Hygiene

Ensuring optimal food hygiene is essential for food safety and preventing foodborne illness, although the importance of food hygiene is often overlooked in the household kitchen setting. Adequate, good hygiene practices in the domestic environment are equally important as their implementation in any other food preparation environment, like in the food industry. The current review encompasses research data on the prevalence and isolation of major foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli pathotypes, and Clostridium perfringens) from household kitchen equipment, as well as food cleaning utensils used in the kitchen, such as sponges, brushes, dishcloths, and hand towels. The most common bacterial pathogen present in the domestic environment is S. aureus. The latter can be transmitted orally, either via direct hand contact with contaminated kitchen surfaces and/or cleaning utensils, or indirectly through the consumption of contaminated food due to cross-contamination during food preparation (e.g., portioning prepared meat on the same cutting board surface and with the same knife previously used to cut fresh leafy vegetables). Moreover, research findings on the hygiene of food cleaning utensils demonstrate that (i) sponges have the highest microbial load compared to all other cleaning utensils, (ii) brushes are less contaminated and more hygienic than sponges, thus safer for cleaning cutlery and kitchen utensils, and (iii) kitchen dishcloths and hand towels positively contribute to cross-contamination since they are frequently used for multiple purposes at the same time (e.g., drying hands and wiping/removing excess moisture from dishes). Finally, the present review clearly addresses the emerging issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial pathogens and the role of the domestic kitchen environment in AMR dissemination. These issues add complexity to foodborne risk management, linking household practices to broader AMR stewardship initiatives.

The central venous catheter (CVC) is essential in the management of pediatric patients, allowing the administration of medications, parenteral nutrition, and other treatments. However, its use carries a high risk of central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) and catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI). Advanced chlorhexidine-impregnated dressings have been developed to reduce bacterial colonization, but their effectiveness in the pediatric population remains uncertain. The aim of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of chlorhexidine-impregnated dressings compared to standard dressings in reducing CLABSI, CRBSI, and CVC colonization in pediatric patients. Randomized clinical trials published between 2005 and 2021 in PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase, in Italian or English, were selected. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Relevant data were extracted and summarized in tables. Four studies, including a total of 733 pediatric patients (367 intervention, 366 control), were included. None reported a statistically significant reduction in CLABSI/CRBSI with the use of chlorhexidine-impregnated dressings. However, two studies showed a significant reduction in catheter colonization in the intervention group. Current evidence does not support a superior effect of chlorhexidine-impregnated dressings in preventing CLABSI/CRBSI in pediatric patients, although they may reduce catheter colonization. Randomized trials with larger samples and specific methodologies are needed to clarify the true clinical impact.

Period poverty refers to the lack of access to or affordability of menstrual hygiene supplies such as sanitary products and the inaccessibility of washing facilities, waste disposal and educational materials. Period poverty can significantly affect menstruating individuals’ physical, mental, and reproductive health and emotional wellbeing; negatively impact educational outcomes; cause financial strain; result in absenteeism from work and school; create barriers to healthcare access; and perpetuate poor health outcomes for generations. Barriers to menstrual equity include lack of access to period support, cost, poor sanitary facilities, lack of education, social and cultural stigma, and legal restrictions. Therefore, it is crucial to actively advocate for initiatives to increase access to menstrual hygiene products, raise public awareness, and educate individuals on safe menstrual practices. Approximately 500 million girls and women worldwide and an estimated 16.9 million people in the United States experience period poverty, with the issue being particularly common among marginalized groups such as Black or Hispanic menstruating individuals and those who are homeless, living in poverty, of low income, or attending college. This article investigates the physical, psychological, educational and social impacts of inequitable access to menstrual products, menstrual education, and sanitation facilities among menstruating individuals who are Black, Hispanic or of low income within the United States. We examine the threat this poses to health equity and propose recommendations to address this pervasive issue.