Perspectives and Challenges in Sports Medicine for Combat Sports

A special issue of Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (ISSN 2411-5142). This special issue belongs to the section "Sports Medicine and Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2025) | Viewed by 3355

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Provita Żory Medical Center, 44-240 Żory, Poland
2. Medical Department Wojciech Korfanty, Upper Silesian Academy in Katowice, 40-659 Katowice, Poland
Interests: recovery; sports physioteraphy; dry-needling; combat sports

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Combat sports, including boxing, mixed martial arts (MMA), wrestling, and other martial arts disciplines, have seen significant growth in global participation. These sports place extreme physical demands on athletes, increasing their risk of injury while providing valuable opportunities to study human physiology, biomechanics, and injury prevention strategies. Despite the growing interest in combat sports, there remains a gap in the sports medicine literature addressing the unique challenges these athletes face. This Special Issue aims to bridge that gap by exploring the musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and psychological aspects of combat sports, with a focus on injury prevention, rehabilitation, and performance optimization.

Combat sports present distinct physical, physiological, and psychological demands that set them apart from other athletic endeavors. The high-impact nature of these sports, frequent exposure to concussive forces, and the need for agility, flexibility, and strength create unique challenges in injury management and performance enhancement. Furthermore, the close-contact nature of these sports and the diversity in body types and fighting styles introduce complex variables that necessitate specialized research and tailored medical approaches. Given the increasing number of amateur and professional combat athletes, there is a pressing need to address their specific medical concerns through consolidated research and actionable insights for practitioners.

This Special Issue will cover a broad range of topics within sports medicine as they relate to combat sports, including the following:

  • Injury Epidemiology: Common injury patterns, risk factors, and prevention strategies in various combat disciplines.
  • Biomechanics: Analysis of combat-specific movements, injury risks, and innovations in wearable technology for athlete monitoring.
  • Neuromuscular and Cognitive Aspects: Effects of repetitive head trauma, concussion management, cognitive demands, and neuroplasticity in recovery.
  • Psychological Factors and Mental Health: Mental resilience, anxiety management, and psychological interventions for performance enhancement.
  • Training and Performance Optimization: Sport-specific training methodologies, nutrition, recovery strategies, and periodization for combat athletes.
  • Innovations in Sports Medicine: Advances in rehabilitation techniques, protective equipment, and multidisciplinary approaches to athlete care.

The objectives of this Special Issue are to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of sports medicine research in combat sports, address the unique challenges of injury prevention and rehabilitation, explore emerging trends in technology and training, and highlight the integration of physical, psychological, and cognitive health for optimizing athlete performance. By bringing together contributions from researchers, clinicians, and practitioners, this Special Issue aims to advance the understanding and application of specialized sports medicine approaches to enhance the health and performance of combat athletes.

Dr. Robert Trybulski
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • combat sports
  • sports medicine
  • injury prevention
  • rehabilitation
  • biomechanics
  • concussion management
  • neuromuscular health
  • cognitive function
  • psychological resilience
  • training methodologies
  • athlete recovery
  • injury epidemiology
  • regenerative medicine
  • strength and conditioning
  • MMA
  • boxing
  • wrestling
  • martial arts
  • physical therapy

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2777 KB  
Article
Sports Massage and Blood Flow Restriction Combined with Cold Therapy Accelerate Muscle Recovery After Fatigue in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Robert Trybulski, Robert Roczniok, Gracjan Olaniszyn, Yaroslav Svyshch, Andryi Vovkanych and Michał Wilk
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(2), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020194 - 28 May 2025
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Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the combined effects of sports massage, blood flow restriction (BFR), and cold therapy on quadriceps recovery in mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes following eccentric exercise, focusing on muscle biomechanical properties, pain, and strength. [...] Read more.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the combined effects of sports massage, blood flow restriction (BFR), and cold therapy on quadriceps recovery in mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes following eccentric exercise, focusing on muscle biomechanical properties, pain, and strength. Methods: This randomized, single-blind clinical trial involved 36 men and women MMA-trained participants, divided into three groups: massage (n = 12) received massage, BFR/cool (n = 12) received combined BFR and cooling, and control (n = 12) received passive rest as a control. The fatigue protocol involved MMA fighters performing five sets of plyometric jumps on a 50 cm box until exhaustion, with 1-min breaks between sets. After that, the massage group received a 20-min massage overall using standardized techniques; BFR/cool underwent a 20-min alternating blood flow restriction (200 mmHg) and cooling treatment with ice bags on the quadriceps; and the final group served as the control group with passive rest and no intervention. Participants were assessed four times—before exercise, immediately after exercise, 24 h post-exercise (after two recovery sessions), and 48 h post-exercise (after four recovery sessions)—for perfusion unit (PU), muscle elasticity, pressure pain threshold (PPT), reactive strength index (RSI), and total quality recovery (TQR). Results: The statistical analysis revealed significant effects of both massage and BFR/cooling interventions across key recovery outcomes, with large effect sizes for time-related changes in RSI (p < 0.0001; η2 = 0.87), elasticity (p < 0.0001; η2 = 0.84), and PPT (p < 0.0001; η2 = 0.66). Notably, post-exercise 48 h values for RSI, elasticity, PU, and TQR were significantly improved in both the massage and BFR/cool groups compared to control (p < 0.05)), while no significant group differences were observed for PPT. Conclusions: The study concludes that both massage and combined blood flow restriction with cooling interventions significantly enhance post-exercise recovery—improving muscle perfusion, elasticity, reactive strength, and perceived recovery—compared to passive rest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives and Challenges in Sports Medicine for Combat Sports)
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Review

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25 pages, 824 KB  
Review
Effects of Weight-Cutting Practices on Sleep, Recovery, and Injury in Combat Sports: A Scoping Review
by Adrian Kużdżał, Oleg Bilianskyi, Zbigniew Wroński, Grzegorz Magoń, Gracjan Olaniszyn, Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska and Anna Michalska
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030319 - 18 Aug 2025
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Abstract
Objectives: This scoping review aims to synthesize the methodological characteristics of weight-cutting strategies, summarize their effects on sleep, recovery, and injury outcomes, and identify research gaps. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, searches were conducted on 20 May 2025, across PubMed, Scopus, and Web [...] Read more.
Objectives: This scoping review aims to synthesize the methodological characteristics of weight-cutting strategies, summarize their effects on sleep, recovery, and injury outcomes, and identify research gaps. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, searches were conducted on 20 May 2025, across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with snowball citation tracking and expert consultation to enhance retrieval. Inclusion criteria targeted peer-reviewed studies involving competitive or recreational combat sport athletes (all ages and sexes) undergoing weight-cutting practices, reporting outcomes on sleep (e.g., quality and duration), recovery (e.g., perceived fatigue and biomarkers), or injury incidence (e.g., reported injuries and odds ratios). Studies included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, or cohort studies with or without comparator groups. The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool for randomized trials and the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized studies. Results: From 2784 records, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. Participant ages ranged from 17.79 ± 0.75 to 30.1 ± 7.5 years, predominantly national-level combat sport athletes (wrestling, judo, taekwondo, and MMA). Rapid weight loss (RWL, 2–10% body mass loss over 1–7 days) via food/fluid restriction, sauna use, and caloric deficits consistently increased creatine kinase (peaking at 713.4 ± 194.6 U/L), perceived fatigue (41.8 ± 0.9 to 51.3 ± 2.0 A.U.), and injury rates (45.62 injuries/1000 athletic exposures in females). Cortisol responses showed increases in some studies (from 499.9 ± 107.8 to 731.6 ± 80.2 nmol/L) and decreases in others (from 603.2 ± 146.8 to 505.8 ± 118.4 nmol/L). Sleep quality showed mild worsening (5.15 ± 1.83 to 5.52 ± 1.71 A.U.), and perceived recovery declined post-RWL (101.40 ± 2.52 to 87.63 ± 2.47 A.U.). Conclusions: RWL in combat sports consistently impairs recovery, increases muscle damage and fatigue, and increases injury risk, though sleep quality effects are less pronounced. Variability in weight-cutting protocols, outcome measures, and study designs shows the need for standardized methodologies, broader inclusion of female athletes, and longitudinal studies to assess long-term impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives and Challenges in Sports Medicine for Combat Sports)
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