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Insects
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Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes
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Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes

A special issue of Insects (ISSN 2075-4450). This special issue belongs to the section "Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (27 October 2023) | Viewed by 15887

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. João Pinto

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Guest Editor
Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: bio-ecology, population genetics and evolution of insect vectors of disease; malaria (Anopheles) and arbovirus (Aedes, Culex) mosquito vectors
Prof. Dr. Frederic Simard

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
UMR MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), Université Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France
Interests: biology, ecology and genetics of mosquito populations (Anopheles, Aedes)
Prof. Dr. Gregory C. Lanzaro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Interests: malaria vector; vector control; population modification; genetics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The research literature on mosquitoes over the past two decades has increasingly placed this group of insects at the forefront of contemporary thinking within the broad discipline of evolutionary genetics. Deep insights into the molecular genetics of mosquito olfaction and vision have been realized by laboratories exploring ways to disrupt their host-seeking behaviors. Exploration of mosquito/pathogen and mosquito/host coevolution is being illuminated by research on mosquito immune and salivary protein-encoding genes. The field of speciation biology is actively under study by the mosquito research community who are taking advantage of the vast amount of whole-genome sequencing data available for an increasing number of mosquito species. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology have helped to make studies with relatively large numbers of individual field-collected mosquitoes feasible, resulting in advances within the field of population genomics. In this Special Issue, we aim to select a number of papers authored by leaders in the field of mosquito biology and evolution.

Tentative Topics:

  1. Behavior: mating, host-seeking
  2. Biogeography
  3. Phylogenomics
  4. Population Genomics: speciation, introgression, dispersal and gene flow, demography
  5. Mosquito Immunogenetics

Prof. Dr. João Pinto
Prof. Dr. Frederic Simard
Prof. Dr. Gregory C. Lanzaro
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Insects is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • population genetics
  • genomics
  • phylogenomics
  • biogeography
  • immunogenetics
  • behavior

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1619 KiB  
Article
RNAi-Mediated Silencing of Laccase 2 in Culex pipiens Pupae via Dehydration and Soaking Results in Multiple Defects in Cuticular Development
by Anastasia N. Naumenko and Megan L. Fritz
Insects 2024, 15(3), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030193 - 14 Mar 2024
Viewed by 833
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit a range of pathogens, causing devastating effects on human health. Population genetic control strategies have been developed and successfully used for several mosquito species. The most important step in identifying potential targets for mosquito control is the understanding of gene function. [...] Read more.
Mosquitoes transmit a range of pathogens, causing devastating effects on human health. Population genetic control strategies have been developed and successfully used for several mosquito species. The most important step in identifying potential targets for mosquito control is the understanding of gene function. RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool for gene silencing which has been widely used to study gene function in insects via knockdown of expression. The success of RNAi in insects depends on the efficient delivery of dsRNA into the cells, with microinjections being the most commonly used to study mosquito gene function. However, microinjections in the pupal stage lead to significant mortality in Aedes and Culex species, and few studies have performed microinjections in Culicinae pupae. Advanced techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9 knockout, require establishing individual mosquito lines for each gene studied, and maintaining such lines may be limited by the insect-rearing capacity of a laboratory. Moreover, at times gene knockout during early development (embryo stage) has a deleterious effect on mosquito development, precluding the analysis of gene function in the pupal and adult stages and its potential for mosquito control. There is a need for a simple procedure that can be used for the fast and reliable examination of adult gene function via RNAi knockdown. Here, we focus on the aquatic stages of the mosquito life cycle and suggest a quick and easy assay for screening the functional role of genes in Culex pipiens mosquitoes without using microinjections. By dehydration of early stage pupae and subsequent rehydration in highly concentrated dsRNA, we achieved a moderate knockdown of laccase 2, a gene that turns on in the pupal stage and is responsible for melanization and sclerotization of the adult cuticle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes)
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13 pages, 1257 KiB  
Article
Using MALDI-TOF MS to Identify Mosquitoes from Senegal and the Origin of Their Blood Meals
by Fatou Kiné Fall, Adama Zan Diarra, Charles Bouganali, Cheikh Sokhna and Philippe Parola
Insects 2023, 14(10), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14100785 - 26 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 945
Abstract
Mosquitoes are arthropods that represent a real public health problem in Africa. Morphology and molecular biology techniques are usually used to identify different mosquito species. In recent years, an innovative tool, matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), has been used to identify [...] Read more.
Mosquitoes are arthropods that represent a real public health problem in Africa. Morphology and molecular biology techniques are usually used to identify different mosquito species. In recent years, an innovative tool, matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), has been used to identify many arthropods quickly and at low cost, where equipment is available. We evaluated the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to identify mosquitoes collected in Senegal and stored for several months in silica gel, and to determine the origin of their blood meal. A total of 582 mosquitoes were collected and analysed. We obtained 329/582 (56.52%) MALDI-TOF MS good-quality spectra from mosquito legs and 123/157 (78.34%) good-quality spectra from engorged abdomens. We updated our home-made MALDI-TOF MS arthropod spectra database by adding 23 spectra of five mosquito species from Senegal that had been identified morphologically and molecularly. These included legs from Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles cf. rivulorum, Culex nebulosus, Anopheles funestus, and three spectra from abdomens engorged with human blood. Having updated the database, all mosquitoes tested by MALDI-TOF MS were identified with scores greater than or equal to 1.7 as An. gambiae (n = 64), Anopheles coluzzii (n = 12), An. arabiensis (n = 1), An. funestus (n = 7), An. cf rivulorum (n = 1), Lutzia tigripes (n = 3), Cx. nebulosus (n = 211), Culex quinquefasciatus (n = 2), Culex duttoni (n = 1), Culex perfescus (n = 1), Culex tritaeniorhynchus (n = 1), and Aedes aegypti (n = 2). Blood meal identification by MALDI-TOF MS revealed that mosquitoes had fed on the blood of humans (n = 97), cows (n = 6), dogs (n = 2), goats (n = 1), sheep (n = 1), and bats (n = 1). Mixed meals were also detected. These results confirm that MALDI-TOF MS is a promising technique for identifying mosquitoes and the origin of their blood meal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes)
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14 pages, 1017 KiB  
Article
Genetic Differentiation of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Areas with High Rates of Infestation in Mid-North Region of Brazil
by Luzianny Farias Rodrigues, Andrelina Alves de Sousa, Walter Pinheiro Mendes Júnior, Amanda Caroline Cardoso e Silva, Maria Histelle Sousa do Nascimento, Maria Claudene Barros, Iracilda Sampaio and Elmary da Costa Fraga
Insects 2023, 14(6), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14060530 - 6 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1094
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of the arboviruses—yellow fever, dengue virus, chikungunya, and zika virus. Given the epidemiological importance of this mosquito, its capacity to adapt to different habitats, and its resistance to many types of control measures, systematic research into the [...] Read more.
Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of the arboviruses—yellow fever, dengue virus, chikungunya, and zika virus. Given the epidemiological importance of this mosquito, its capacity to adapt to different habitats, and its resistance to many types of control measures, systematic research into the genetic variability of the populations of this mosquito is one of the most important steps toward a better understanding of its population structure and vector competence. In this context, the present study verified the presence of distinct genetic lineages of Ae. aegypti in areas with high infestation rates, based on the analysis of microsatellite markers. The samples were collected in nine municipalities with high building infestation rates in the Mid-North region of Brazil. Six microsatellite loci were genotyped in the 138 samples, producing a total of 32 alleles, varying from one to nine alleles per locus in each of the different populations. The AMOVA revealed greater within-population genetic differentiation with high fixation rates. The general analysis of population structure, based on a Bayesian approach, revealed K = 2, with two Ae. aegypti lineages that were highly differentiated genetically. These data on the connectivity of the populations and the genetic isolation of the lineages provide important insights for the development of innovative strategies for the control of the populations of this important disease vector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes)
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11 pages, 1306 KiB  
Article
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Anopheles funestus in Western Kenya Based on Mitochondrial DNA Marker COII
by Isaiah Debrah, Kevin O. Ochwedo, Wilfred O. Otambo, Maxwell G. Machani, Edwin O. Magomere, Shirley A. Onyango, Daibin Zhong, Linda E. Amoah, Andrew K. Githeko, Yaw A. Afrane and Guiyun Yan
Insects 2023, 14(3), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14030273 - 9 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1733
Abstract
The mitochondrial marker, COII, was employed to assess the genetic structure and diversity of Anopheles funestus, a very important malaria vector in Africa that adapt and colonize different ecological niches in western Kenya. Mosquitoes were collected using mechanical aspirators in four areas (Bungoma, [...] Read more.
The mitochondrial marker, COII, was employed to assess the genetic structure and diversity of Anopheles funestus, a very important malaria vector in Africa that adapt and colonize different ecological niches in western Kenya. Mosquitoes were collected using mechanical aspirators in four areas (Bungoma, Port Victoria, Kombewa, and Migori) in western Kenya. Following morphological identification, PCR was used to confirm the species. The COII gene was amplified, sequenced, and analyzed to determine genetic diversity and population structure. A total of 126 (Port Victoria-38, Migori-38, Bungoma-22, and Kombewa-28) sequences of COII were used for population genetic analysis. Anopheles funestus had a high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.97 to 0.98) but low nucleotide diversity (Π = 0.004 to 0.005). The neutrality test revealed negative Tajima’s D and Fs values indicating an excess of low-frequency variation. This could be attributed to either population expansion or negative selection pressure across all the populations. No genetic or structural differentiation (Fst = −0.01) and a high level of gene flow (Gamma St, Nm = 17.99 to 35.22) were observed among the populations. Population expansion suggests the high adaptability of this species to various ecological requirements, hence sustaining its vectorial capacity and malaria transmission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes)
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8 pages, 1231 KiB  
Article
Population Genetics of Anopheles pretoriensis in Grande Comore Island
by Melina Campos, Nikita Patel, Carly Marshall, Hans Gripkey, Robert E. Ditter, Marc W. Crepeau, Ali Toilibou, Yssouf Amina, Anthony J. Cornel, Yoosook Lee and Gregory C. Lanzaro
Insects 2023, 14(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14010014 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1756
Abstract
Anopheles pretoriensis is widely distributed across Africa, including on oceanic islands such as Grande Comore in the Comoros. This species is known to be mostly zoophylic and therefore considered to have low impact on the transmission of human malaria. However, A. pretoriensis has [...] Read more.
Anopheles pretoriensis is widely distributed across Africa, including on oceanic islands such as Grande Comore in the Comoros. This species is known to be mostly zoophylic and therefore considered to have low impact on the transmission of human malaria. However, A. pretoriensis has been found infected with Plasmodium, suggesting that it may be epidemiologically important. In the present study, we sequenced and assembled the complete mitogenome of A. pretoriensis and inferred its phylogenetic relationship among other species in the subgenus Cellia. We also investigated the genetic structure of A. pretoriensis populations on Grande Comore Island, and between this island population and sites in continental Africa, using partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Seven haplotypes were found on the island, one of which was ubiquitous. There was no clear divergence between island haplotypes and those found on the continent. The present work contributes knowledge on this understudied, yet abundant, Anopheles species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes)
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13 pages, 2100 KiB  
Article
Genetic Polymorphism and Phylogenetics of Aedes aegypti from Sudan Based on ND4 Mitochondrial Gene Variations
by Sara Abdelrahman Abuelmaali, Jamsari Amirul Firdaus Jamaluddin, Mushal Allam, Hind Mohamed Abushama, Dia Eldin Elnaiem, Kheder Noaman, Silas Wintuma Avicor, Intan Haslina Ishak, Mustafa Fadzil Farid Wajidi, Zairi Jaal and Nur Faeza Abu Kassim
Insects 2022, 13(12), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13121144 - 12 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2056
Abstract
This study investigated the genetic differences between Aedes aegypti subspecies (Aedes aegypti aegypti (Aaa) and Aedes aegypti formosus (Aaf)) from Sudan using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) mitochondrial gene marker. Nineteen distinct haplotypes of the [...] Read more.
This study investigated the genetic differences between Aedes aegypti subspecies (Aedes aegypti aegypti (Aaa) and Aedes aegypti formosus (Aaf)) from Sudan using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) mitochondrial gene marker. Nineteen distinct haplotypes of the ND4 were identified in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from the study sites. The phylogenetic relationship of the 19 ND4 haplotypes was demonstrated in a median-joining haplotype network tree with Aaa and Aaf populations found to share three haplotypes. The genetic variance (Pairwise FST values) was estimated and found to range from 0.000 to 0.811. Isolation by distance test revealed that geographical distance was correlated to genetic variation (coefficient value (r) = 0.43). The Polar maximum likelihood tree showed the phylogenetic relationship of 91 female Aaa and Aaf from the study sites, with most of the Aaf haplotypes clustered in one group while most of the Aaa haplotypes gathered in another group, but there was an admixture of the subspecies in both clusters, especially the Aaa cluster. The Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA) test revealed that the eight populations clustered into two phylogeographic groups/clusters of the two subspecies populations. The 2 Aedes aegypti subspecies seemed not to be totally separated geographically with gene flow among the populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes)
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9 pages, 645 KiB  
Article
High Levels of Admixture in Anopheles gambiae Populations from Côte d’Ivoire Revealed by Multilocus Genotyping
by Naminata Tondossama, Zanakoungo I. Coulibaly, Issouf Traoré, Bérenger A. Ako, Danielle D. Zoh, Chiara Virgillito, Négnorogo Guindo-Coulibaly, Paola Serini, Fabrice K. Assouho, Ibrahima Dia, Andre O. Touré, Maurice A. Adja, Beniamino Caputo, Alessandra della Torre and Verena Pichler
Insects 2022, 13(12), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13121090 - 26 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1250
Abstract
Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae—the two most recently radiated species of the An. gambiae complex and the major Afrotropical malaria vector species—are identified by markers in the X-centromeric IGS rDNA region. Putative IGS-hybrids are rarely found in the field, except in restricted [...] Read more.
Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae—the two most recently radiated species of the An. gambiae complex and the major Afrotropical malaria vector species—are identified by markers in the X-centromeric IGS rDNA region. Putative IGS-hybrids are rarely found in the field, except in restricted areas where genomic studies have led to the hypothesis that the observed IGS-patterns are due to cryptic taxa rather than to hybridization between the two species. We investigated the genome-wide levels of admixture in two villages in Côte d’Ivoire where high levels of IGS-hybrids have been detected, confirming unparalleled high frequencies in the coastal village. Genotyping of 24 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) along the three chromosomes produced discordant results between the IGS-marker and the multilocus genotype obtained for AIMs across the whole genome (29%) as well as AIMs on chromosome-X (considered to be fundamental for species reproductive isolation) only (21%). Results highlight a complicated pattern of admixture that deserves deeper genomic analyses to understand better possible underlying causes (from extensive processes of hybridization to the existence of different cryptic taxa), and stress the need of developing advanced diagnostics for An. coluzzii, An. gambiae and putative new taxa, instrumental for assessing taxon-specific epidemiological characters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes)
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16 pages, 1074 KiB  
Article
Invasion Pattern of Aedes aegypti in the Native Range of Ae. albopictus in Vietnam Revealed by Biogeographic and Population Genetic Analysis
by Cuong Van Duong, Ji Hyoun Kang, Van Vinh Nguyen and Yeon Jae Bae
Insects 2022, 13(12), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13121079 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1789
Abstract
Since its introduction to Asia, Aedes aegypti has coexisted with the native species Ae. albopictus and has been reported to transmit several infectious diseases. However, the development of efficient disease prevention and vector control is hindered by the relatively poor understanding of the [...] Read more.
Since its introduction to Asia, Aedes aegypti has coexisted with the native species Ae. albopictus and has been reported to transmit several infectious diseases. However, the development of efficient disease prevention and vector control is hindered by the relatively poor understanding of the biogeography and the genetic diversity of Ae. aegypti in the region. This study aimed to determine the invasion patterns of Ae. aegypti by evaluating the distribution and abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in different climatic regions (northern temperate and southern tropical regions) and habitats (domestic, peri-domestic, and natural). We further analyzed the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Ae. aegypti populations in Vietnam using mitochondrial COI gene sequences. Both Aedes species were observed at most of the study sites, but only Ae. albopictus thrived in northern mountainous areas. In sympatric ranges, the individual abundance of the species was influenced by regional climate and habitats. The tropical climate and availability of domestic containers facilitated the dominance of Ae. aegypti, whereas temperate climates and natural breeding sites facilitated that of Ae. albopictus. In addition, many genetic polymorphisms were detected in the Ae. aegypti populations, which formed two distinct genetic groups; however, this genetic diversity is unlikely to be relevant to the invasive success of Ae. aegypti. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms and patterns of Ae. Aegypti invasion, which depend on the climate and reproductive strategies in the native range of Ae. albopictus in Asia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes)
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19 pages, 7500 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Genetic Variation of the Fruitless Gene within the Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Complex Populations in Africa
by Mahamadi Kientega, Nace Kranjc, Nouhoun Traoré, Honorine Kaboré, Dieudonné Diloma Soma, Ioanna Morianou, Moussa Namountougou, Adrien Marie Gaston Belem and Abdoulaye Diabaté
Insects 2022, 13(11), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13111048 - 13 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1834
Abstract
Targeting genes involved in sexual determinism, for vector or pest control purposes, requires a better understanding of their polymorphism in natural populations in order to ensure a rapid spread of the construct. By using genomic data from An. gambiae s.l., we analyzed the [...] Read more.
Targeting genes involved in sexual determinism, for vector or pest control purposes, requires a better understanding of their polymorphism in natural populations in order to ensure a rapid spread of the construct. By using genomic data from An. gambiae s.l., we analyzed the genetic variation and the conservation score of the fru gene in 18 natural populations across Africa. A total of 34,339 SNPs were identified, including 3.11% non-synonymous segregating sites. Overall, the nucleotide diversity was low, and the Tajima’s D neutrality test was negative, indicating an excess of low frequency SNPs in the fru gene. The allelic frequencies of the non-synonymous SNPs were low (freq < 0.26), except for two SNPs identified at high frequencies (freq > 0.8) in the zinc-finger A and B protein domains. The conservation score was variable throughout the fru gene, with maximum values in the exonic regions compared to the intronic regions. These results showed a low genetic variation overall in the exonic regions, especially the male sex-specific exon and the BTB-exon 1 of the fru gene. These findings will facilitate the development of an effective gene drive construct targeting the fru gene that can rapidly spread without encountering resistance in wild populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes)
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19 pages, 3286 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Modelling Informing Wolbachia Replacement Releases in a Low Rainfall Climate
by Dan Pagendam, Samia Elfekih, Majed S. Nassar, Samuel Nelson, Abdulaziz M. Almalik, Essam A. Tawfik, Mohamed B. Al-Fageeh and Ary A. Hoffmann
Insects 2022, 13(10), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100949 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1453
Abstract
Releases of Aedes aegypti carrying Wolbachia bacteria are known to suppress arbovirus transmission and reduce the incidence of vector-borne diseases. In planning for Wolbachia releases in the arid environment of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, we collected entomological data with ovitraps across a 7-month period [...] Read more.
Releases of Aedes aegypti carrying Wolbachia bacteria are known to suppress arbovirus transmission and reduce the incidence of vector-borne diseases. In planning for Wolbachia releases in the arid environment of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, we collected entomological data with ovitraps across a 7-month period in four locations. Herein, we show that mosquito presence in basements does not differ from that of non-basement areas of buildings. In modelling mosquito presence across the study sites, we found the spatial structure to be statistically significant in one of the four sites, while a significant spatial structure was found for egg production data across three of the four sites. The length scales of the spatial covariance functions fitted to the egg production data ranged from 143 m to 574 m, indicating that high productivity regions can be extensive in size. Rank-correlation analyses indicated that mosquito presence tended to persist from the dry to wet season, but that egg production ranks at locations could reverse. The data suggest that, in Jeddah, the quality of the local environment for breeding can vary over time. The data support the feasibility of dry season releases but with release numbers needing to be flexible depending on local rates of invasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Genetics and Evolution of Mosquitoes)
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