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Advances in Low-Latency Communications: Protocols, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities
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Advances in Low-Latency Communications: Protocols, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2024) | Viewed by 12796

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Nurul Sarkar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
Interests: UAV networks, IoT, sensor networks, network protocols, wireless communication netwok, 5G and beyond, edge and fog computing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Low-latency communications are one of the emerging research fields in communication networks. Achieving low-latency communications appears to be one of the most critical challenges for 5G cellular networks and IEEE 802.11ax Wi-Fi and beyond technologies. While various applications and services require low-latency and ultrahigh reliable communications, tactile internet, mission-critical applications, enhanced mobile broadband communications, and massive machine type communications for IoT devices are the ones that require them the most.

We are looking for original contributions in this Special Issue of Electronics titled “Advances in Low-Latency Communications: Protocols, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities”.

Topics of Interest:

The topics in this Special Issue include but are not limited to:

  • Network architecture for low-latency communications
  • Technologies for low-latency communications
  • Applications and services for low-latency communications
  • Protocol design for low-latency communications
  • 5G and beyond technologies for low-latency communications
  • IEEE 802.11ax and beyond wireless LANs
  • Crosslayer design approaches for low-latency communications
  • Machine learning approaches for low-latency communications
  • M2M communications
  • Tactile internet implementations
  • Mission-critical applications
  • Enhanced mobile broadband communications
  • Massive machine type communications for IoT devices
  • System design, modelling, and performance evaluation

Prof. Dr. Nurul I. Sarkar
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • low-latency communication
  • protocols
  • mission-critical applications
  • 5G
  • IEEE 802.11ax

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 5318 KiB  
Article
Orchestrating Isolated Network Slices in 5G Networks
by Ali Esmaeily and Katina Kralevska
Electronics 2024, 13(8), 1548; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13081548 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 968
Abstract
Sharing resources through network slicing in a physical infrastructure facilitates service delivery to various sectors and industries. Nevertheless, ensuring security of the slices remains a significant hurdle. In this paper, we investigate the utilization of State-of-the-Art (SoA) Virtual Private Network (VPN) solutions in [...] Read more.
Sharing resources through network slicing in a physical infrastructure facilitates service delivery to various sectors and industries. Nevertheless, ensuring security of the slices remains a significant hurdle. In this paper, we investigate the utilization of State-of-the-Art (SoA) Virtual Private Network (VPN) solutions in 5G networks to enhance security and performance when isolating slices. We deploy and orchestrate cloud-native network functions to create multiple scenarios that emulate real-life cellular networks. We evaluate the performance of the WireGuard, IPSec, and OpenVPN solutions while ensuring confidentiality and data protection within 5G network slices. The proposed architecture provides secure communication tunnels and performance isolation. Evaluation results demonstrate that WireGuard provides slice isolation in the control and data planes with higher throughput for enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and lower latency for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) slices compared to IPSec and OpenVPN. Our developments show the potential of implementing WireGuard isolation, as a promising solution, for providing secure and efficient network slicing, which fulfills the 5G key performance indicator values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low-Latency Communications: Protocols, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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20 pages, 5378 KiB  
Article
Analyzing TCP Performance in High Bit Error Rate Using Simulation and Modeling
by Nurul I. Sarkar, Roman Ammann and Salahuddin Muhammad Salim Zabir
Electronics 2022, 11(14), 2254; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11142254 - 19 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3228
Abstract
While Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) works well with a low bit error rate (BER), the performance of TCP degrades significantly if the BER rises above a certain level. A study of the performance of TCP with high BER is required for [...] Read more.
While Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) works well with a low bit error rate (BER), the performance of TCP degrades significantly if the BER rises above a certain level. A study of the performance of TCP with high BER is required for the efficient design and deployment of such systems. In this paper, we address the problem of TCP performance in high BERs and analyze the issues by investigating the effect of BERs on system performance. We consider TCP Reno in our study to explore the system performance using extensive analysis of simulation and modeling. In the analysis, we consider the amount of datagram sent and retransmitted, mean throughput, link-layer overhead, TCP window size, FTP download response time, packet dropping and retransmission, and the TCP congestion avoidance mechanism. We validate simulation results by setting up a virtualized testbed using Linux hosts and a Linux router. The results obtained show that TCP throughput degrades significantly and eventually collapses at the packet drop probability of 10% (BER = 10−5). The FTP download response time is about 32 times longer than that of a perfect channel (no packet dropping). We found that TCP Reno cannot handle such a high BER to operate in wireless environments effectively. Finally, we provide recommendations for network researchers and engineers confronted with the challenge of operating TCP over noisy channels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low-Latency Communications: Protocols, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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23 pages, 6520 KiB  
Article
Physical Layer Latency Management Mechanisms: A Study for Millimeter-Wave Wi-Fi
by Alexander Marinšek, Daan Delabie, Lieven De Strycker and Liesbet Van der Perre
Electronics 2021, 10(13), 1599; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131599 - 3 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2783
Abstract
Emerging applications in fields such as extended reality require both a high throughput and low latency. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is considered because of the potential in the large available bandwidth. The present work studies mmWave Wi-Fi physical layer latency management mechanisms, a [...] Read more.
Emerging applications in fields such as extended reality require both a high throughput and low latency. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is considered because of the potential in the large available bandwidth. The present work studies mmWave Wi-Fi physical layer latency management mechanisms, a key factor in providing low-latency communications for time-critical applications. We calculate physical layer latency in an ideal scenario and simulate it using a tailor-made simulation framework, based on the IEEE 802.11ad standard. Assessing data reception quality over a noisy channel yielded latency’s dependency on transmission parameters, channel noise, and digital baseband tuning. Latency in function of the modulation and coding scheme was found to span 0.28–2.71 ms in the ideal scenario, whereas simulation results also revealed its tight bond with the demapping algorithm and the number of low-density parity-check decoder iterations. The findings yielded tuning parameter combinations for reaching Pareto optimality either by constraining the bit error rate and optimizing latency or the other way around. Our assessment shows that trade-offs can and have to be made to provide sufficiently reliable low-latency communication. In good channel conditions, one may benefit from both the very high throughput and low latency; yet, in more adverse situations, lower modulation orders and additional coding overhead are a necessity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low-Latency Communications: Protocols, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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17 pages, 2583 KiB  
Article
Minimum Distance Optimization with Chord Edge Growth for High Girth Non-Binary LDPC Codes
by Changcai Han, Hui Li and Weigang Chen
Electronics 2020, 9(12), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122161 - 17 Dec 2020
Viewed by 1843
Abstract
Short or moderate-length non-binary low-density parity-check (NB-LDPC) codes have the potential applications in future low latency and high-reliability communication thanks to the strong error correction capability and parallel decoding. Because of the existence of the error floor, the NB-LDPC codes usually cannot satisfy [...] Read more.
Short or moderate-length non-binary low-density parity-check (NB-LDPC) codes have the potential applications in future low latency and high-reliability communication thanks to the strong error correction capability and parallel decoding. Because of the existence of the error floor, the NB-LDPC codes usually cannot satisfy very low bit error rate (BER) requirements. In this paper, a low-complexity method is proposed for optimizing the minimum distance of the NB-LDPC code in a progressive chord edge growth manner. Specifically, each chord edge connecting two non-adjacent vertices is added to the Hamiltonian cycle one-by-one. For each newly added chord edge, the configuration of non-zero entries corresponding to the chord edge is determined according to the so-called full rank condition (FRC) of all cycles that are related to the chord edge in the obtained subgraph. With minor modifications to the designed method, it can be used to construct the NB-LDPC codes with an efficient encoding structure. The analysis results show that the method for designing NB-LDPC codes while using progressive chord edge growth has lower complexity than traditional methods. The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the performance of the NB-LDPC code in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. While using the proposed scheme, an NB-LDPC code with a quite low BER can be constructed with extremely low complexity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low-Latency Communications: Protocols, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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22 pages, 17592 KiB  
Article
A Novel QoS-Aware ARQ Scheme for Multi-User Transmissions in IEEE802.11ax WLANs
by Cong Lu, Bin Wu, Lei Wang, Zhiwei Wei and Yu Tang
Electronics 2020, 9(12), 2065; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122065 - 4 Dec 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2051
Abstract
The latest IEEE 802.11ax protocol has been launched to provide efficient services by adopting multi-user (MU) transmission technology. However, the MU transmissions in the aggregation-enabled wireless local area networks (WLANs) face two drawbacks when adopting the existing automatic repeat request (ARQ) schemes. (1) [...] Read more.
The latest IEEE 802.11ax protocol has been launched to provide efficient services by adopting multi-user (MU) transmission technology. However, the MU transmissions in the aggregation-enabled wireless local area networks (WLANs) face two drawbacks when adopting the existing automatic repeat request (ARQ) schemes. (1) The failed packets caused by the channel noise can block the submission of subsequent packets and the transmission of queued ones. (2) When the lengths of aggregate media access control protocol data units (A-MPDU) transmitted by different users are varied, dummy bits should be added to the shorter frames to align the transmission duration. These drawbacks degrade the quality of service (QoS) performances, such as throughput, latency, and packet loss rate. In this paper, a novel QoS-aware backup padding ARQ (BP-ARQ) scheme for MU transmissions in the IEEE802.11ax WLANs is proposed to address these problems. The proposed scheme utilizes backups of selected packets instead of dummy bits to align the duration and to supress the influence of channel noise. An optimization problem that aims to improve the blocking problem of the failed packets is derived to determine the selection of packets. The promotion of the proposed scheme is well demonstrated by the simulations in NS-3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low-Latency Communications: Protocols, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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