Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults

A special issue of Geriatrics (ISSN 2308-3417).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2024) | Viewed by 8670

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Interests: behavioural and cognitive-behavioural interventions in chronic health conditions, including chronic pain, falls prevention and cardiac disease

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I am delighted to serve as Guest Editor for this Special Issue on the subject of physical activity and exercise in older adults.

Exercise and physical activity (PA) are important components of healthy ageing, and they can delay the onset of chronic disease, increase longevity and survival, and improve cognitive and physical function, thus preserving life quality in older adults. There is evidence that exercise and PA have many favourable benefits for older adults, not only in terms of healthy ageing but also as behavioural interventions in the management of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, chronic pain, cancer, dementia, multi-morbidity, and frailty-related physical impairment, including fall management. Furthermore, exercise rehabilitation and increased PA have been proven to improve the outcomes of medical and surgical interventions.

However, most older adults do not engage in the recommended weekly guidelines for exercise and PA and often do not participate in exercise programmes to maintain healthy ageing or manage chronic disease. Because of this, there is a need to provide optimal exercise programmes for health benefits in terms of the prescription and dosage of exercise, which would include the development of novel techniques and strategies to engage older adults. It is also important to understand the barriers and motivators to exercise and participate in PA—particularly in those from ethnic minority backgrounds, lower socio-economic areas, and other hard-to-reach communities—in order to promote participation and engagement.

This Special Issue will focus on exercise and PA interventions for older adults in primary care, secondary care, or in a community setting and will cover all aspects of exercise and PA promotion for healthy ageing in addition to interventions for chronic disease, including frailty, multi-morbidity, and fall prevention. It is therefore my pleasure to invite international submissions describing new or established PA strategies, interventions, or technologies; quasi-experiments; feasibility studies, randomised controlled trials; qualitative studies; and systematic reviews.

Prof. Dr. Nicola Adams
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • healthy ageing
  • older adults
  • frailty
  • exercise
  • physical activity
  • rehabilitation
  • digital technology
  • chronic conditions
  • quality of life

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 269 KiB  
Article
Running Plus Strength Training Positively Affects Muscle Strength and Quality in Both Younger (Below 50 Years Old) and Older (Above 50 Years Old) Women
by Lavínia Vivan, Vinícius Ribeiro dos Anjos Souza, Aldo Seffrin, Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira, Rodrigo Luiz Vancini, Katja Weiss, Beat Knechtle and Marilia Santos Andrade
Geriatrics 2024, 9(5), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9050127 - 4 Oct 2024
Viewed by 461
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia is a muscular disease characterized by loss of muscular strength and function, affecting mainly women, and associated with increased mortality risk. The aim of this study was to compare active women with inactive women of different age groups regarding muscle mass, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia is a muscular disease characterized by loss of muscular strength and function, affecting mainly women, and associated with increased mortality risk. The aim of this study was to compare active women with inactive women of different age groups regarding muscle mass, strength, and muscle quality. Methods: This study included 147 women (85 runners and 62 inactive), divided into <50 and ≥50 years old. Participants were evaluated for knee flexor and extensor peak torque (PT), body composition, and training habits. Results: For knee extensor muscles, there was an age group effect (F(2.146) = 40.5; p < 0.001) on absolute PT (Nm); an age group effect (F(2.146) = 44.1; p < 0.001) and a physical activity group effect (F(2.146) = 113.0; p < 0.001) on PT adjusted by body mass (Nm/kg); and an age group effect (F(2.146) = 36.9; p < 0.001) and a physical activity group effect (F(2.146) = 6.1; p = 0.014) on PT adjusted by lean mass (Nm/kgLM). There was no interaction effect. Conclusion: In both age groups, active women had greater strength and higher muscle quality than inactive women, but the difference in strength, muscle mass, and muscle quality between younger and older women were the same among runners and inactive women. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults)
18 pages, 928 KiB  
Article
Facilitating Domestic and Civic-Style Activity in the Later Life of Army Veterans: The Influencing Culture of the Royal Hospital Chelsea
by Helen Cullen, Alison K. Osborne, Matthew D. Kiernan and Gemma Wilson-Menzfeld
Geriatrics 2024, 9(5), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9050121 - 15 Sep 2024
Viewed by 543
Abstract
The Royal Hospital Chelsea has been home to veterans of the British Army since 1692. Opportunities to remain physically active throughout the life course of its residents include participation in numerous hobbies within the quasi-military environment, and in the civic engagement representational role [...] Read more.
The Royal Hospital Chelsea has been home to veterans of the British Army since 1692. Opportunities to remain physically active throughout the life course of its residents include participation in numerous hobbies within the quasi-military environment, and in the civic engagement representational role of the Chelsea Pensioner. This study examines the influence the Royal Hospital Chelsea culture has on resident opportunities to remain active. A non-traditional mixed-methods convergent design was used across three participant groups. Staff and established residents engaged in semi-structured qualitative interviews, with established residents and a cohort of new residents completing Quality of Life questionnaires. The findings indicate established Chelsea Pensioners experienced a sense of pride and purpose, elevated social status, and increased life satisfaction as a result of engaging in multiple activities. New Chelsea Pensioners demonstrated a trend towards increased quality of life after six months’ residence at the Royal Hospital Chelsea. Further research is required to explore the transferability of similar interventions into other residential establishments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults)
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12 pages, 462 KiB  
Article
Challenges in Conducting Exercise Recovery Studies in Older Adults and Considerations for Future Research: Findings from a Nutritional Intervention Study
by Eleanor Jayne Hayes, Christopher Hurst, Antoneta Granic, Avan A. Sayer and Emma Stevenson
Geriatrics 2024, 9(5), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9050116 - 10 Sep 2024
Viewed by 462
Abstract
Maximising the potential benefit of resistance exercise (RE) programs by ensuring optimal recovery is an important aim of exercise prescription. Despite this, research surrounding recovery from RE in older adults is limited and inconsistent. The following randomised controlled trial was designed to investigate [...] Read more.
Maximising the potential benefit of resistance exercise (RE) programs by ensuring optimal recovery is an important aim of exercise prescription. Despite this, research surrounding recovery from RE in older adults is limited and inconsistent. The following randomised controlled trial was designed to investigate the efficacy of milk consumption for improving recovery from RE in older adults. However, the study encountered various challenges that may be applicable to similar studies. These include recruitment issues, a lack of measurable perturbations in muscle function following RE, and potential learning effects amongst participants. Various considerations for exercise research have arisen from the data which could inform the design of future studies in this area. These include (i) recruitment—consider ways in which the study design could be altered to aid recruitment or allow a longer recruitment period; (ii) learning effects and familiarisation—consider potential learning effects of outcome measures and adjust familiarisation accordingly; (iii) identify, validate and optimise protocols for outcome measures that are applicable for the specific population; (iv) adjust the exercise protocol according to the specific aims of the study (e.g., are you replicating a usual exercise bout or is the intent to cause large amounts of muscle damage?). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults)
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20 pages, 304 KiB  
Article
“Physical Activity Is Not the Answer to Everything, but It Is to a Lot”: Stakeholders’ Perceived Determinants of Implementing Physical Activity Interventions for Older Adults
by Janet M. Boekhout, Rieteke Hut, Jannique G. Z. van Uffelen, Gesa Czwikla and Denise A. Peels
Geriatrics 2024, 9(5), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9050113 - 4 Sep 2024
Viewed by 528
Abstract
Although many physical activity (PA) interventions for older adults have proven effective in controlled research settings, optimal implementation in real life remains challenging. This study identifies determinants perceived by stakeholders when implementing community-based PA interventions for older adults. We interviewed 31 stakeholders guided [...] Read more.
Although many physical activity (PA) interventions for older adults have proven effective in controlled research settings, optimal implementation in real life remains challenging. This study identifies determinants perceived by stakeholders when implementing community-based PA interventions for older adults. We interviewed 31 stakeholders guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Results showed that stakeholders are very specific about the role they can play in implementation, making collaboration between stakeholders crucial. Barriers and motivators were identified in the CFIR intervention characteristics domain (relative advantage, complexity and costs, evidence quality and strength, and adaptability and trialability), in the outer setting domain (cosmopolitism, patient needs, and external policy and incentives), in the inner setting domain (implementation climate, relative priority, compatibility and organizational incentives and rewards) and in the individual characteristics domain (knowledge and beliefs, and other personal attributes). An overarching theme was the stakeholders’ emphasis on aiming for broad health goals in interventions, as they perceive PA as a means to reach these goals rather than an end in itself. Another overarching theme requiring attention in future implementation efforts is the need to tailor implementation efforts to the specific needs of older adults as the end users of the intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults)
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15 pages, 251 KiB  
Article
“Exercise… to Me, It’s Freedom”: Motivation, Support, and Self-Management to Keep Physically Active with Parkinson’s Disease: A Qualitative Study
by Leanne Ahern, Catriona Curtin, Suzanne Timmons, Sarah E. Lamb and Ruth McCullagh
Geriatrics 2024, 9(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9040092 - 11 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1093
Abstract
The benefits of exercise have been widely explored among people with Parkinson’s (PwP). Exercise can improve non-motor (fatigue, pain, sleep, etc.) and motor features (balance, muscle strength, gait speed, etc.), maintain function, as well as prevent disease progression. Although the benefits are well [...] Read more.
The benefits of exercise have been widely explored among people with Parkinson’s (PwP). Exercise can improve non-motor (fatigue, pain, sleep, etc.) and motor features (balance, muscle strength, gait speed, etc.), maintain function, as well as prevent disease progression. Although the benefits are well known, PwP continue to show difficulty adhering to physical activity and exercise. This study aims to explore motivation to exercise, support, and self-management needs among people with Parkinson’s, their family members, and physiotherapists. Purposeful and maximum-variation sampling methods (age, sex, geographical setting, and disease severity) were employed. PwP and family members were recruited through physiotherapy services and local support groups. Twelve semi-structured interviews with PwP and two group interviews, one with family members (n = 4) and one with physiotherapists (n = 5), were conducted. Interview guides were informed by patient–public input and a recent systematic review. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis informed by the Grounded Theory methodology. Four common themes emerged: (1) The value of an intrinsic connection with exercise, for which there are challenges. A greater connection to exercise led to long-term adherence. (2) Adapting exercise to the needs and preferences of a person is essential. Preferred exercises and environments were mixed, with differences emerging between sexes. (3) Physiotherapists’ aim to only maintain physical function led to frustration. Limited self-management opportunities, stigma, and dehumanisation were discussed. (4) Non-motor symptoms, stigma, fear, and determination as well as apathy, pain, and low mood were discussed. Exercise provided physical, emotional, and social rewards. Supports are necessary; however, challenges arise when PwP’s motivations are mismatched to family members’ and physiotherapists’ goals. Co-created goals, tailored to their preferences, and exercise plans with supported self-management are recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults)
16 pages, 492 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of a Virtual Tai Chi Program for Older Veterans at Risk of Loneliness or Physical Deconditioning: A Quality Improvement Project
by Bonnie D. Dawson, Hallie E. Keller, Linda M. Sawyer, Shannon Gorman, Jerome A. Sabangan, Adam McPartlin, Sarah Payne, Karl J. Brown, Gail Li and Dennis H. Sullivan
Geriatrics 2024, 9(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9040091 - 9 Jul 2024
Viewed by 818
Abstract
This Quality Improvement project evaluated the implementation of a virtual Tai Chi program for older Veterans (OVs) at risk of loneliness and/or physical deconditioning. A 12-week Tai Chi course was conducted virtually at three Veterans Affairs sites using VA Video Connect (VVC). Changes [...] Read more.
This Quality Improvement project evaluated the implementation of a virtual Tai Chi program for older Veterans (OVs) at risk of loneliness and/or physical deconditioning. A 12-week Tai Chi course was conducted virtually at three Veterans Affairs sites using VA Video Connect (VVC). Changes in physical function based on the 30-Second Chair Stand (30CST) and loneliness based on the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGS) were measured, as were the OVs’ satisfaction and adherence. Of 109 OVs who enrolled, 74 completed the program with a mean attendance rate of 84%. Completers demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the 30CST, and those who were moderately or severely lonely at baseline saw a statistically significant improvement in the DJGS. Course evaluations were generally very positive. Results suggest that a virtual Tai Chi program is an effective and very satisfying intervention for OVs at risk of loneliness or physical deconditioning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults)
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19 pages, 685 KiB  
Article
Physical Performance, Body Composition, and Oral Health in Community-Residing Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Maria Esther Irigoyen-Camacho, Maria Consuelo Velazquez-Alva, Marco Antonio Zepeda-Zepeda, Irina Lazarevich, Antonio Castano-Seiquer and Javier Flores-Fraile
Geriatrics 2024, 9(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9040089 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1185
Abstract
Physical activity is essential for healthy aging. This study aimed to identify an association between physical performance, body fat percentage (%BF), and the perception of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in independent older adults. Method: A group of active older adults was [...] Read more.
Physical activity is essential for healthy aging. This study aimed to identify an association between physical performance, body fat percentage (%BF), and the perception of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in independent older adults. Method: A group of active older adults was selected from a government-sponsored reunion center in Mexico City. OHRQoL was assessed using the General Oral Health Index (GOHAI), and nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool. A short physical performance battery (SPPB) was applied, and, for body composition, DXA (dual X-ray absorptiometry) was conducted. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models, and marginal probabilities were obtained. Results: This study involved 366 participants; their mean age was 73.9 (±6.2) years, and 24.9% had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). OHRQoL information revealed that pain or discomfort in the oral cavity was perceived by 63.9% of the older adults during the previous three months. The SPPB score was low in 159 (43.44%) participants. The logistic regression model revealed that age (OR = 1.13, p < 0.001), T2DM (OR = 2.10, p = 0.009), the risk of malnutrition/malnutrition (OR = 1.76, p = 0.047), high %BF (OR = 1.09, <0.001), and poor OHRQoL (OR = 1.96, p = 0.009) were associated with deteriorated physical performance. Conclusion: OHRQoL self-perception, excess body fat, and nutritional status impacted physical performance. Aging well requires a comprehensive approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults)
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16 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
I Don’t Believe in Age; I Believe in Staying Enthusiastic”: An Exploratory Qualitative Study into Recruitment Strategies Stimulating Middle-Aged and Older Adults to Join Physical Activity Interventions
by Janet M. Boekhout, Rieteke Hut, Lilian Lechner and Denise A. Peels
Geriatrics 2024, 9(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9030080 - 13 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 975
Abstract
Many middle-aged and older adults (MAOAs) do not engage in sufficient physical activity (PA), despite its well-documented benefits for healthy aging. Existing PA interventions often fail to reach or engage the target population effectively. This study investigates MAOAs’ preferences for recruitment strategies to [...] Read more.
Many middle-aged and older adults (MAOAs) do not engage in sufficient physical activity (PA), despite its well-documented benefits for healthy aging. Existing PA interventions often fail to reach or engage the target population effectively. This study investigates MAOAs’ preferences for recruitment strategies to optimize the reach and uptake of PA interventions, thereby enhancing their impact on healthy aging and public health. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 39 MAOA participants (69% female, mean age = 69.46, SD = 7.07), guided by McGuire’s Theory on Persuasive Communication. Factors related to the source, message content, channel, receiver characteristics and target behavior of recruitment strategies were analyzed. Our findings suggest a preference for trustworthy sources (e.g., healthcare professionals over commercial entities) and positive, non-ageist messaging. MAOAs vary in their channel preferences but emphasize the importance of personalization. Despite heterogeneity, MAOAs commonly perceive themselves as sufficiently active, indicating a need for improved knowledge on what constitutes sufficient PA, as well as easy enrollment or trying out interventions. Tailoring recruitment strategies to diverse MAOA segments based on age seems crucial for effective engagement. Future research could explore quantitative research into how communication factors relate to various target population characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults)
12 pages, 464 KiB  
Article
An Assessment of Physical Activity and Risk Factors in People Living with Dementia: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in a Long-Term Care Facility in Vietnam
by Khanh Nam Do, Linh Thao Thi Le, Son Cong Dang, Ha Thu Thi Nguyen, Giang Thu Nguyen, Hang Van Thi Ngo, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Lieu Thu Thi Nguyen, Anh Kim Dang and Huong Thi Le
Geriatrics 2024, 9(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9030057 - 29 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1682
Abstract
Background: People living with dementia (PLWD) may experience substantial cognitive decline as the disease progresses, which interferes with their daily activities. This study aimed to assess physical activity (PA) performance and care dependency (CD) and identify factors related to PA among PLWD. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background: People living with dementia (PLWD) may experience substantial cognitive decline as the disease progresses, which interferes with their daily activities. This study aimed to assess physical activity (PA) performance and care dependency (CD) and identify factors related to PA among PLWD. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 63 PLWD from National Geriatrics Hospital, Vietnam, from 2021 to 2023. We used the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and Care Dependency Scale (CDS) to assess the nutritional status and the levels of PA and CD, respectively. We used the Mann–Whitney test to compare the differences in the PA types and CD levels between dementia levels and a multivariable logistics regression model to analyze factors related to PA. Results: More than half of the subjects had mild dementia. In total, 35% of the PLWD had a low level of PA, and 46.3% were completely independent of care. The mean score in each CDS aspect of the subjects with moderate/severe dementia was statistically significantly lower than that of those with mild dementia (p ≤ 0.05). Lower dependency (OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.88–0.99) and malnutrition (OR = 15.4; 95% CI = 1.18–20.21) were associated with insufficient PA in the PLWD. Conclusion: Formal caregivers and healthcare workers should encourage PLWD to perform physical activities at any level and personalize the development of tailored and nutritional care strategies for each individual. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults)
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