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New Advances in Interpersonal Violence

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (23 March 2023) | Viewed by 60755

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
Interests: child abuse; intimate partner violence; family violence; child-to-parent violence

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Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
Interests: intimate partner violence; neuroscience

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
Interests: intimate partner violence; violence against women; partner aggressors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Given the rise in interpersonal violence over recent years, there has been growing scientific, social, and clinical interest in the subject. The social alarm generated by the media and the increase in reports to the police has brought this problem to the public eye, a problem which, despite the advances that have been made, still shows worrying official figures.

Interpersonal violence can manifest in different ways, but principally through family violence and violence between people who know each other. A whole range of violent relationships can be identified that constitute a serious problem because of the suffering of the victims and the consequences of the aftermath. Within the range of interpersonal violence, we can highlight intimate partner violence, child abuse, child sexual abuse, child-to-parent violence, maltreatment of the elderly, bullying, cyberbullying, and mobbing, among others.

The magnitude of the problem requires research to be carried out aimed at investigating the violent relationships that occur in different contexts and whose nature may be physical, psychological, sexual, economic, academic, or labor. Currently, the different works of research have determined that there is no single cause that could explain interpersonal violence, but that there is a multitude of interconnected dynamics that contribute to the occurrence of this problem. All these forms of violence are characterized by a relationship of inequality between aggressor and victim, and many take place in a context of privacy that makes their detection more difficult.

The early detection of these forms of violence and the setting up of prevention and intervention measures are key elements for protecting the victims and preventing these problems from becoming chronic.

For all the above reasons, we consider it is necessary to pay closer attention to this ever more visible social problem that continues to grow.

For this Special Issue, we invite you to submit articles on high-quality original research or reviews that provide contributions to this field.

Dr. Juan Manuel Moreno-Manso
Dr. Natalia Bueso-Izquierdo
Dr. Mónica Molina
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • intimate partner violence
  • gender-based violence
  • child abuse
  • child sexual abuse
  • child-to-parent violence
  • victimization
  • aggressors in gender-based violence
  • maltreatment of the elderly
  • bullying
  • cyberbullying
  • mobbing

Published Papers (18 papers)

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12 pages, 383 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Affective Coexistence in Young Afro-Colombians in the Department of Chocó-Colombia
by Carolina Bringas Molleda, Manuel Beltrán Espitia, Yineth Mosquera Ruiz, Javier Herrero Díez and Francisco Javier Rodríguez Díaz
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(2), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021147 - 9 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1229
Abstract
Various works of research into violence in relationships between young couples refer to a lack of perception of some behavior patterns such as abuse. This means that the relationship has the potential risk of developing into one of victimization should it last into [...] Read more.
Various works of research into violence in relationships between young couples refer to a lack of perception of some behavior patterns such as abuse. This means that the relationship has the potential risk of developing into one of victimization should it last into adulthood. Although it has been shown that this phenomenon may occur in any sector of the population, the interest of our study rests upon determining the prevalence of the perception of violent behavior patterns in relationships between adolescent and young adult couples. We also aim to analyze the differences obtained with respect to the characteristics of the aggressors in the young Afro-Colombian population of Quibdó, Colombia. The participants in the study consisted of 540 young Afro-Colombians of both sexes between 15 and 27 years of age. The instrument used was the reduced version of the Dating Violence Questionnaire. The results show a high level of victimization through violent behavior on the part of the partner, in great measure exercised by generalist aggressors. However, a small proportion could be perceived as abuse. The implications and possible means of intervention are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
18 pages, 14232 KiB  
Article
Unveiling Frequently Co-Occurring Reasons of Attitudinal Acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence against Women: A Behavioral Data Science Perspective
by Muhammad Yasir, Ayesha Ashraf, Muhammad Umar Chaudhry, Syeda Azra Batool, Syeda Shahida Batool, Elzbieta Jasinska, Zbigniew Leonowicz and Michal Jasinski
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12429; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912429 - 29 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1250
Abstract
The results of gender equality indicators across the world in the form of prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women are striking and has thus drawn the attention of policy makers as well as necessitates the adoption of a comprehensive system to [...] Read more.
The results of gender equality indicators across the world in the form of prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women are striking and has thus drawn the attention of policy makers as well as necessitates the adoption of a comprehensive system to deal with. The situation of IPV in Pakistan is alarming. This study examines the acceptability attitude of women and men toward intimate partner violence against women through data science. It discovers and contrasts the frequently co-occurring reasons due to which husbands’ behaviour of beating their wives is believed to be legitimate by both partners in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Though the discovered frequently co-occurring reasons, such as “arguing with the husband and neglecting the children” altogether, are similar in both genders but the fraction of wives believing in such reasons are significantly greater than that of husbands. This psychological disparity across genders could help in identifying the social and cultural factors to whom this disparity is attributed. It is expected that the identified co-occurring groups of reasons would help to understand the problem to the next level and devise better strategies to mitigate them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
23 pages, 1726 KiB  
Article
School Bullying Is Not a Conflict: The Interplay between Conflict Management Styles, Bullying Victimization and Psychological School Adjustment
by Christoph Burger
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11809; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811809 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7223
Abstract
It has been argued that adaptive conflict management styles may protect students against bullying victimization and against negative effects of ongoing victimization on psychological school adjustment. Moreover, maladaptive conflict management styles may lead to victimization or intensify negative effects of victimization on school [...] Read more.
It has been argued that adaptive conflict management styles may protect students against bullying victimization and against negative effects of ongoing victimization on psychological school adjustment. Moreover, maladaptive conflict management styles may lead to victimization or intensify negative effects of victimization on school adjustment. Mediation and moderation models were computed to test these effects. Furthermore, a person-oriented approach compared noninvolved students, victims, and bully-victims regarding conflict management styles and school adjustment. A total of 172 individuals (77.2% female, mean age: 22.7 years) completed a retrospective online questionnaire about conflict management styles, bullying victimization and school adjustment during their school years. In the mediation model, conflict management styles were not associated with victimization, but there was a positive direct effect of the integrating style on school adjustment. In the moderation model, the integrating style moderated the negative effect of victimization on school adjustment but did not buffer against the negative effects when victimization was high. Person-oriented comparisons showed that victims used the obliging style more often than bully-victims. Furthermore, victims and bully-victims showed lower school adjustment than noninvolved students. Overall, results corroborate the view that school bullying is qualitatively different from normal peer conflicts. Implications for researchers, policymakers, school principals and teachers are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
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17 pages, 409 KiB  
Article
Typology of Victimization against Women on Adolescent Girls in Three Contexts: Dating Offline, Dating Online, and Sexual Harassment Online
by María José Díaz-Aguado, Rosario Martínez-Arias and Laia Falcón
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11774; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811774 - 18 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1810
Abstract
Defining the typologies of adolescent girls in relation to different types of victimization against women could be very useful for prevention. Almost all the typologies previously elaborated on this topic define the typologies from situations of dating victimization. This study used cluster analysis [...] Read more.
Defining the typologies of adolescent girls in relation to different types of victimization against women could be very useful for prevention. Almost all the typologies previously elaborated on this topic define the typologies from situations of dating victimization. This study used cluster analysis to establish for the first time a typology of adolescent girl victimization against women that included dating violence offline, dating violence online, and sexual harassment online outside a relationship by means of a comparative analysis of behavior between those who had suffered this violence and the population at large. The participants were 3.532 Spanish teenage girls aged 14–18 with experience of relationships with boys. Three discrete, identifiable types were obtained: the first group (63.8%), non-victim girls; the second group (29.4%), victims of sexual harassment online outside a relationship but with a low incidence of dating victimization; the third group (6.8%), victims in the three contexts. The logistic regression analysis showed that risky sexual behavior online was the main risk condition for inclusion in the second and third groups (compared to the non-victim group), followed by low self-esteem (for the second group) and age (for both groups). Other variables that also contributed to predicting membership victim groups were health complaints, feminine gender role stress, justification of male dominance and violence, visiting risky websites, and problematic internet use. These results show the importance of including the prevention of such problems in order to eradicate violence against women in adolescence who have grown up with digital technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
24 pages, 2826 KiB  
Article
Humor Styles, Bullying Victimization and Psychological School Adjustment: Mediation, Moderation and Person-Oriented Analyses
by Christoph Burger
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11415; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811415 - 10 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4847
Abstract
Humor can be both adaptive and maladaptive and plays a role in bullying victimization and school adjustment. It was hypothesized that humor styles decrease or increase victimization, which in turn affects school adjustment. Furthermore, humor might moderate effects of victimization on school adjustment. [...] Read more.
Humor can be both adaptive and maladaptive and plays a role in bullying victimization and school adjustment. It was hypothesized that humor styles decrease or increase victimization, which in turn affects school adjustment. Furthermore, humor might moderate effects of victimization on school adjustment. Moreover, a person-oriented approach could improve our understanding of group differences in these variables. An online questionnaire retrospectively surveyed emerging adults (N = 172; 77.2% female; mean age: 22.7 years) with respect to humor style use, bullying victimization and school adjustment. Mediation and moderation analyses were computed, and two sets of person-oriented analyses compared victims, bully-victims and noninvolved students on humor styles and school adjustment, and three latent humor-related groups (overall-high, adaptive-high and adaptive-low) on victimization and school adjustment. Victimization fully mediated the positive effect of affiliative humor and partially mediated the negative effect of self-defeating humor on school adjustment. The negative effect of victimization on school adjustment was magnified by self-defeating humor and attenuated by aggressive humor. Bully-victims used both aggressive and self-defeating humor more frequently, and victims used aggressive and affiliative humor less frequently. Furthermore, both victims and bully-victims showed lower school adjustment. Finally, the adaptive-high humor group showed lower victimization and higher school adjustment. Implications for school interventions are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
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12 pages, 375 KiB  
Article
Moral Disengagement Mechanisms and Personality Dimensions Implicit to Homophobia
by José Antonio González-Fuentes, Juan Manuel Moreno-Manso, Mónica Guerrero-Molina, Eloísa Guerrero-Barona and María Elena García-Baamonde
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8583; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148583 - 14 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1799
Abstract
Recent advances in sexual equality and diversity have not been able to mitigate the serious problem of discrimination suffered by sexual minorities. The most serious cases involve violence and physical or psychological aggression towards sexual orientations that differ from the heterosexual norm. This [...] Read more.
Recent advances in sexual equality and diversity have not been able to mitigate the serious problem of discrimination suffered by sexual minorities. The most serious cases involve violence and physical or psychological aggression towards sexual orientations that differ from the heterosexual norm. This research analyses the dimensions of the personality and the moral disengagement mechanisms related to homophobia and the predictive value they have for hostile attitudes towards sexual diversity. The sample was made up of 849 university students between 18 and 24 years of age. The instruments used were the Modern Homophobia Scale (MHS), the Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale (MMDS), and the reduced version of the Neo Personality Inventory—Reduced Version (NEO-FFI). The results show the involvement of moral disengagement in homophobia. It highlights evidence of subtle intimidatory behaviour patterns of rejection towards homosexuality. Furthermore, the low levels in the dimensions of a friendly personality and openness to experiences can be seen to predict homophobic behaviour. Thus, young people fall back on diverse mechanisms of moral disengagement to justify harmful attitudes towards the LGTBI collective. The results of the research are particularly relevant and useful for setting up programmes aimed at preventing and mitigating this serious problem of sexual discrimination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
13 pages, 374 KiB  
Article
Ragging, a Form of University Violence in Sri Lanka—Prevalence, Self-Perceived Health Consequences, Help-Seeking Behavior and Associated Factors
by Ayanthi Wickramasinghe, Birgitta Essén, Shirin Ziaei, Rajendra Surenthirakumaran and Pia Axemo
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8383; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148383 - 8 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2620
Abstract
Ragging is an initiation ritual practiced in Sri Lankan universities for generations, although research is scarce. This practice has several adverse consequences such as physical, psychological, and behavioral effects and increased university dropouts. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence [...] Read more.
Ragging is an initiation ritual practiced in Sri Lankan universities for generations, although research is scarce. This practice has several adverse consequences such as physical, psychological, and behavioral effects and increased university dropouts. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of different types of ragging: emotional/verbal, physical and sexual ragging, self-perceived health consequences, help-seeking behavior, and factors associated with the experience of ragging. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 623, second- and third-year students from the medical, and technology faculties in Jaffna University. Bivariate associations were assessed using chi-squared tests. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with any type of ragging. Ragging was experienced by 59% of the students, emotional/verbal ragging being the most common. A total of 54% of students suffered one or more health consequences and mainly sought help from friends and family, with few seeking formal help. Factors associated with any type of ragging were faculty and year of study. This study emphasizes the urgent need to address this public health problem. It is important that there are adequate student support services, planning and implementation of effective interventions, as well as ensuring that existing policies are strengthened, to reduce or eliminate ragging in Sri Lanka. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
14 pages, 410 KiB  
Article
Hormonal Profile in Response to an Empathic Induction Task in Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Oxytocin/Testosterone Ratio and Social Cognition
by Javier Comes-Fayos, Ángel Romero-Martínez, Isabel Rodríguez Moreno, María Carmen Blanco-Gandía, Marta Rodríguez-Arias, Marisol Lila, Concepción Blasco-Ros, Sara Bressanutti and Luis Moya-Albiol
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7897; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137897 - 27 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1880
Abstract
Empathy deficits have been proposed to be an important factor for intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV perpetrators have shown a differential change in salivary oxytocin (sOXT), testosterone (sT), and cortisol (sC), following empathic and stress tasks, compared to non-violent men. However, the influence [...] Read more.
Empathy deficits have been proposed to be an important factor for intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV perpetrators have shown a differential change in salivary oxytocin (sOXT), testosterone (sT), and cortisol (sC), following empathic and stress tasks, compared to non-violent men. However, the influence of empathic deficits in those hormones after an emotion-induction task in IPV perpetrators remains unclear. We analyzed the effects of an empathic induction task on endogenous sOXT, sT and sC levels, as well as their hormonal ratios, in IPV perpetrators (n = 12), and compared them to controls (n = 12). Additionally, we explored the predictive capacity of empathy-related functions (measured with the interpersonal reactivity index) in the hormonal responses to the task. IPV perpetrators presented lower sOXT changes and higher total sT levels than controls after the task, lower sOXT/T change and total sOXT/T levels, as well as higher total sT/C levels. Notably, for all participants, the lower the perspective taking score, the lower the total sOXT levels and sOXT changes and the higher the sT changes were. Low perspective taking also predicted smaller sOXT/T and sOXT/C changes in the empathic induction task, and higher total sT/C levels for all participants. Therefore, our results could contribute to furthering our ability to focus on new therapeutic targets, increasing the effectiveness of intervention programs and helping to reduce IPV recidivism in the medium term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
9 pages, 345 KiB  
Article
Profile of Subclinical Psychopathy in Spanish University Students
by Carlos Barbosa-Torres, Mónica Guerrero-Molina, Juan Manuel Moreno-Manso, María Elena García-Baamonde and Natalia Bueso-Izquierdo
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7607; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137607 - 22 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1305
Abstract
Psychopaths are portrayed as deceitful, manipulative, domineering and narcissistic; the result of an irregular and irresponsible interpersonal style that harms both the psychopath him/herself and others. Furthermore, psychopathy is frequently associated with both violent and antisocial conduct. However, subclinical psychopaths are known for [...] Read more.
Psychopaths are portrayed as deceitful, manipulative, domineering and narcissistic; the result of an irregular and irresponsible interpersonal style that harms both the psychopath him/herself and others. Furthermore, psychopathy is frequently associated with both violent and antisocial conduct. However, subclinical psychopaths are known for manifesting this type of profile without committing crimes. The objective of this study is to examine the differences that exist in subclinical psychopathy concerning gender, the number of intimate relationships and the age of the university student. The number of university students participating was 1289. They were given the Integrated/Subclinical Psychopathy Questionnaire (CUPIS). The results show that, in subclinical psychopathy, men present higher scores than women and younger persons have higher scores than older persons. In addition, the scores in psychopathy are higher for students who have had a larger number of intimate relationships. The contributions of this study allow us to determine the profile associated with subclinical psychopathy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
11 pages, 354 KiB  
Article
Non-Normality as a Predictor of Participation in Bullying: Valuation in Victims and Aggressors
by Raúl Carretero Bermejo, Alberto Nolasco Hernández and Laura Gracia Sánchez
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 6344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106344 - 23 May 2022
Viewed by 1546
Abstract
Bullying is related to several variables, including diversity and variables that place the victim outside of normality. However, it is not easy to find a single meaning of normality. The present study has two main objectives: to find out whether victims are evaluated [...] Read more.
Bullying is related to several variables, including diversity and variables that place the victim outside of normality. However, it is not easy to find a single meaning of normality. The present study has two main objectives: to find out whether victims are evaluated as non-normal and to find out whether aggressors are evaluated as non-normal. A cross-sectional, correlational, and quantitative study was designed, focusing on a representative sample of secondary school students from the Community of Madrid. The sample consisted of 2076 participants and was constructed using a stratified, proportional, and random sampling technique. To gather this information, a questionnaire was constructed. It includes a first section where sociodemographic and normality information is collected, and a second section made up of the Defensor del pueblo-UNICEF Bullying Questionnaire. The reliability and consistency of the questionnaire are acceptable (Cronbach’s alpha 0.91). For the comparison of means between groups, a Student’s t-test was applied, and the correlation between variables was calculated by applying the bivariate correlation test. Results show that victims are evaluated as non-normal while aggressors are perceived as normal. This implies that the risk of being involved in bullying situations as a victim can be predicted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
13 pages, 383 KiB  
Article
Youth Serial Killers: Psychological and Criminological Profiles
by María Elena García-Baamonde, Macarena Blázquez-Alonso, Juan Manuel Moreno-Manso, Eloísa Guerrero-Barona and Mónica Guerrero-Molina
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5359; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095359 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 12114
Abstract
Serial murder is a specific type of violent crime that falls into the crime category of multicide. According to the nomenclature of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Violent Crime Classification Manual and Academic Researchers for the Classification of Violent Crimes, most serial killers [...] Read more.
Serial murder is a specific type of violent crime that falls into the crime category of multicide. According to the nomenclature of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Violent Crime Classification Manual and Academic Researchers for the Classification of Violent Crimes, most serial killers are adults. However, serial murder is also committed by young people, although to a lesser extent. Young serial killers are a topic of relevance in areas such as psychology, criminology, and the justice system. Given that the study of the variables that could be the basis of such multicide criminality is not conclusive, the need for further research is evident. The homicides perpetrated by children and young people point to a social panorama that is alarming due to their young age. This issue is prevalent enough to conduct a review. The performed review concludes the importance of psychosocial factors to better understand the process by which children and young people commit crimes as serious as serial murders. The scope of the problem of serial murders perpetrated by minors is controversial because it often depends on how the number of real cases is counted. Although official statistics indicate the low prevalence of juvenile serial killers, childhood is a period in which antisocial behaviour can have its beginning. Some authors consider that it is not uncommon for the first murder of this type to occur in adolescence. It is important to consider psychopathy as an influential factor in the various forms of serial criminal conduct committed by children and young people. The research works consulted provide evidence of the special relevance of psychopathy in the generation of serious juvenile delinquency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
13 pages, 369 KiB  
Article
Victims of Known and Unknown Cyberstalkers: A Questionnaire Survey in an Italian Sample
by Tatiana Begotti, Mariano Alex Ghigo and Daniela Acquadro Maran
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4883; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084883 - 17 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2005
Abstract
Cyberstalking is a behavior in which an individual, group, or organization uses information technology to harass one or more people, with possible consequences for the victims. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of cyberstalking in terms of physical and [...] Read more.
Cyberstalking is a behavior in which an individual, group, or organization uses information technology to harass one or more people, with possible consequences for the victims. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of cyberstalking in terms of physical and emotional consequences, depression, anxiety symptoms, attitudes toward telling of cyberstalking experiences, and coping strategies, comparing young adult victims of known cyberstalkers with those harassed by strangers. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 689 individuals. Of these, 242 victims were included in the analysis: 115 victims of unknown (UC) and 127 of known cyberstalkers (KC). The results emphasize that victims of KC more often reported fatigue as a physical symptom and sadness and lack of trust in others as emotional symptoms. In addition, scores for depressive symptoms and anxiety did not differ significantly between the two groups, whereas significantly higher scores for trait anxiety were found among victims of KC. Finally, victims of KC were significantly more inclined to use alcohol and drugs, reduce social contact with friends, buy a weapon, and try to reason with the cyberstalker, while victims of UC were more inclined to block online contact and ask a social network administrator to intervene. Implications of the findings were discussed, such as the need to intervene immediately and to promote victims’ ability to seek help. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
21 pages, 427 KiB  
Article
Using Mixed Methods Integration to Evaluate the Structure of Help-Seeking Barriers Scale: A Survivor-Centered Approach
by Karen Birna Thorvaldsdottir, Sigridur Halldorsdottir and Denise M. Saint Arnault
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074297 - 3 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2897
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of adverse health and trauma-related outcomes associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), help-seeking and service utilization among survivors is low. This study is part of a larger mixed-methods and survivor-centered validation study on the Icelandic Barriers to Help-Seeking for [...] Read more.
Despite the high prevalence of adverse health and trauma-related outcomes associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), help-seeking and service utilization among survivors is low. This study is part of a larger mixed-methods and survivor-centered validation study on the Icelandic Barriers to Help-Seeking for Trauma (BHS-TR) scale, a new barriers measure focused on trauma recovery. A mixed-methods legitimation strategy of integration was employed to evaluate the BHS-TR structure in samples of IPV survivors. The merging of qualitative (n = 17) and quantitative (n = 137) data through a joint display analysis revealed mainly complementarity findings, strengthening the scale’s overall trustworthiness and validity evidence. Divergent findings involved items about mistrust, perceived rejection, stigmatization, fearing vulnerability, and safeguarding efforts that were significant help-seeking barriers in the survivors’ narratives, whereas factor analysis indicated their removal. These BHS-TR items were critically evaluated in an iterative spiraling process that supported the barriers’ influence, illuminated core issues, and guided potential refinements. This work contributes to the growing field of mixed methods instrument validation placing equal status on qualitative and quantitative methods and emphasizing integration to provide more complete insights. Moreover, the study’s findings highlight the added value of further exploring divergence between two sets of data and the importance of giving attention to the voices of the target population throughout the validation process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
19 pages, 421 KiB  
Article
Minority Identity, Othering-Based Stress, and Sexual Violence
by Lotte De Schrijver, Elizaveta Fomenko, Barbara Krahé, Kristien Roelens, Tom Vander Beken and Ines Keygnaert
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4221; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074221 - 1 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2681
Abstract
Background: Some (minority) groups (MGs) are more vulnerable to sexual violence (SV) exposure than others. Othering-based stress (OBS) may mediate the relationship between minority identification and SV. This study aims to assess the prevalence of SV in different MGs to explore the relationship [...] Read more.
Background: Some (minority) groups (MGs) are more vulnerable to sexual violence (SV) exposure than others. Othering-based stress (OBS) may mediate the relationship between minority identification and SV. This study aims to assess the prevalence of SV in different MGs to explore the relationship between minority identification and SV, to investigate whether belonging to multiple MGs moderates this relationship, and to explore OBS SV moderation for different MGs. Method: Through an online survey administered to a nationally representative sample in Belgium, data was collected from 4632 persons, of whom 21.01% self-identified as belonging to a MG (SI-Minority). SV prevalence was measured using behaviorally specific questions based on the WHO definition of SV. SI-Minority participants received an additional scale on OBS. Results: SI-Minority participants reported more SV victimization compared to the non-minorities. However, this increased risk was not moderated by minority identification but linked to the socio-demographic SV risk markers common to minority individuals. Multiple-minority participants were found more at risk of SV compared to single-minority respondents. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, pan-/omnisexual, asexual, and other non-heterosexual (LGB+) participants were found more at risk than heterosexual participants. OBS was found to be significantly correlated to SV in sexual and gender minorities and in cultural minorities. Conclusions: This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between minority identification, OBS, and SV. Studying both specific and common SV vulnerabilities and outcomes within specific societal subgroups and the general population may inform policy makers when allocating resources to those interventions with the largest societal impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
21 pages, 940 KiB  
Article
Understanding and Measuring Help-Seeking Barriers among Intimate Partner Violence Survivors: Mixed-Methods Validation Study of the Icelandic Barriers to Help-Seeking for Trauma (BHS-TR) Scale
by Karen Birna Thorvaldsdottir, Sigridur Halldorsdottir and Denise M. Saint Arnault
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010104 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4127
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global human rights violation of vast proportions and a severe public health problem. Despite high rates of adverse outcomes related to IPV, help-seeking and service utilization among survivors is low. This exploratory sequential mixed-methods study [...] Read more.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global human rights violation of vast proportions and a severe public health problem. Despite high rates of adverse outcomes related to IPV, help-seeking and service utilization among survivors is low. This exploratory sequential mixed-methods study using a combined etic–emic approach describes the validation of the Icelandic Barriers to Help-Seeking for Trauma (BHS-TR) scale. The qualitative phase involved developing new items based on the experiences of 17 Icelandic IPV survivors, identifying barriers including beliefs that help-seeking is a sign of weakness, and the desire to safeguard oneself from re-traumatization. The quantitative phase examined the psychometrics of the BHS-TR in a sample of 137 IPV survivors in Iceland. Results supported an eight-factor structure (Financial Concerns; Unavailable/Not Helpful; External Constraints; Inconvenience; Weakness/Vulnerability; Problem Management Beliefs; Frozen/Confused; and Shame), which when grouped comprised two indices of Structural and Internal Barriers. The scale’s internal consistency was high (α  =  0.87), and the results provided evidence of convergent, discriminant, and known-group validity. This study adds to the growing literature supporting the advantages of applying mixed methods for instrument development and validation, and its results highlight the significance of giving rise to the voices of survivors. The BHS-TR is the first trauma-specific and survivor-centered measure of help-seeking barriers available in Iceland. It can be used to provide valuable information that may guide the development of evidence-based interventions to break down barriers and help survivors find ways to trauma recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
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Review

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13 pages, 493 KiB  
Review
Psychological Tasks Used in Neuroimaging with Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence against Women: A Systematic Review
by Natalia Bueso-Izquierdo, Judit Caro Cabeza, Carlos Barbosa-Torres, Mónica Guerrero-Molina and Juan Manuel Moreno-Manso
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(15), 8971; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158971 - 23 Jul 2022
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Abstract
This bibliographic review analyses the utility for psychologists of using neuroimaging tests and psychological or neuropsychological tests at the same time for studying the functioning of the brain in male abusers condemned for intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW). So as to be [...] Read more.
This bibliographic review analyses the utility for psychologists of using neuroimaging tests and psychological or neuropsychological tests at the same time for studying the functioning of the brain in male abusers condemned for intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW). So as to be able to find an answer, we reviewed the available studies that investigated the structure or functioning of the brain. The results of these reviewed works of research show the benefits of using neuroimaging applied to male abusers, together with the use, either simultaneously or not, of other types of psychological, neuropsychological, or observational tests to complement and/or amplify the results of the neuroimaging techniques, as this can help us to advance in the knowledge of neuroscience as concerns the mind of the male abuser. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
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11 pages, 565 KiB  
Review
Technology-Based Mental Health Interventions for Domestic Violence Victims Amid COVID-19
by Zhaohui Su, Ali Cheshmehzangi, Dean McDonnell, Hengcai Chen, Junaid Ahmad, Sabina Šegalo and Claudimar Pereira da Veiga
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074286 - 3 Apr 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4947
Abstract
Introduction: Domestic violence is a threat to human dignity and public health. Mounting evidence shows that domestic violence erodes personal and public health, spawning issues such as lifelong mental health challenges. To further compound the situation, COVID-19 and societies’ poor response to the [...] Read more.
Introduction: Domestic violence is a threat to human dignity and public health. Mounting evidence shows that domestic violence erodes personal and public health, spawning issues such as lifelong mental health challenges. To further compound the situation, COVID-19 and societies’ poor response to the pandemic have not only worsened the domestic violence crisis but also disrupted mental health services for domestic violence victims. While technology-based health solutions can overcome physical constraints posed by the pandemic and offer timely support to address domestic violence victims’ mental health issues, there is a dearth of research in the literature. To bridge the research gap, in this study, we aim to examine technology-based mental health solutions for domestic violence victims amid COVID-19. Methods: A literature review was conducted to examine solutions that domestic violence victims can utilize to safeguard and improve their mental health amid COVID-19. Databases including PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus were utilized for the literature search. The search was focused on four themes: domestic violence, mental health, technology-based interventions, and COVID-19. A reverse search of pertinent references was conducted in Google Scholar. The social ecological model was utilized to systematically structure the review findings. Results: The findings show that a wide array of technology-based solutions has been proposed to address mental health challenges faced by domestic violence victims amid COVID-19. However, none of these proposals is based on empirical evidence amid COVID-19. In terms of social and ecological levels of influence, most of the interventions were developed on the individual level, as opposed to the community level or social level, effectively placing the healthcare responsibility on the victims rather than government and health officials. Furthermore, most of the articles failed to address risks associated with utilizing technology-based interventions (e.g., privacy issues) or navigating the online environment (e.g., cyberstalking). Conclusion: Overall, our findings highlight the need for greater research endeavors on the research topic. Although technology-based interventions have great potential in resolving domestic violence victims’ mental health issues, risks associated with these health solutions should be comprehensively acknowledged and addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
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Other

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9 pages, 327 KiB  
Commentary
Intimate Partner Violence in the COVID-19 Era: A Health, Psychological, Forensic and Legal Perspective
by Giussy Barbara, Alessia Viero, Irene Pellizzone, Laura Buggio, Federica Facchin, Cristina Cattaneo, Maria Elisa D’Amico, Paolo Vercellini and Alessandra Kustermann
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 4973; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094973 - 20 Apr 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2362
Abstract
This commentary aims to provide a multidisciplinary framework on intimate partner violence (IPV) during the COVID-19 pandemic (with a specific focus on the most predominant form of gender-based violence, i.e., male violence towards women), commenting on the multiple negative consequences of the pandemic [...] Read more.
This commentary aims to provide a multidisciplinary framework on intimate partner violence (IPV) during the COVID-19 pandemic (with a specific focus on the most predominant form of gender-based violence, i.e., male violence towards women), commenting on the multiple negative consequences of the pandemic on gender violence and providing elements of effective practice. We searched literature for reports/studies on the issue of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on health, psychological, forensic, and legal aspects. The combined effects of lockdowns, isolation at home with abusive partners, quarantine, and economic worries/loss of a job could significantly facilitate violence against women and, at the same time, diminish women’s chances to seek for help, with a strong negative impact on their life. The continued offer of clinical, psychological, forensic, and legal services for survivors of violence, despite the modifications to the provision of these services due to the new needs related to the COVID-19 pandemic, appears of utmost importance. All actions to support survivors of IPV are expected to be multidisciplinary, including the involvement of social and/or legal services and health systems, and woman-centred. Implementing these measures in the COVID-19 era appears challenging but is of primary importance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Interpersonal Violence)
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