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Electronics
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Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Power Applications
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Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Power Applications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 12070

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mauri Marco

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
Interests: power electronics for electrical vehicles and systems; design and simulation of electrical machines and drives; control of electrical drives and systems
Dr. Vincenzo Musolino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Battery Research & Technology, Hilti AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein
Interests: lithium ion batteries; thermal-electrical modelling; battery aging; battery care

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Batteries currently play a key role in advancing electromobility, and lithium-ion batteries are today the standard choice for electric vehicles (EVs) and for power tools and consumer electronics. Successful transformation toward electrified transportation and cordless devices depends on the battery technology as well as the power electronics converter used to manage the batteries’ energy flow while taking into consideration the increasingly important diagnostic and safety aspects.

This Special Issue brings together researchers and practitioners to present and discuss state-of-the-art solutions for lithium-ion batteries focusing on various aspects covering design, modeling, analysis, testing of batteries, power electronics converters and battery management system (BMS) issues.

Topics of interest in this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Power electronics converter for battery energy control and system integration
  • Battery cell balancing and power electronics aspects
  • Battery charging technologies: fast charging and wireless charging technology
  • Integration and control of batteries into electric vehicles and smart grids
  • BMS hardware design and verification
  • Battery modeling and state estimation
  • Battery diagnosis, prognosis and health management
  • Battery temperature control technologies

Dr. Mauri Marco
Dr. Vincenzo Musolino
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Modeling of LIBs
  • Various types of LIBs: LCO, LMO, LFP, LNMC, LNCA, LTO, Li-S, Li-air
  • Battery management systems (BMS)
  • Battery life and safety
  • Batteries thermal management system (BTMS)
  • Power converters and multilevel converters
  • Simulations of power electronic systems and batteries
  • Industrial, commercial and residential applications
  • Power supplies
  • Storage devices in smart grid
  • Batteries for tools

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

30 pages, 9374 KiB  
Article
Electrothermal Aging Model of Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle-to-Grid Services Evaluation
by Maria Stefania Carmeli, Nicola Toscani and Marco Mauri
Electronics 2022, 11(7), 1042; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071042 - 26 Mar 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2485
Abstract
The growing interest in Electrical Vehicles (EVs) opens new possibilities in the use of Li-ion batteries in order to provide ancillary grid services while they are plugged to recharging stations. Indeed, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) as well as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) services [...] Read more.
The growing interest in Electrical Vehicles (EVs) opens new possibilities in the use of Li-ion batteries in order to provide ancillary grid services while they are plugged to recharging stations. Indeed, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) as well as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) services can be carried out depending on the particular installation and on the connection to the distribution grid of the considered recharging station. Even if these are interesting and challenging opportunities, the additional charging/discharging cycles necessary to provide these services could decrease the expected life of EV batteries. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to study and develop reliable models of the batteries, which take the aging phenomena affecting the reliability of the Li-ion cells into account to evaluate the best charging/discharging strategy and the economic revenues. To this aim, this paper focuses on a battery pack made up with Li-ion nickel–manganese–cobalt (NMC) cells and proposes a semiempirical Electrothermal Aging Model, which accounts for both calendar and cycle aging. This modeling phase is supported by several experimental data recorded for many charge and discharge cycles at different C-rates and for several temperatures. Thus, it is possible to analyze and compare scenarios considering V2G services or not. Results show that the considered battery is subjected to a life reduction of about 2 years, which is a consequence of the increased Ah charge throughput, which moves from 120,000 Ah over 10 years (scenario without V2G services) to almost 230,000 Ah over 8 years (scenario with V2G services). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Power Applications)
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14 pages, 1528 KiB  
Article
Feedback PID Controller-Based Closed-Loop Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Constant-Temperature–Constant-Voltage Method
by Ayesha Kaleem, Ihsan Ullah Khalil, Sara Aslam, Nasim Ullah, Sattam Al Otaibi and Merfat Algethami
Electronics 2021, 10(22), 2872; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222872 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5538
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are the most used technology in portable electronic devices. High energy density and high power per mass battery unit make it preferable over other batteries. The existing constant-temperature and constant-voltage charging technique (CT–CV), with a closed loop, lacks a detailed design [...] Read more.
Lithium-ion batteries are the most used technology in portable electronic devices. High energy density and high power per mass battery unit make it preferable over other batteries. The existing constant-temperature and constant-voltage charging technique (CT–CV), with a closed loop, lacks a detailed design of control circuits, which can increase charging speed. This article addresses this research gap in a novel way by implementing a simpler feedback proportional integral and differential (PID) control to a closed-loop CT–CV charging circuit. Voltage-mode control (VMC) and average current-mode control (ACM) methods were implemented to maintain the battery voltage, current, and temperature at safe limits. As per simulation results, 23% faster charging is achieved by implementing VMC and almost 50% faster charging is attained by employing the ACM technique in the PID controller. Our proposed control strategy is validated experimentally, which yields up to 25% faster charging of a battery than the reference battery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Power Applications)
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19 pages, 7273 KiB  
Article
Estimation of the Hot Swap Circulation Current of a Multiple Parallel Lithium Battery System with an Artificial Neural Network Model
by Nam-Gyu Lim, Jae-Yeol Kim and Seongjun Lee
Electronics 2021, 10(12), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121448 - 17 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3128
Abstract
Battery applications, such as electric vehicles, electric propulsion ships, and energy storage systems, are developing rapidly, and battery management issues are gaining attention. In this application field, a battery system with a high capacity and high power in which numerous battery cells are [...] Read more.
Battery applications, such as electric vehicles, electric propulsion ships, and energy storage systems, are developing rapidly, and battery management issues are gaining attention. In this application field, a battery system with a high capacity and high power in which numerous battery cells are connected in series and parallel is used. Therefore, research on a battery management system (BMS) to which various algorithms are applied for efficient use and safe operation of batteries is being conducted. In general, maintenance/replacement of multi-series/multiple parallel battery systems is only possible when there is no load current, or the entire system is shut down. However, if the circulating current generated by the voltage difference between the newly added battery and the existing battery pack is less than the allowable current of the system, the new battery can be connected while the system is running, which is called hot swapping. The circulating current generated during the hot-swap operation is determined by the battery’s state of charge (SOC), the parallel configuration of the battery system, temperature, aging, operating point, and differences in the load current. Therefore, since there is a limit to formulating a circulating current that changes in size according to these various conditions, this paper presents a circulating current estimation method, using an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model for estimating the hot-swap circulating current is designed for a 1S4P lithium battery pack system, consisting of one series and four parallel cells. The circulating current of the ANN model proposed in this paper is experimentally verified to be able to estimate the actual value within a 6% error range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Power Applications)
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