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Crystals
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Physical and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Composites (Volume...
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Physical and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Composites (Volume II)

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2024) | Viewed by 18548

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Erdem Karakulak

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Guest Editor
Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
Interests: solidification of metals; aluminium alloys; magnesium alloys; casting of metals; mechanical properties of metallic materials; microstructure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Huseyin Sevik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, Mersin Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Çiftlikköy Kampüsü, Yenişehir/ Mersin 33343, Turkey
Interests: magnesium alloys; wear behavior; alloy; casting of metals; high-pressure die-cast; ternary magnesium alloys

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magnesium-based alloys are very attractive for applications where weight must be reduced. Magnesium alloys and composites, as the lightest structural materials, have recently received a growing amount of interest not only in different industry branches but also in biomedicine (e.g., implants, stands).

In recent decades, many results from research conducted on Mg and its alloys and composites have been reported. The mechanical properties (strength and tensile ductility) depend significantly on the composition, microstructure, texture, and temperature. The resultant properties of composites are strongly influenced by the properties of both phases (metallic matrix and reinforcement) and processing techniques. The chemical composition of the matrix is a significant factor influencing the matrix microstructure and, therefore, the matrix mechanical and physical properties. 

The physical properties of Mg alloys and composites (thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity) are important influencing factors regarding the applicability of materials. Solute atoms, plastic deformation and temperature have significant effects on physical properties. 

Reinforcements have a significant effect on composite behaviour. While the mechanical and physical properties of reinforcements are dictated by their chemical nature (e.g., metal, ceramic, polymer, carbon nanotube), the geometric and topological properties of the reinforcements (e.g., shape, size, volume fraction, orientation, distribution) can be changed during fabrication. Composite manufacturing has a very substantial effect on the composite properties.

Despite many published papers, there is no generally accepted model for metallic composite strengthening. The properties of a composite are affected by a combination of the matrix and reinforcement properties. The coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal and electrical conductivity, diffusion, and damping are significant for the resultant physical properties. Obtained knowledge is very important for application in different branches. Many factors and mechanisms are responsible for the composite behaviour. The synergetic operation of these mechanisms should also be studied.

The papers submitted to this Special Issue will extend our current knowledge on the behaviour of magnesium materials. Your contributions are welcome.

Dr. Erdem Karakulak
Dr. Huseyin Sevik
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • magnesium alloys
  • solidification of metals
  • casting of metals
  • mechanical properties of metallic materials
  • high-pressure die-cast
  • metal matrix composites
  • microstructure
  • heat treatment

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

12 pages, 4382 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Strength–Ductility Synergy of Mg-Al-Sn-Ca Alloy via Composite Asymmetric Extrusion
by Xiwen Chen, Yuxuan Li, Zhigang Li, Chao Wang and Hai Deng
Crystals 2024, 14(4), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14040323 - 30 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1006
Abstract
Fine-grain and weak-texture magnesium alloys are the long-term development targets of lightweight structural materials. In this study, a new composite asymmetric extrusion (CAE) is developed, which, coupling with an asymmetric die and an asymmetric billet, is proposed to improve the strength–ductility of the [...] Read more.
Fine-grain and weak-texture magnesium alloys are the long-term development targets of lightweight structural materials. In this study, a new composite asymmetric extrusion (CAE) is developed, which, coupling with an asymmetric die and an asymmetric billet, is proposed to improve the strength–ductility of the Mg-3.8Al-1.1Sn-0.4Ca alloy. The influence of the asymmetric billet on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The findings revealed that the asymmetric billet can induce greater plastic deformation, resulting in an increase in the cumulative strain and an improved nucleation rate. The CAE sheets exhibit fine grains (4.4 μm) and a weak tilted texture (7.57 mrd). Furthermore, the asymmetric billet results in the microstructure not forming a gradient microstructure under gradient strain along the transverse direction (TD) direction. The CAE sheets exhibited good mechanical properties, with a yield strength (YS) of 253 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 331 MPa, and elongation (EL) of 20%. This development shows promise in achieving high-efficiency, low-cost production of magnesium alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Composites (Volume II))
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14 pages, 2615 KiB  
Article
Effect of Samarium on the Properties of Hot-Extruded Mg–Y–Gd–Zr Alloys
by Elena Lukyanova, Natalia Martynenko, Olga Rybalchenko, Tatiana Dobatkina, Irina Tarytina, Natalia Tabachkova, Georgy Rybalchenko, Nadezhda Andreeva and Sergey Dobatkin
Crystals 2023, 13(10), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13101443 - 28 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 956
Abstract
The effect of such an additional promising alloying element as samarium on hot-extruded Mg–Y–Gd–Zr alloys is investigated. The microstructure, kinetics of aging during the decomposition of a supersaturated Mg solid solution, and the mechanical properties of the alloys are studied. The differences of [...] Read more.
The effect of such an additional promising alloying element as samarium on hot-extruded Mg–Y–Gd–Zr alloys is investigated. The microstructure, kinetics of aging during the decomposition of a supersaturated Mg solid solution, and the mechanical properties of the alloys are studied. The differences of the recrystallization processes that occur in hot-extruded alloys with various contents of samarium (0, 1.7, 2.5%) are demonstrated. After hot extrusion, Mg–Y–Gd–Zr and Mg–Y–Gd–Sm–Zr alloys are additionally hardened during aging due to the decomposition of a supersaturated Mg solid solution. At the same time, samarium changes the nature of this hardening. The alloys with samarium are hardened faster, and the maximum hardness is achieved with shorter aging exposures. The mechanical properties of hot-extruded Mg–Y–Gd–Zr alloys with samarium addition are determined at room and elevated up to 300 °C temperatures. The efficiency and expediency of using samarium both as a separate alloying element and as a partial replacement of more expensive rare-earth elements in alloys with yttrium and gadolinium are shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Composites (Volume II))
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18 pages, 4075 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of Mg-Ca and Mg-Zn-Ag Alloys for Biodegradable Hard Tissue Implants
by Lavinia Dragomir (Nicolescu), Iulian Antoniac, Veronica Manescu (Paltanea), Aurora Antoniac, Marian Miculescu, Octavian Trante, Alexandru Streza, Cosmin Mihai Cotruț and Doriana Agop Forna
Crystals 2023, 13(8), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13081213 - 5 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1545
Abstract
Trauma orthopaedic surgery was the first domain to use degradable metallic implants made of magnesium alloys since the early 20th century. Unfortunately, the major limitation that consists of rapid degradation and subsequent implant failure, which occur in physiological environments with a pH between [...] Read more.
Trauma orthopaedic surgery was the first domain to use degradable metallic implants made of magnesium alloys since the early 20th century. Unfortunately, the major limitation that consists of rapid degradation and subsequent implant failure, which occur in physiological environments with a pH between 7.4 and 7.6, prevents its widespread application. The biggest challenge in corrosion assay is the choice of the testing medium in order to reproduce more closely in vivo conditions. The current study was focused on two Mg-Zn-Ag alloys (Mg7Zn1Ag and Mg6Zn3Ag) and the Mg1Ca alloy. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and Kokubo’s simulated body fluid solution (SBF) were selected as testing mediums and we follow the corrosion evaluation by the corrosion rate and mass loss. Also, the corrosion behaviour was interpreted in correlation with the microstructural features and alloying elements of the experimental magnesium-based alloys revealed by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The experimental results highlight the more corrosive nature of the SBF environment and that a higher percentage of silver (2.5 wt.%) exhibited a better corrosion resistance. We consider that the magnesium alloy Mg6Zn3Ag showed valuable biodegradation characteristics to be considered as raw materials for manufacturing small trauma implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Composites (Volume II))
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13 pages, 3171 KiB  
Article
Effect of Y Alloying on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy Sheets Applied as 3C Electronic Product Shells
by Jian Wang, Zheng Chang, Boyu Liu, Yongbing Li, Yan Sun and Hongxiang Li
Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1643; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111643 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1671
Abstract
AZ61 magnesium alloy sheets can be applied as 3C (computer, communication, and consumer) electronic product shells. However, due to their poor plasticity and relatively low strength, the application of AZ61 alloy sheets is limited. The composition modification of AZ61, especially rare earth element [...] Read more.
AZ61 magnesium alloy sheets can be applied as 3C (computer, communication, and consumer) electronic product shells. However, due to their poor plasticity and relatively low strength, the application of AZ61 alloy sheets is limited. The composition modification of AZ61, especially rare earth element alloying, is a good choice to improve the strength and plasticity of AZ61 alloy sheets. In this paper, the strength and plasticity of AZ61 sheets with different contents of Y were studied in detail. We found that the addition of 0.9 wt.% of Y not only improved the strength, but also significantly enhanced the plasticity. As a result, the yield strength of AZ61 increased from 167 MPa to 186 MPa, and the elongation increased from 9.5% to 18%. The reasons can be explained as follows: the Al2Y phase formed by adding Y consumed a large amount of the Al element, thus avoiding the formation of the brittle phases Al8Mn5 and resulting in the improved mechanical properties of the sheets. At the same time, the weakened texture and dispersed grain orientation also effectively improved the plasticity of the sheets. This study will provide a good solution to improve the strength and plasticity of AZ61 sheets without significantly increasing the production cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Composites (Volume II))
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10 pages, 2126 KiB  
Article
Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of a Heat-Treated EV31A Magnesium Alloy Fabricated Using the Stir-Casting Process
by M. Somasundaram and U. NarendraKumar
Crystals 2022, 12(8), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081163 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2135
Abstract
This study aims to prepare a stir-cast EV31A magnesium alloy and investigate the effects of the T4 condition (solid solution strengthening) and T6 condition (solid solution strengthening cum age hardening) on the phases, microstructure, mechanical properties, and fractography. The solid solution at 520 [...] Read more.
This study aims to prepare a stir-cast EV31A magnesium alloy and investigate the effects of the T4 condition (solid solution strengthening) and T6 condition (solid solution strengthening cum age hardening) on the phases, microstructure, mechanical properties, and fractography. The solid solution at 520 °C for 8 h allows the Rare-Earth Elements (REE) to dissolve in the Mg matrix, but the solubility is limited by the presence of Zn. This phenomenon is responsible for the T4 heat-treated alloy’s strengthening, which raises the UTS to 212 MPa. The formation of new grains within the grains causes an increase in grain boundaries and dislocations during the T6 heat treatment process, increasing the strength (UTS) of the EV31A alloy to 230 MPa. In all three test conditions, the fractography of tensile samples revealed a cleavage-ductile/mixed mode fracture. As expected, the fine-grained T6 sample exhibited superior strengthening at the expense of ductility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Composites (Volume II))
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16 pages, 12271 KiB  
Article
Microstructure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Mg-0.5Ca-xZr Alloys
by Ying-Long Zhou, Jie Liu and Dong-Mei Luo
Crystals 2022, 12(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12020209 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2673
Abstract
To evaluate the potential values in heat dissipation applications, this study investigated the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of the Mg-0.5Ca-xZr alloys (x = 0.5 and 1 wt.%) under the as-cast, as-extruded and aged states. The phase constituents of the Mg alloys were [...] Read more.
To evaluate the potential values in heat dissipation applications, this study investigated the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of the Mg-0.5Ca-xZr alloys (x = 0.5 and 1 wt.%) under the as-cast, as-extruded and aged states. The phase constituents of the Mg alloys were examined by X-ray diffraction analysis, and the microstructure was inspected by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the Mg alloys were measured by the laser flash method and tensile tests, respectively. The results showed that the Mg alloys exhibited the equiaxed microstructure which is composed of α-Mg, Zr and compound Mg2Ca. Both the extrusion process and increase of Zr content remarkably enhanced the mechanical strength of the Mg alloys and deteriorated the thermal performance simultaneously. It was also found that the thermal conductivity and mechanical strength of the Mg alloys increased gradually with the increase of aging time due to the higher precipitation of Zr and compound Mg2Ca during the aging treatment. TheMg-0.5Ca-0.5Zr alloy aged at 473 K for 48 h demonstratedhigher thermal conductivity than the required values of the Mg alloys used as heat dissipation materials. Moreover, theMg-0.5Ca-0.5Zr alloy exhibited similar mechanical strength to the commonly-used Mg alloys, highlighting its potential become a potential heat dissipation material in the future due to its good combination of high thermal performance and mechanical strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Composites (Volume II))
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Review

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35 pages, 9811 KiB  
Review
Manufacturing Techniques for Mg-Based Metal Matrix Composite with Different Reinforcements
by Gurmeet Singh Arora, Kuldeep Kumar Saxena, Kahtan A. Mohammed, Chander Prakash and Saurav Dixit
Crystals 2022, 12(7), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12070945 - 5 Jul 2022
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5085
Abstract
Magnesium is among the lightest structural metals available, with the capacity to replace traditional alloys in mass-saving applications while still providing increased stiffness and strength. The inclusion of reinforcing components into the metallic matrix has a substantial impact on stiffness, specific strength, wear [...] Read more.
Magnesium is among the lightest structural metals available, with the capacity to replace traditional alloys in mass-saving applications while still providing increased stiffness and strength. The inclusion of reinforcing components into the metallic matrix has a substantial impact on stiffness, specific strength, wear behaviour, damping behaviour, and creep properties when compared to typical engineering materials. Due to their outstanding physical and mechanical characteristics along with low density, magnesium metal matrix composites are viable materials for numerous applications. This study discusses how to choose an appropriate technique and its process parameters for synthesising magnesium-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) and gives an overview of the impacts of various reinforcements in magnesium and its alloys, emphasising their benefits and drawbacks. The essential applications of various magnesium-based MMCs are also critically examined in this article. The impact of reinforcement on the microstructure as well as mechanical characteristics are thoroughly examined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Composites (Volume II))
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Other

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8 pages, 1000 KiB  
Perspective
Bioinspired Strategies for Functionalization of Mg-Based Stents
by Feng Wu, Yixuan Liu, Jingan Li, Kun Zhang and Fali Chong
Crystals 2022, 12(12), 1761; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121761 - 5 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1644
Abstract
Magnesium alloys have attracted considerable interest as prospective biodegradable materials in cardiovascular stents because of their metal mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, fast degradation and slow endothelialization results in the premature disintegration of mechanical integrity and the restenosis of implanted Mg-based stents, which [...] Read more.
Magnesium alloys have attracted considerable interest as prospective biodegradable materials in cardiovascular stents because of their metal mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, fast degradation and slow endothelialization results in the premature disintegration of mechanical integrity and the restenosis of implanted Mg-based stents, which is the primary hurdle limiting their predicted clinical applicability. The development of bioinspired strategies is a burgeoning area in cardiovascular stents’ fields of research. Inspired by the unique features of lotus leaves, pitcher plants, healthy endothelial cells (ECs), marine mussels, and extracellular matrix, various bioinspired strategies have been developed to build innovative artificial materials with tremendous promise for medicinal applications. This perspective focuses on bioinspired strategies to provide innovative ideas for reducing corrosion resistance and accelerating endothelialization. The bioinspired strategies are envisaged to serve as a significant reference for future research on Mg-based medical devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Composites (Volume II))
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