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Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition

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A special issue of Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (ISSN 2411-5142). This special issue belongs to the section "Kinesiology and Biomechanics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 December 2025 | Viewed by 8244

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Dr. Pedro Forte

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1. Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
2. Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
3. Department of Sports, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
4. CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
Interests: biomechanics; physiology
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Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue of the Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology delves into the intricate relationship between biomechanics and athletic performance. This Special Issue will explore the application of advanced biomechanical analysis techniques in understanding and enhancing physical activity and sports performance. Articles within this Special Issue will address a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the biomechanics of specific sports movements to the development of novel materials that could enhance athletic gear and equipment.

We invite researchers and practitioners in the field of biomechanics to contribute their expertise to this Special Issue and provide insights into how biomechanical principles can be utilized to optimize training protocols, prevent injuries and maximize athletic potential. Furthermore, this Special Issue will showcase interdisciplinary approaches, highlighting collaborations between biomechanists, engineers, physiologists and sports scientists in order to tackle complex challenges in the realm of physical activity and sports.

Overall, this Special Issue will serve as a comprehensive resource for academics, coaches, athletes and sports enthusiasts who are interested in the intersection between biomechanics and sports performance, providing valuable insights and practical applications that ultimately enhance athletic endeavors.

Dr. Pedro Miguel Forte
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

biomechanics
sports performance
physical activity
athletic training
movement analysis
functional materials
kinesiology

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Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports in Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (15 articles)

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Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 519 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relative Strength Does Not Influence the Sticking Region Among Recreational Trained Participants in Squat

by Alexander Olsen, Vidar Andersen and Atle Hole Saeterbakken

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030321 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 255

Abstract

Objectives: The barbell back squat is one of the most frequently used exercises to improve lower-body strength and power. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of relative strength on the kinematics in the barbell back squat to a 90-degree angle. Methods: Forty-six recreationally trained men completed five familiarization sessions over three weeks to ensure proper lifting technique. The participants were tested in a ten-repetition maximum (10 RM), during which barbell velocity, acceleration, vertical displacement, and the time of the pre-sticking, sticking, and post-sticking regions were measured. The participants were then categorized into two groups: (1) the above-median group or (2) the below-median group, to examine whether kinematics were affected by relative strength (10 RM load/body weight). Results: The below-median group had a relative strength of 1.37, whereas the above-median group had a relative strength of 1.76. There was a 5.86% non-statistical difference (p = 0.052) in vertical barbell displacement between the groups. There were no significant differences between the groups in barbell velocity or lifting time for the whole movement nor differences between the groups for any of the kinematic variables in the pre-sticking, sticking, or post-sticking regions. When combining the data from the two groups, there was a significant weak negative correlation between relative strength and barbell displacement throughout the whole movement. Conclusions: These findings suggest that distinct levels of relative strength may not influence lifting kinematics in 90-degree back squats among recreationally trained participants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 985 KB

Open AccessArticle

Forefoot Centre of Pressure Patterns in Black Male African Recreational Runners with Pes Planus

by Jodie Dickson, Glen James Paton and Yaasirah Mohomed Choonara

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030273 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 309

Abstract

Background: Pes planus is a condition where the arch of the foot collapses, resulting in the entire sole contacting the ground. The biomechanical implications of pes planus on gait have been widely studied; however, research specific to Black African populations, particularly recreational runners, is scarce. Aim: This study aimed to describe the forefoot centre of pressure (CoP) trajectory during the barefoot gait cycle among Black African recreational runners with pes planus. Methods: A prospective explorative and quantitative study design was employed. Participants included Black African male recreational runners aged 18 to 45 years diagnosed with pes planus. A Freemed™ 6050 force plate was used to collect gait data. Statistical analysis included cross-tabulations to identify patterns. Results: This study included 104 male participants across seven weight categories, with the majority in the 70-to-79 kg range (34.6%, n = 36). Most participants with pes planus showed a neutral foot posture (74.0%, n = 77) on the foot posture index 6 (FPI-6) scale. Flexible pes planus (94.2%, n = 98) was much more common than rigid pes planus (5.8%, n = 6). Lateral displacement of the CoP was observed in the right forefoot (90.4%, n = 94) and left forefoot (57.7%, n = 60). Load distribution patterns differed between feet, with the right foot favouring the medial heel, arch, and metatarsal heads, while the left foot favoured the lateral heel, medial heel, and lateral arch. No statistical significance was found in the cross-tabulations, but notable lateral CoP displacement in the forefoot was observed. Conclusions: The findings challenge the traditional view of pes planus causing overpronation and highlight the need for clinicians to reconsider standard diagnostic and management approaches. Further research is needed to explore the implications of these findings for injury prevention and management in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Talocrural Joint Position on the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Torque Measured with an Isokinetic and EasyForce^® Dynamometer in Young Adults

by Ivana Sović, Matija Brentin, Mirela Vučković, Andrica Lekić, Gordana Starčević-Klasan, Bojan Miletić and Hrvoje Vlahović

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030245 - 27 Jun 2025

Viewed by 463

Abstract

Background: Motor irradiation is a concept in which the muscles of the talocrural joint can influence the torque of the quadriceps femoris muscle. The aims of this study are to compare the effects of three different talocrural joint positions on the torque of the quadriceps femoris muscle and to analyze the differences in torque measurements between two dynamometers. Methods: 33 students from the Faculty of Health Studies at the University of Rijeka participated in the study. The torque of the quadriceps femoris muscle was measured using the Cybex CSMi isokinetic dynamometer and the EasyForce^® hand-held fixed dynamometer. The measurements were performed three times continuously for each talocrural joint position. Results: When measured with the isokinetic dynamometer (p = 0.210) and the EasyForce^® dynamometer (p = 0.925), no significant difference was found in the torque of the quadriceps femoris muscle between the three talocrural joint positions. The dynamometers measured the torque consistently and showed a significant, from very good to excellent correlation of the data (p < 0.001), but did not provide identical results due to constant and proportional differences. Conclusions: There was no significant influence of the three talocrural joint positions on the torque of the quadriceps femoris muscle under isometric contraction conditions without a specific angular velocity. The use of the two dynamometers led to similar but inconsistent results in the measurement of muscle torque. This inconsistency is not only because of the differences between the devices themselves, but also due to fundamental methodological differences in participant stabilization and testing procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1219 KB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation of Physical Activity Level with Muscle Strength and Size During One Week of Knee Joint Immobilization

by Kylie K. Harmon, Zahra Pourhatami, Dylan Malinowski, Ryan M. Girts, Jonathan P. Beausejour, Jeremy S. Wydra, Joshua C. Carr, Jeanette Garcia and Matt S. Stock

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020192 - 27 May 2025

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Abstract

Background: Knee joint immobilization is common after surgery or injury. Whether remaining physically active during immobilization preserves muscle strength and size has not been studied. Objectives: This observational study examined correlations between muscle strength, size, and physical activity (PA) levels during one week of knee joint immobilization. Methods: Nine healthy adults (five males, four females) immobilized their left knee and ambulated with crutches for one week. Ankle accelerometers monitored compliance and tracked PA. Isometric and concentric isokinetic peak torque at 30°/s and 180°/s and vastus lateralis (VL) cross-sectional area (CSA) were assessed before and after immobilization. Bivariate correlations were used to examine relationships between time spent in sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous PA, and changes in isometric and concentric isokinetic peak torque, as well as VL CSA. Results: After immobilization, isometric strength declined by 17.1%. Concentric isokinetic peak torque declined by 5.5% at 30°/s and 2.3% at 180°/s. VL CSA declined by 6.7%. There were weak correlations between strength measures and PA levels (r = −0.497–0.574; p = 0.106–0.709). For CSA, an unexpected pattern was found in which greater sedentary time was correlated with decreased atrophy (r = 0.701; p = 0.035), but light (r = −0.673; p = 0.047) and moderate (r = −0.738; p = 0.023) PA levels were correlated with increased atrophy. Vigorous PA had weak correlations with CSA (r = −0.321; p = 0.399). Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, increased PA levels were not correlated with the preservation of strength and were correlated with greater declines in CSA during knee joint immobilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 495 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intra-Session Reliability and Predictive Value of Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction for Estimating One-Repetition Maximum in Older Women: A Randomised Split-Sample Study

by José Aldo Hernández-Murúa, Ena Monserrat Romero-Pérez, Jorge Luis Guajardo-Cruztitla, Blas Sinahí Madrigal Olivares, Ángel Gallego-Selles, Diego González-Martín, Francisca Reyes-Merino, Nidia Sánchez-García and José Antonio de Paz

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020160 - 6 May 2025

Viewed by 665

Abstract

Background: Ageing is associated with a progressive decline in muscle strength, particularly in the lower limbs, which compromises functional independence. While both maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and one-repetition maximum (1RM) are widely employed to assess muscle strength, the intra-session reliability and predictive capacity of MVIC for estimating 1RM in older women remain insufficiently explored. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the intra-session reliability of MVIC in knee extensors, analyse its correlation with 1RM, and develop a predictive model for estimating 1RM from MVIC in older women. Methods: Using a randomised split-sample design, 82 women aged 60–69 years performed two MVIC trials and one 1RM test using a leg extension machine. Intra-session reliability was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and the minimal detectable change (MDC). Furthermore, a linear regression model was developed to predict 1RM based on MVIC. Results: MVIC demonstrated excellent intra-session reliability (ICC = 0.96, SEM = 4.3%, MDC = 11.9%), and a strong correlation between MVIC and 1RM was observed (R² = 0.618). Although the predictive equation 1RM = [(0.932 × MVIC) − 3.852] did not yield statistically significant differences between the estimated and actual 1RM values (p = 0.791), it exhibited a prediction error of 13.4%. Conclusions: MVIC is a highly reliable measure in older women and represents a practical tool for estimating 1RM. Nonetheless, its predictive accuracy is limited, highlighting the need for further studies to refine predictive models by incorporating additional variables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 3194 KB

Open AccessArticle

Contribution of Tibialis Anterior in Sit-to-Stand Motion: Implications for Its Role in Shifting the Center of Pressure Backward

by Hiroki Hanawa, Taku Miyazawa, Keisuke Hirata, Keisuke Kubota and Tsutomu Fujino

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020156 - 1 May 2025

Viewed by 682

Abstract

Background: The role of tibialis anterior activity in sit-to-stand motion is unclear. We hypothesized that contraction of the tibialis anterior would slightly lift the forefoot and shift the center of pressure backward. Objectives: The objective of this study was to clarify this movement and its role in tibialis anterior activity. Methods: Ten healthy adults performed the sit-to-stand motion. Cross-correlation coefficients among tibialis anterior activity, shank inclination angle, and center of pressure were calculated. Whole-body joint moments were simulated when the center of pressure varied within the foot. The angle of the ground reaction force during seat-off was calculated. Results: The center of pressure moved backward in all trials for all participants. The mean lag time for peak cross-correlation coefficients between the tibialis anterior and shank tilt and between the tibialis anterior and center of pressure was 0.37 and 0.13 s, respectively. Simulating the center of pressure forward resulted in greater whole-body joint moments than those measured (mean 1.88 times). The ground reaction forces were nearly perpendicular to the floor. Conclusions: From the perspective of temporal synchrony, tibialis anterior activity significantly contributed to the backward shift of the center of pressure. The center of pressure shift minimized the force exerted by the entire body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 245 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Gait Rhythm with Motor Imagery -Trial Using the Finger Tap Test-

by Keisuke Itotani, Mirai Taki, Shinnosuke Ueno, Hina Nakai, Yuta Miki, Ippei Suganuma, Shun Harada and Noriyuki Ogawa

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010094 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 421

Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of any error (delta; ∆) between the image of one’s own walking rhythm and the actual walking rhythm and physical activity, as a new motor imagery assessment. Methods: The subjects were classified into two groups: a high activity group (HA-Group) having high physical activity with less than four hours of sitting time per day, and a low activity group (LA-Group) having low physical activity with more than four hours of daily sitting time. Visual rhythm, auditory rhythm, mental comfortable walking rhythm, and mental maximum walking rhythm were used to assess new motor imagery. Their beats per minute were measured and any error (delta; ∆) from the actual rhythm was calculated: ∆ visual rhythm, ∆ auditory rhythm, ∆ mental normal gait rhythm, and ∆ mental maximal gait rhythm. Results: When comparing the two groups, the HA-Group had significantly higher ∆ visual rhythm, lower ∆ auditory rhythm, higher ∆ mental comfortable walking rhythm, and lower ∆ mental maximum walking rhythm ability than the LA-Group. Furthermore, in an ANCOVA with age, ∆visual rhythm, and ∆auditory rhythm as adjustment factors, the HA-Group had significantly lower ∆mental maximum walking rhythm than the LA-Group. Conclusions: These results showed that the rhythmic assessment of the imagery of maximum walking was associated with stationery time. It is possible that the more inaccurate the imagery of maximum walking, the longer the sitting or lying time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

17 pages, 638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Anthropometric Profile, Body Composition, and Physical Performance in Spanish Professional Female Soccer Players at Pre-Season Onset: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Marta Ramírez-Munera, Raúl Arcusa, Francisco Javier López-Román, Vicente Ávila-Gandía, Silvia Pérez-Piñero, Juan Carlos Muñoz-Carrillo, Antonio Jesús Luque-Rubia and Javier Marhuenda

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010079 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1519

Abstract

Background: Body composition plays a key role in both anaerobic and aerobic performance in professional soccer. However, its relationship with physical performance in female players remains underexplored. Assessing these parameters at the beginning of the pre-season provides valuable insights for optimizing player readiness. This study investigates the correlation between anthropometric profile, body composition, and physical performance in professional female soccer players at pre-season onset. Additionally, it analyzes positional differences and their relation to the specific physical demands of women’s soccer. Methods: A cross-sectional study of thirty-four female soccer players (age: 23.06 ± 4.29 years, height: 164.15 ± 5.84 cm, weight: 58.39 ± 6.62 kg, and ∑6 skinfolds: 74.57 ± 18.48 mm) who performed anthropometric measurements, the Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) on the first day of the pre-season. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test assessed positional differences, while Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients evaluated relationships between anthropometric variables and performance outcomes. Results: Very high positive correlations were found between body and muscle mass with the power variables in CMJ and WAnT (r = 0.70–0.89; p < 0.001). An almost perfect correlation was observed between body mass and peak power in WAnT (r = 0.904; p < 0.001). In contrast, fat mass showed moderate negative correlations with jump height and aerobic performance (Yo-Yo IR1 distance) (r = 0.30–0.49; p < 0.04). Significant differences were observed in the mean (757.60 ± 95.59 W) and peak power (773.59 ± 101.88 W) of CMJ pre-WAnT, with goalkeepers showing higher values compared to defenders and midfielders (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Body composition significantly influences athletic performance, showing positive correlations of muscle and body mass with anaerobic power and capacity. In contrast, fat mass showed negative correlations with explosive strength, recovery, and aerobic capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

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Review

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10 pages, 621 KB

Open AccessReview

Optimizing Hip Abductor Strengthening for Lower Extremity Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review on the Role of Monster Walk and Lateral Band Walk

by Ángel González-de-la-Flor

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030294 - 30 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1268

Abstract

Introduction: Hip abductor strength is essential for pelvic stability, lower limb alignment, and injury prevention. Weaknesses of the gluteus medius and minimus contribute to various musculoskeletal conditions. Lateral band walks and monster walks are elastic resistance exercises commonly used to target the hip abductors and external rotators in functional, weight-bearing tasks. Therefore, the aim was to summarize the current evidence on the biomechanics, muscle activation, and clinical applications of lateral and monster band walks. Methods: This narrative review was conducted following the SANRA guideline. A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus up to April 2025. Studies on the biomechanics, electromyography, and clinical applications of lateral band walks and monster walks were included, alongside relevant evidence on hip abductor strengthening. Results: A total of 13 studies were included in the review, of which 4 specifically investigated lateral band walk and/or monster walk exercises. Lateral and monster walks elicit moderate to high activation of the gluteus medius and maximus, especially when performed with the band at the ankles or forefeet and in a semi-squat posture. This technique minimizes compensation from the tensor fasciae latae and promotes selective gluteal recruitment. Proper execution requires control of the trunk and pelvis, optimal squat depth, and consistent band tension. Anatomical factors (e.g., femoral torsion), sex differences, and postural variations may influence movement quality and necessitate tailored instruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 548 KB

Open AccessReview

Kinetic Variables as Indicators of Lower Limb Indirect Injury Risk in Professional Soccer: A Systematic Review

by Jorge Pérez-Contreras, Juan Francisco Loro-Ferrer, Felipe Inostroza-Ríos, Pablo Merino-Muñoz, Alejandro Bustamante Garrido, Felipe Hermosilla-Palma, Ciro José Brito, Guillermo Cortés-Roco, David Arriagada Tarifeño, Fernando Muñoz-Hinrichsen and Esteban Aedo-Muñoz

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020228 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 848

Abstract

Background: The high demands of professional soccer predispose players to musculoskeletal injuries. The primary challenge for identifying potential risk factors lies in determining the appropriate assessment methods and indicators to consider. Kinetic variables have been identified as potential indicators of injury risk. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review of the literature analyzing the relationship between kinetic variables and the risk of indirect musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limb in professional soccer players. Methods: A search was conducted on Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus following the PRISMA guidelines. The search included articles that link kinetic variables assessed through dynamometry to indirect lower limb injuries. Sample characteristics, assessments, injury follow-ups, and statistical results were extracted for qualitative synthesis. Results: A total of 1096 studies were initially identified, of which 380 duplicates were removed. After screening 716 articles by title and abstract, 631 were excluded. Subsequently, 85 full-text articles were examined, resulting in 11 studies being included. Of the included articles, 10 used isokinetic dynamometry and the Nordic hamstring curl test to assess lower limb strength. Conclusions: The results of this review indicate that kinetic variables, particularly isokinetic strength measures at different angular velocities, are consistently associated with indirect musculoskeletal injury risk in professional soccer players. The most relevant indicators include eccentric hamstring force and concentric quadriceps torque, which help identify strength deficits and muscular disequilibrium. Monitoring these variables through validated assessments enables the development of targeted prevention strategies. Additionally, injury risk assessment should integrate kinetic data with contextual indicators such as well-being, fatigue, and training load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—2nd Edition)

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