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A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2022) | Viewed by 38983

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andrea Coraddu

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Guest Editor

Department of Maritime and Transport Technology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: data-driven methods; machine learning; hybrid modeling; optimization; energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Rodolfo Taccani

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Guest Editor

Department of Engineering and Architecture, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Valerio 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
Interests: modelling; optimization, renewable energies; hydrogen technologies; alternative fuels

Dr. Federico Ustolin

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Richard Birkelands vei 2B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
Interests: safety; hydrogen; renewables; innovative energy systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The last decade has seen growing pressure towards the decarbonisation of essential infrastructure. Several promising technologies aim to disrupt the current dependency on traditional fuel sources and enable the transition towards net-zero. Especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, the attention and investments in renewable energies and clean fuels became of great importance. The shipbuilding industry is exploring advancements in alternative fuel sources (hydrogen and ammonia) and full electrification by means of batteries, developing emerging technologies to improve vessel efficiency, and integrating onboard energy system management devices.

Nevertheless, each of these avenues comes with its unique set of challenges and opportunities that can change how energy systems will be designed and deployed onboard the vessels of the near future.

This Special Issue provides a platform for academia and industry to exchange the most contemporary ideas, techniques, methods, and experiences in shipping energy systems. Specifically, we are looking for research contributions that address the environmental impact of proposed technologies, the role of regulatory bodies in decarbonisation, and the sustainability of the shipbuilding industry.

This Special Issue focuses on the intersection between energy systems design, modelling, and optimisation to address climate change prevention and mitigation. We invite all the interested authors to submit novel/original studies and reviews that advance the scientific/technical understanding of the addressed topics.

Dr. Andrea Coraddu
Prof. Dr. Rodolfo Taccani
Dr. Federico Ustolin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

ship energy systems
decarbonization
hydrogen
ammonia
electrification
environmental friendliness
sustainability

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 12570 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimal SOC Control and Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy for Fuel-Cell-Based Hybrid Vessel including Batteries and Supercapacitors

by Zeyu Ma, Hao Chen, Jingang Han, Yizheng Chen, Jiongchen Kuang, Jean-Frédéric Charpentier, Nadia Aϊt-Ahmed and Mohamed Benbouzid

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(2), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020398 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2345

Abstract

Around the world, the development of electric vehicles is underway, including in maritime transportation. However, the development of clean energy vessels still has a long way to go. Fuel cells (FCs) are a relevant choice among the many clean energy sources to power clean energy vessels. However, due to the complex and drastic change in the shipload power, FCs need to be equipped with dynamic fast-response energy storage equipment to make up for it. For multiple energy storage devices connected in parallel, the state of charge (SOC) is not balanced, which affects their service life and the stability of the vessel microgrid, as well as slowing the speed and lowering the accuracy of SOC equalization. This paper proposes a distributed variable sag slope control strategy for vessels to improve SOC equalization, with a FC as the energy source and a battery and supercapacitor as the energy storage system (ESS). For the output power distribution problem of energy storage equipment caused by shipload power variation, a power distribution strategy with a variable filter time constant is used to improve the reasonableness of the output power distribution of energy-based lithium batteries and power-based supercapacitors. Meanwhile, this paper considers the power generation equipment’s service life and energy cost as the optimization objectives, considering the discharge depth of the energy storage equipment. Finally, a method based on the combination of the lithium battery SOC rule (the rule formulated according to the state of charge and load power change in energy storage equipment) and particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy improves the equalization speed and accuracy of the SOC of energy storage devices, fully realizes the characteristics of different energy storage devices, and reduces the life loss of energy storage devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Innovative Ship Energy Systems)

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20 pages, 3339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rational Approach to the Ecological Transition in the Cruise Market: Technologies and Design Compromises for the Fuel Switch

by Serena Bertagna, Ivan Kouznetsov, Luca Braidotti, Alberto Marinò and Vittorio Bucci

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010067 - 2 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2238

Abstract

Supporting policies to achieve a green revolution and ecological transition is a global trend. Although the maritime transport of goods and people can rightly be counted among the least polluting sectors, much can be done to further reduce its environmental footprint. Moreover, to boost the ecological transition of vessels, a whole series of international regulations and national laws have been promulgated. Among these, the most impactful on both design and operational management of ships concern the containment of air-polluting emissions in terms of GHG, NOx, SOx and PM. To address this challenge, it might seem that many technologies already successfully used in other transport sectors could be applied. However, the peculiar characteristics of ships make this statement not entirely true. In fact, technological solutions recently adopted, for example, in the automotive sector must deal with the large size of vessels and the consequent large amount of energy necessary for their operation. In this paper, with reference to the case study of a medium/large-sized passenger cruise ship, the use of different fuels (LNG, ammonia, hydrogen) and technologies (internal combustion engines, fuel cells) for propulsion and energy generation on board will be compared. By imposing the design constraint of not modifying the payload and the speed of the ship, the criticalities linked to the use of one fuel rather than another will be highlighted. The current limits of application of some fuels will be made evident, with reference to the state of maturity of the relevant technologies. Furthermore, the operational consequences in terms of autonomy reduction will be presented. The obtained results underline the necessity for shipowners and shipbuilders to reflect on the compromises required by the challenges of the ecological transition, which will force them to choose between reducing payload or reducing performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Innovative Ship Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 5653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimization of New Energy Hybrid Configuration Parameters Based on GA Method

by Yifei Zhang, Lijun Diao, Chunmei Xu, Jia Zhang, Qiya Wu, Haoying Pei, Liying Huang, Xuefei Li and Yuwen Qi

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1747; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111747 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1747

Abstract

Configuration parameters of vehicular hybrid power systems (HPSs) are critical to their economy, weight, and fuel consumption. Many marine vehicles have parameters often set based on engineering experience when designing them, which often leads to excess power from power sources, increased costs, and increased emissions. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization model, which includes the economic cost, weight, and fuel consumption, is proposed to evaluate the performance of configuration parameters. To optimize the objective optimization model, this paper adopts a genetic algorithm (GA) method to iteratively calculate the globally optimal configuration parameter results. Finally, three sets of different weight coefficients are used to verify the configuration optimization results when considering different optimization objectives. To verify the advantage of the multi-objective optimization method, the three sets of optimized results are compared to a specific configuration parameter of a marine vehicle. From the simulation results, compared with the original configuration scheme, the total economic cost of Scheme 1 is reduced by 37.25 × 10⁴ $, the total weight is reduced by 213.55 kg, and the total fuel consumption is reduced by 163.64 t; the total economic cost of Scheme 2 is reduced by 12.2 × 10⁴ $, the total weight is increased by 393.36 kg, and the total fuel consumption is reduced by 271.89 t; the total economic cost of Scheme 3 is reduced by 36.89 × 10⁴ $, the total weight is reduced by 209.2 kg, and the total fuel consumption is reduced by 162.35 t. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Innovative Ship Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 3020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of SOFC Power Generation Plant on Carbon Intensity Index (CII) Calculation for Cruise Ships

by Marco Gianni, Andrea Pietra, Andrea Coraddu and Rodolfo Taccani

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101478 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently discussed the introduction of a new design index called the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII), which is a measure of the total carbon dioxide emissions divided by the amount of cargo carried and by the distance travelled on a one-year basis. In this study, authors have analysed a cruise ship assuming its size, the electrical and thermal power required, and its operative profile. CII is calculated with reference to a 180,000 GRT cruise ship equipped with different possible power plant configurations. Emissions in these scenarios are abated by employing alternative fuels like Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), a shore connection, or innovative technologies like Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). The analysis affirms that a cruise ship powered only by MGO from 2024 will not comply with the CII regulation. Results highlight the potential of LNG in reducing carbon dioxide emissions and, for the reference vessel, the use of LNG alone can guarantee a maximum CII rating up to 2026. The benefits of the installation of 10 MW of SOFC are relevant and similar to the one archived with a power plant composed of dual-fuel internal combustion engines and a shore connection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Innovative Ship Energy Systems)

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23 pages, 8712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Control Solution of Ship’s Central Fresh Water-Cooling System for Efficient Energy Control Based on Merchant Training Ship

by Tae-Youl Jeon, Chang-Min Lee and Jae-Jung Hur

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050679 - 16 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3524

Abstract

Large ships adopt a central fresh water-cooling system that indirectly cools waste heat with seawater to discharge the ship′s waste heat out of the ship. Such a central fresh water-cooling system is essential for future electric powered ships. Since 2010, shipping companies have attempted to save energy by applying variable-speed cooling pumps to the central FW cooling system, but due to the minimum-required discharge pressure of the pump, they have applied the existing 3-way valve system alongside. However, since the control systems of the variable-speed cooling pump and the 3-way valve are controlled by the same output variable, the two control systems collide during operation. Therefore, for efficient energy-saving control, it is important to accurately model the central fresh water-cooling system and find the optimal control method on this basis. In this study, a ship’s central cooling system was mathematically modeled and verified by comparing it with the actual ship′s operation data. A control solution method to effectively save energy for the central cooling system was proposed Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Innovative Ship Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 1632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waste to Energy Onboard Cruise Ships: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Cruising

by Luca Toneatti, Claudio Deluca, Alessandro Fraleoni Morgera, Marzio Piller and Dario Pozzetto

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040480 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5326

Abstract

The newest cruise ships can guest a constantly increasing number of passengers and concentrate their environmental impact on the limited areas interested by their path. The generated solid waste contributes significantly to this impact; therefore, we propose an innovative solution for recovering embedded energy from that garbage. In more detail, we study the feasibility of an absorption plant able to exploit the residual energy of the flue gas of the ship’s incinerator. No payload space shall be sacrificed to install the considered absorption plant. Furthermore, it can be integrated with the existing plants providing for a limited number of heat exchangers. The recovered energy can be used to control the temperature of the refrigerated storerooms; operating simultaneously with, or in place of the existing compression vapors system already installed; it allows a reduction of the CO

_{2}

emissions and of fuel consumption. We show that the proposed approach can be applied to a variety of cruise ships, independently of their tonnage or passenger capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Innovative Ship Energy Systems)

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14 pages, 2047 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of a Hydrogen Hub for the Decarbonization of a Port Industrial Area

by Davide Pivetta, Chiara Dall’Armi and Rodolfo Taccani

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(2), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020231 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5664

Abstract

Green hydrogen is addressed as a promising solution to decarbonize industrial and mobility sectors. In this context, ports could play a key role not only as hydrogen users but also as suppliers for industrial plants with which they have strong commercial ties. The implementation of hydrogen technologies in ports has started to be addressed as a strategy for renewable energy transition but still requires a detailed evaluation of the involved costs, which cannot be separated from the correct design and operation of the plant. Hence, this study proposes the design and operation optimization of a hydrogen production and storage system in a typical Italian port. Multi-objective optimization is performed to determine the optimal levelized cost of hydrogen in environmental and techno-economic terms. A Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer powered by a grid-integrated photovoltaic (PV) plant, a compression station and two-pressure level storage systems are chosen to provide hydrogen to a hydrogen refueling station for a 20-car fleet and satisfy the demand of the hydrogen batch annealing in a steel plant. The results report that a 341 kW_P PV plant, 89 kW electrolyzer and 17 kg hydrogen storage could provide hydrogen at 7.80 €/kgH₂, potentially avoiding about 153 tCO_2,eq/year (120 tCO_2,eq/year only for the steel plant). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Innovative Ship Energy Systems)

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29 pages, 8998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Energy Control of Battery Hybrid System for Marine Vessels by Applying Neural Network Based on Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy

by Seongwan Kim and Jongsu Kim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(11), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111228 - 6 Nov 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2713

Abstract

This paper introduces an optimal energy control method whose rule-based control employs the equivalent consumption minimization strategy as the design standard to support a neural network technique. Using the proposed control method, the output command values for each power source based on the load of the ship and the state of charge of the battery satisfy the target of energy optimization. Based on the rules, the load of the ship and the state of charge of the battery were the input in the neural network, and the outputs of two generators were recorded as the output values of the neural network. To optimize the weights of the neural network and reduce the error between the predicted values and results, the Bayesian regularization method was employed, and a single hidden layer with 20 nodes, 2 input layers, and 2 output layers were considered. For the hidden layer, the tansigmoid function was applied, and for the activation functions of the output layers, linear functions were adopted considering the correlation between the input and output data used for training the neural network. The propulsion motor was fitted with a speed controller to ensure a stable speed, and a torque load was applied on the propulsion motor. To verify the accuracy of the neural network learning, a generator–battery hybrid system simulation was conducted using MATLAB Simulink, and the neural network learned values were compared with the generator output command values obtained based on the load of the ship and the battery state of charge. Additionally, it was confirmed that the generator command values were consistent with the neural network learned values, and the stability of the system was maintained by controlling the speed, voltage, and current control of the propulsion motor under various loads of the ship and different battery charge statuses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Innovative Ship Energy Systems)

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Review

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36 pages, 1752 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Extensive Review of Liquid Hydrogen in Transportation with Focus on the Maritime Sector

by Federico Ustolin, Alessandro Campari and Rodolfo Taccani

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091222 - 1 Sep 2022

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 10872

Abstract

The European Green Deal aims to transform the EU into a modern, resource-efficient, and competitive economy. The REPowerEU plan launched in May 2022 as part of the Green Deal reveals the willingness of several countries to become energy independent and tackle the climate crisis. Therefore, the decarbonization of different sectors such as maritime shipping is crucial and may be achieved through sustainable energy. Hydrogen is potentially clean and renewable and might be chosen as fuel to power ships and boats. Hydrogen technologies (e.g., fuel cells for propulsion) have already been implemented on board ships in the last 20 years, mainly during demonstration projects. Pressurized tanks filled with gaseous hydrogen were installed on most of these vessels. However, this type of storage would require enormous volumes for large long-range ships with high energy demands. One of the best options is to store this fuel in the cryogenic liquid phase. This paper initially introduces the hydrogen color codes and the carbon footprints of the different production techniques to effectively estimate the environmental impact when employing hydrogen technologies in any application. Afterward, a review of the implementation of liquid hydrogen (LH₂) in the transportation sector including aerospace and aviation industries, automotive, and railways is provided. Then, the focus is placed on the maritime sector. The aim is to highlight the challenges for the adoption of LH₂ technologies on board ships. Different aspects were investigated in this study, from LH₂ bunkering, onboard utilization, regulations, codes and standards, and safety. Finally, this study offers a broad overview of the bottlenecks that might hamper the adoption of LH₂ technologies in the maritime sector and discusses potential solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Innovative Ship Energy Systems)

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