Brazilian biomes and the sensitivity to BA datasets. Good relationships (R2 > 0.8) were observed for all BA datasets, except SPEI (R2 < 0.2). We showed that FDIs computed from empirical water balances considering a lower soil capacity are more correlated to the seasonal pattern of fire occurrence in the Cerrado biome with contrasted adjustments between the western (early drying) and eastern part (late drying), while the fine fuel moisture index is more correlated to the fire seasonal pattern in Amazonia. The biome specificities of the FDI/BA relationship was evaluated with a general linear model. High accuracies in the biome distribution according to the FDI/BA relationship (>50%, p < 0.001) was observed in Amazonia and Cerrado, with lower accuracy (<32%, p < 0.001) in the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. These results suggest that the FDI/BA relationship are biome-specific to explain the seasonal course of burned in Brazilian biomes, independently of the global BA product used. Selected FDIs should be used for fire danger forecast in each Brazilian biome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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24149 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between the Geoecological and Anthropic Aspects for the Conformation of the Urban Climate of Viçosa-MG in the Synotic Situation of Stability in 2015
by Ludmilla Alves Fernandes, Leonardo Brandão do Prado and Edson Soares Fialho
Climate 2017, 5(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5020035 - 25 Apr 2017
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5105
Abstract
The intense process of urbanization and the expansion of the urban area in the last few decades has led to contrasting settings in the urban area of Viçosa (MG), which undoubtedly reverberate differently in the thermal field. In order to understand the nature [...] Read more.
The intense process of urbanization and the expansion of the urban area in the last few decades has led to contrasting settings in the urban area of Viçosa (MG), which undoubtedly reverberate differently in the thermal field. In order to understand the nature and behavior of climatic elements and their relationship with the factors of natural and human order in the city, nine data collection points were installed in its central area, equipped with HOBO data loggers of the model U10-003. In addition to these data, the sky view factor (SVF), and the geoecological aspects and anthropic landscape elements of the analyzed area, are observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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1116 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) on Cold Waves and Occurrence of Frosts in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil
by Maikon Passos A. Alves, Rafael Brito Silveira, Rosandro Boligon Minuzzi and Alberto Elvino Franke
Climate 2017, 5(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5010017 - 2 Mar 2017
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6601
Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), cold waves and occurrence of frosts in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during the winter quarter. Research on this topic can assist different spheres of society, such as public health and agriculture, [...] Read more.
This paper examines the relationship between the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), cold waves and occurrence of frosts in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during the winter quarter. Research on this topic can assist different spheres of society, such as public health and agriculture, since cold waves can influence and/or aggravate health problems and frosts can inflict economic losses especially in the agricultural sector. For the purpose of this paper, cold wave is considered as the event in which the daily average surface air temperature was at least two standard deviations below the average value of the series on the day and for two consecutive days or more. The data on the average air temperature and frost occurrences are provided by the Company of Agricultural Research and Rural Extension of Santa Catarina/Center for Environmental Information and Hydrometeorology (EPAGRI/CIRAM). The AAO was subjected to statistical analysis using significance tests for the averages (Student’s t-test) and variances (F-test) with a significance level of α = 5%. The results show that cold waves are unevenly distributed in the agroecological zones of Santa Catarina. It is found that the AAO is associated with the occurrence of frosts (in the agroecological zones represented by the municipalities of Itajaí and São José) in the state of Santa Catarina. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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2300 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Urban Heat Islands in Small- and Mid-Sized Cities in Brazil
by Renata Dos Santos Cardoso, Larissa Piffer Dorigon, Danielle Cardozo Frasca Teixeira and Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim
Climate 2017, 5(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5010014 - 25 Feb 2017
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6663
Abstract
Urban heat islands (UHIs) in large cities and different climatic regions have been thoroughly studied; however, their effects are becoming a common concern in smaller cities as well. We assessed UHIs in three tropical cities, analyzing how synoptic conditions, urban morphology, and land [...] Read more.
Urban heat islands (UHIs) in large cities and different climatic regions have been thoroughly studied; however, their effects are becoming a common concern in smaller cities as well. We assessed UHIs in three tropical cities, analyzing how synoptic conditions, urban morphology, and land cover affect the heat island magnitude. Data gathering involved mobile surveys across Paranavaí (Paraná), Rancharia (São Paulo), and Presidente Prudente (São Paulo), Brazil, during summer evenings (December 2013–January 2014). Temperature data collected over five days in each city point to heat islands with magnitudes up to 6 °C, under calm synoptic conditions, whereas summer average UHI magnitudes peak at 3.7 °C. In addition, UHI magnitudes were higher in areas with closely spaced buildings and few or no trees and building materials that are not appropriate for the region’s climate and thermal comfort. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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4311 KiB  
Article
Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity in a Small Urban Agglomerate in Brazil
by Elis Dener Lima Alves
Climate 2016, 4(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040061 - 10 Dec 2016
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6388
Abstract
In recent years, SUHIs (surface urban heat islands) have been greatly emphasized in urban climate studies, since it is one of the climate phenomena most influenced by human action. In this study, temporal and spatial variations of SUHIs in the cities of Ceres [...] Read more.
In recent years, SUHIs (surface urban heat islands) have been greatly emphasized in urban climate studies, since it is one of the climate phenomena most influenced by human action. In this study, temporal and spatial variations of SUHIs in the cities of Ceres and Rialma (Brazil) were investigated; satellite Landsat 8 TIRS/OLI images from 2013 to 2016 were used for this purpose. The results showed that in all seasons, two relationships were observed, one positive and one negative. An N D V I (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) of 0.2 is the divider of this relationship: up to this value, the relationship is positive, that is, the higher the N D V I value, the higher the surface temperature, while the relationship is negative at an N D V I greater than 0.2. There was high seasonal variation in the SUHIs, with the highest intensities recorded in the spring and summer (±12 °C), and the lowest in the winter. These temporal variations were attributed to the annual cycle of precipitation, which directly involves the robustness of the Cerrado vegetation. SUHIs occupied, on average, an area three times larger than the area of SUCIs (surface urban cool islands). The highest values of SUCIs were observed in water bodies and in valley bottoms. Overall, SUHIs showed high intensities; however, a more intense core area, such as in large cities, was not observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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Review

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276 KiB  
Review
A Short Critical History on the Development of Meteorology and Climatology
by Gustavo Zen de Figueiredo Neves, Nuria Pérez Gallardo and Francisco Arthur da Silva Vecchia
Climate 2017, 5(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5010023 - 9 Mar 2017
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7099
Abstract
The present study presents a brief discussion regarding the evolution of meteorology from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century, throughout antiquitiy, Aristotle’s legacy, and contemporaneity. Part of the text is dedicated to illustrating the emergence of Brazilian climatology and a new paradigm, postulating [...] Read more.
The present study presents a brief discussion regarding the evolution of meteorology from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century, throughout antiquitiy, Aristotle’s legacy, and contemporaneity. Part of the text is dedicated to illustrating the emergence of Brazilian climatology and a new paradigm, postulating physical geography and the French School of Climatology and Meteorology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies and Perspectives of Climatology in Brazil)
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