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Information
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IoT-Based Systems for Safe and Secure Smart Cities
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IoT-Based Systems for Safe and Secure Smart Cities

A special issue of Information (ISSN 2078-2489). This special issue belongs to the section "Internet of Things (IoT)".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 14757

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Maria Luisa Villani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ENEA National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, 00196 Rome, Italy
Interests: tools for risk assessment and resilience of critical infrastructures to natural hazards; ontologies; knowledge graphs; IoT system architectures for public security; smart cities
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rita Zgheib

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computer Engineering and Computational Science, Canadian University Dubai, UAE
Interests: disease and epidemic detection; healthcare applications; IoT architecture; ontologies; semantic reasoning; machine learning; software engineering
Dr. Antonio De Nicola

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ENEA-Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
Interests: Artificial Intelligence; computational creativity; linked data; ontology; ontology engineering; crisis management; resilience; risk assessment; smart city
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

IoT and, more generally, sensor-based systems provide the building blocks for the majority of smart city applications, spanning from domain-specific support services, such as for mobility, home, economy, health, and infrastructure, to large-scale and interoperable networked systems realized by local digital twin hubs. Thus, safety and security are among the requirements to be addressed for many of these systems at development and during run-time.

IoT-based systems specifically devoted to urban security and safety are of great interest for smart cities, with challenges related to real-time requirements, accuracy, scalability, and dependability, given the many uncertainties in terms of data and the events.

These aspects should be managed and assessed at both the conceptual and architectural levels and by accounting for the smartness degree of the embedded software technology to support increased types of autonomy in activities such as problem solving and decision making. The combination of IoT and artificial intelligence to produce smart city applications aimed at improving resilience poses new social challenges, intertwined with security and safety, such as trust, ethics, and data protection, which require systemic and multidisciplinary system quality assessment.

This Special Issue aims to provide a new outlook on the models, methods, innovative technologies, and cutting-edge implementations for safe and secure cities. These include applications such as monitoring systems based on sensor, drone, and/or satellite data or data-intensive urban platforms, and approaches and techniques for safety analysis and assessment. It solicits research papers, experience-based papers, and comprehensive literature reviews and surveys on approaches for smart city safety and security.

Dr. Maria Luisa Villani
Dr. Antonio De Nicola
Dr. Rita Zgheib
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Information is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • IoT systems architectures for urban security
  • Safety and security assessment of IoT systems
  • Multisensor data fusion for safety critical systems
  • Middleware for real-time IoT-based applications
  • Software engineering for local digital twins
  • Model-based engineering of safety-critical IoT systems
  • Dependability of autonomous systems for smart cities
  • Semantic sensor networks and knowledge graphs for resilient cities
  • Ontologies for resilient IoT systems
  • Image and video processing for urban security
  • Real-time and predictive monitoring of IoT-based applications for critical infrastructure
  • Augmented reality for safety and security
  • Formal verification of dependability requirements for IoT
  • Artificial intelligence and IoT for threat detection systems
  • Resilience of IoT systems
  • Modeling and simulation for IoT systems
  • Business intelligence methods for assessment of IoT systems
  • Big data management
  • New technology for command and control
  • WebGIS and data-driven user interfaces for real-time monitoring of IoT
  • Blockchain technology for IoT systems
  • Cybersecurity assessment for IoT systems

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

19 pages, 19546 KiB  
Article
ECO4RUPA: 5G-IoT Inclusive and Intelligent Routing Ecosystem with Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring
by Rafael Fayos-Jordan, Raquel Araiz-Chapa, Santiago Felici-Castell, Jaume Segura-Garcia, Juan J. Perez-Solano and Jose M. Alcaraz-Calero
Information 2023, 14(8), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/info14080445 - 7 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1307
Abstract
The increase and diversity of low-cost air quality (AQ) sensors, as well as their flexibility and low power consumption, offers us the opportunity to integrate them into broad AQ wireless sensor networks, with the aim of enabling real-time monitoring and higher spatial sampling [...] Read more.
The increase and diversity of low-cost air quality (AQ) sensors, as well as their flexibility and low power consumption, offers us the opportunity to integrate them into broad AQ wireless sensor networks, with the aim of enabling real-time monitoring and higher spatial sampling density of pollution in all parts of cities. Considering that the vast majority of the population lives in cities and the increase in respiratory/allergic problems in a large part of the population, it is of great interest to offer services and applications to improve their quality of life by avoiding pollution exposure in their movements in the open air. In the ECO4RUPA project, we focus on this kind of service, proposing an inclusive and intelligent routing ecosystem carried out using a network of low-cost AQ sensors with the support of 5G communications along with official AQ monitoring stations, using spatial interpolation techniques to enhance its spatial resolution. The goal of this service is to calculate healthy walking and/or cycling routes according to the particular citizen’s profile and needs. We provide and analyse the results of the proposed route planner under different scenarios (different timetables, congestion road traffic, and routes) and different user profiles, with a special interest in citizens with asthma and pregnant women, since both have special needs. In summary, our approach can lead to an approximately average reduction in pollution exposure of 17.82% while experiencing an approximately average increase in distance travelled of 9.8%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT-Based Systems for Safe and Secure Smart Cities)
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18 pages, 12527 KiB  
Article
Detecting Abnormal Behaviors in Dementia Patients Using Lifelog Data: A Machine Learning Approach
by Kookjin Kim, Jisoo Jang, Hansol Park, Jaeyeong Jeong, Dongil Shin and Dongkyoo Shin
Information 2023, 14(8), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/info14080433 - 1 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1585
Abstract
In this paper, a proof-of-concept method for detecting abnormal behavior in dementia patients based on a single case study is proposed. This method incorporates the collection of lifelog data using affordable sensors and the development of a machine-learning-based system. Such an approach has [...] Read more.
In this paper, a proof-of-concept method for detecting abnormal behavior in dementia patients based on a single case study is proposed. This method incorporates the collection of lifelog data using affordable sensors and the development of a machine-learning-based system. Such an approach has the potential to enable the prompt detection of abnormal behavior in dementia patients within nursing homes and to send alerts to caregivers, which could potentially reduce their workload and decrease the risk of accidents and injuries. In a proof-of-concept experiment conducted on a single dementia patient in a Korean nursing home, the proposed system, specifically the multilayer perceptron model, demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving an accuracy of 0.99, a precision of 1.00, a recall of 1.00, and an F1 score of 1.00. While being cost-effective and adaptable to various nursing homes, these results should be interpreted as preliminary, being based on a limited sample. Future research is aimed at validating and improving the performance of the abnormal behavior detection system by expanding the experiments to include lifelog data from multiple nursing homes and a larger cohort of dementia patients. The potential application of this system extends beyond healthcare and medical fields, reaching into smart home environments and various other facilities. This study underscores the potential of this system to enhance patient safety, alleviate family concerns, and reduce societal costs, thereby contributing to the improvement of the quality of life for dementia patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT-Based Systems for Safe and Secure Smart Cities)
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25 pages, 7092 KiB  
Article
A Modular Architecture of Command-and-Control Software in Multi-Sensor Systems Devoted to Public Security
by Maria Luisa Villani, Antonio De Nicola, Henri Bouma, Arthur van Rooijen, Pauli Räsänen, Johannes Peltola, Sirra Toivonen, Massimiliano Guarneri, Cristiano Stifini and Luigi De Dominicis
Information 2023, 14(3), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030162 - 3 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2506
Abstract
Preventing terrorist attacks at soft targets has become a priority for our society. The realization of sensor systems for automatic threat detection in crowded spaces, such as airports and metro stations, is challenged by the limited sensing coverage capability of the devices in [...] Read more.
Preventing terrorist attacks at soft targets has become a priority for our society. The realization of sensor systems for automatic threat detection in crowded spaces, such as airports and metro stations, is challenged by the limited sensing coverage capability of the devices in place due to the variety of dangerous materials, to the scanning rate of the devices, and to the detection area covered. In this context, effectiveness of the physical configuration of the system based on the detectors used, the coordination of the sensor data collection, and the real time data analysis for threat identification and localization to enable timely reactions by the security guards are essential requirements for such integrated sensor-based applications. This paper describes a modular distributed architecture of a command-and-control software, which is independent from the specific detectors and where sensor data fusion is supported by two intelligent video systems. Furthermore, the system installation can be replicated at different locations of a public space. Person tracking and later re-identification in a separate area, and tracking hand-over between different video components, provide the command-and-control with localization information of threats to timely activate alarm management and support the activity of subsequent detectors. The architecture has been implemented for the NATO-funded DEXTER program and has been successfully tested in a big city trial at a metro station in Rome both when integrated with two real detectors of weapons and explosives and as a stand-alone system. The discussion focuses on the software functions of the command-and-control and on the flexibility and re-use of the system in wider settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT-Based Systems for Safe and Secure Smart Cities)
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14 pages, 13235 KiB  
Article
Universal Learning Approach of an Intelligent Algorithm for Non-GNSS Assisted Beamsteering in V2I Systems
by Ekaterina Lopukhova, Ansaf Abdulnagimov, Grigory Voronkov, Ruslan Kutluyarov and Elizaveta Grakhova
Information 2023, 14(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020086 - 2 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1149
Abstract
In intelligent transportation systems, an important task is to provide a highly efficient communication channel between vehicles and other infrastructure objects that meets energy efficiency requirements and involves low time delays. The paper presents a method for generating synthetic data of the “vehicle-to-infrastructure” [...] Read more.
In intelligent transportation systems, an important task is to provide a highly efficient communication channel between vehicles and other infrastructure objects that meets energy efficiency requirements and involves low time delays. The paper presents a method for generating synthetic data of the “vehicle-to-infrastructure” system, capable of simulating many scenarios of traffic situations to increase the generalizing ability of an intelligent beamsteering algorithm. The beamsteering algorithm is based on gradient boosting and is designed to connect and track vehicles with minimal delays without relying on GNSS coordinates. The predictors for the applied machine learning algorithm were: the relief, vehicle type, direction of movement and speed, timestamps, and the received signal power level. The generated dataset included the traffic model based on the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards macroscopic model and SUMO software package simulations. Simulation results showed 94% accuracy in correctly identified positions for the main lobe according to vehicle behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT-Based Systems for Safe and Secure Smart Cities)
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22 pages, 2535 KiB  
Article
UAVs for Medicine Delivery in a Smart City Using Fiducial Markers
by Eros Innocenti, Giacomo Agostini and Romeo Giuliano
Information 2022, 13(10), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/info13100501 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1602
Abstract
Drone delivery has gained increasing importance in the past few years. Recent technology advancements have allowed us to think of systems capable of transporting and delivering goods precisely and efficiently. However, in order to switch from a test environment to a real environment, [...] Read more.
Drone delivery has gained increasing importance in the past few years. Recent technology advancements have allowed us to think of systems capable of transporting and delivering goods precisely and efficiently. However, in order to switch from a test environment to a real environment, many open issues need to be addressed. In this paper, we focused on drop-off point localization based on fiducial markers, analyzing different systems and the configuration of different aspects. We tested our system in a real-world environment and drew conclusions which lead us to identify the most reliable fiducial system and family for this use case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT-Based Systems for Safe and Secure Smart Cities)
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19 pages, 15194 KiB  
Article
A Smart Building Fire and Gas Leakage Alert System with Edge Computing and NG112 Emergency Call Capabilities
by Evangelos Maltezos, Konstantinos Petousakis, Aris Dadoukis, Lazaros Karagiannidis, Eleftherios Ouzounoglou, Maria Krommyda, George Hadjipavlis and Angelos Amditis
Information 2022, 13(4), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/info13040164 - 24 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3545
Abstract
Nowadays, the transformations of cities into smart cities is a crucial factor in improving the living conditions of the inhabitants as well as addressing emergency situations under the concept of public safety and property loss. In this context, many sensing systems have been [...] Read more.
Nowadays, the transformations of cities into smart cities is a crucial factor in improving the living conditions of the inhabitants as well as addressing emergency situations under the concept of public safety and property loss. In this context, many sensing systems have been designed and developed that provide fire detection and gas leakage alerts. On the other hand, new technologies such edge computing have gained significant attention in recent years. Moreover, the development of recent intelligent applications in IoT aims to integrate several types of systems with automated next-generation emergency calls in case of a serious accident. Currently, there is a lack of studies that combine all the aforementioned technologies. The proposed smart building sensor system, SB112, combines a small-size multisensor-based (temperature, humidity, smoke, flame, CO, LPG, and CNG) scheme with an open-source edge computing framework and automated Next Generation (NG) 112 emergency call functionality. It involves crucial actors such as IoT devices, a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), the middleware of a smart city platform, and relevant operators in an end-to-end manner for real-world scenarios. To verify the utility and functionality of the proposed system, a representative end-to-end experiment was performed, publishing raw measurements from sensors as well as a fire alert in real time and with low latency (average latency of 32 ms) to the middleware of a smart city platform. Once the fire was detected, a fully automatic NG112 emergency call to a PSAP was performed. The proposed methodology highlights the potential of the SΒ112 system for exploitation by decision-makers or city authorities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT-Based Systems for Safe and Secure Smart Cities)
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Review

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49 pages, 1259 KiB  
Review
Considerations, Advances, and Challenges Associated with the Use of Specific Emitter Identification in the Security of Internet of Things Deployments: A Survey
by Joshua H. Tyler, Mohamed K. M. Fadul and Donald R. Reising
Information 2023, 14(9), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/info14090479 - 29 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1533
Abstract
Initially introduced almost thirty years ago for the express purpose of providing electronic warfare systems the capabilities to detect, characterize, and identify radar emitters, Specific Emitter Identification (SEI) has recently received a lot of attention within the research community as a physical layer [...] Read more.
Initially introduced almost thirty years ago for the express purpose of providing electronic warfare systems the capabilities to detect, characterize, and identify radar emitters, Specific Emitter Identification (SEI) has recently received a lot of attention within the research community as a physical layer technique for securing Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. This attention is largely due to SEI’s demonstrated success in passively and uniquely identifying wireless emitters using traditional machine learning and the success of Deep Learning (DL) within the natural language processing and computer vision areas. SEI exploits distinct and unintentional features present within an emitter’s transmitted signals. These distinctive and unintentional features are attributed to slight manufacturing and assembly variations within and between the components, sub-systems, and systems comprising an emitter’s Radio Frequency (RF) front end. Although sufficient to facilitate SEI, these features do not hinder normal operations such as detection, channel estimation, timing, and demodulation. However, despite the plethora of SEI publications, it has remained largely a focus of academic endeavors, primarily focusing on proof-of-concept demonstration and little to no use in operational networks for various reasons. The focus of this survey is a review of SEI publications from the perspective of its use as a practical, effective, and usable IoT security mechanism; thus, we use IoT requirements and constraints (e.g., wireless standard, nature of their deployment) as a lens through which each reviewed paper is analyzed. Previous surveys have not taken such an approach and have only used IoT as motivation, a setting, or a context. In this survey, we consider operating conditions, SEI threats, SEI at scale, publicly available data sets, and SEI considerations that are dictated by the fact that it is to be employed by IoT devices or IoT infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT-Based Systems for Safe and Secure Smart Cities)
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