Journalism and Media

Social media use is commonplace for journalists in newsgathering, including reporting newsworthy deaths. Journalists have revised their death knock practice of physically doorknocking bereaved families to a preference for digital methods to solicit comment and context for stories about fatal incidents. This is gleaned from social media. A 2021–2022 Australian mixed-methods study, including a survey and semi-structured interviews, found that journalists use social media as a tool to find, contact, and interview people, and as a source of facts, photographs, and comments for stories. Journalists are at risk of moral injury, which occurs when they breach their own moral code, including through institutional betrayal. This article argues the digital death knock increases the risk of moral injury because unfettered access to, and sanctioned use of, social media material creates new ethical complexities. It proposes that fundamental to the journalist’s risk of moral injury is their view of the journalist–source relationship, which might in turn reflect their underlying ethical framework. The journalist who preferences utilitarian ethics—the greatest good for the greatest number—may see a source as means to an end; however, the journalist who preferences deontological ethics—respect for persons as an end in themselves—may owe the source a greater duty of care, which, if breached, may make them vulnerable to moral injury. Full article

This study examines news avoidance behaviors in Egypt’s media system, addressing a significant gap in understanding how audiences disengage from news content in non-Western contexts. Using a mixed-methods approach combining focus groups (n = 16), surveys (n = 512), and expert interviews (n = 4), we investigate the relationships between news overload, trust in formal media, and selective attention in shaping news avoidance behaviors. Our structural equation model demonstrates strong explanatory power (R² = 0.505), with news overload emerging as the strongest predictor of avoidance behaviors (β = 0.481). Trust in formal media (β = −0.265) and selective attention (β = −0.184) show significant negative relationships with news avoidance. Qualitative findings reveal how Egypt’s media system creates unique conditions for news avoidance, with audiences developing sophisticated strategies for managing information flow within an environment of state control. The study advances the theoretical understanding of news avoidance by demonstrating how Media Saturation Theory operates within authoritarian contexts while providing practical insights for news organizations operating under state control. Our findings suggest that news avoidance in authoritarian systems represents not simply audience disengagement but rather a complex adaptation to specific institutional and social conditions. Full article

The rapid rise of fake news has become a growing concern in recent years; moreover, advancements in technology, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), have further exacerbated this issue by making it increasingly difficult to detect and verify fake news content. Also, the advent of AI, especially in auto-generated texts and deepfakes, has made identifying such misinformation significantly more challenging, as this may be associated with many predetermined factors. This study, therefore, investigated the psychological factors that influence media consumers’ belief in deepfakes and other AI-generated content, particularly focusing on how this type of news exposure impacts young adults. Using quantitative methodology, the study randomly sampled a total of (N = 381) young adults to explore the relationship between factors like low critical thinking, emotional attachment to news, and susceptibility to AI-generated fake news. The study found a critical linkage in the prediction that low critical thinking exacerbates exposure to AI-generated fake news content. This study validated the assumption that AI fake news exposure significantly predicts low media trust and antisocial behaviours. In addition, the study affirmed that emotional attachment to news will be positively associated with AI-FNE. This study ultimately concludes that factors such as low critical thinking and emotional attachment to news are predeterminants to AI-FNE, while AI-FNE further exacerbates antisocial behaviours and an individual’s belief in news platforms. Full article

This study investigates the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into undergraduate and graduate curricula in journalism and new media programs in Türkiye, offering a systematic analysis of course structures and content. Utilizing a qualitative research approach, this study combines document analysis and thematic content analysis to examine course catalogs, syllabi, and institutional reports from 72 universities. The findings reveal that AI education in these programs is predominantly theoretical, with courses emphasizing AI ethics, media algorithms, and the impact of automation on news production. Practical applications, such as data journalism and AI-assisted content creation are comparatively scarce. This study highlights the uneven distribution of AI-related courses across institutions, illustrating significant disparities in curriculum depth and focus. While some universities have embraced a more comprehensive AI framework, others offer minimal exposure to AI-related competencies. By systematically mapping AI course distribution across institutions, this study provides empirical insights into the gaps and disparities in AI education, offering recommendations for a curriculum compatible with digital transformation. Full article

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in journalism has transformed the sector, with media generating content automatically without journalists’ involvement, and various media companies implementing AI solutions. Some research suggests AI-authored articles are perceived as equally credible as human-written content, while others raise concerns about misinformation and trust erosion Most studies focus on journalists’ views, with audience attitudes explored mainly through quantitative methods, though there is no consensus regarding the acceptability of AI use by news organizations. We explore AI’s role in journalism through audience research, conducting five focus groups to understand public perceptions. The findings highlight concerns about AI-generated content, particularly potential errors, opacity, and coldness of the content. The information is perceived as somewhat less valuable, being viewed as more automated and requiring less human effort. These concerns coexist with a certain view of AI content as more objective, unbiased, and closer to the ideal of independence from political and economic pressures. Nevertheless, citizens with more AI knowledge question the neutrality of automated content, suspecting biases from corporate interests or journalists influencing the prompts. Full article

South Africans enjoy increasing access to digital connectivity. But little is known about the roles that mobile phones play in the everyday lives of young South Africans who live in marginalized spaces. Responding to this gap in the literature, we conducted research with a naturally occurring group of sixteen young adults, between the ages of 18 and 34, living in an under-resourced Eastern Cape township. Using the mobile diary method, we asked these young people how they use their mobiles as part of everyday sociality and to support their well-being. The article (1) reflects on the efficacy of the mobile diary method as a means of understanding our respondents’ lives and worlds; and (2) presents four themes emerging from the data generated by this method: “waithood”, “music”, “fakes”, and “wellbeing”. We conclude that the mobile diary method generates rewardingly rich data that reveal the complexity of township digitality and sociality. This texture avoids simplistic binaries and does justice to the experiences of young people in marginalized contexts. Full article

The goal of the study is to reveal the reasons (strategies) behind the use of “virtual masks” (fake profiles and altered identities) by real (human) users of social media networks (SMNs) within a cultural context, specifically in Armenia. Applying Erving Goffman’s Dramaturgical Theory and concepts of virtual identity, the research explores how users construct their online personas, either reflecting their real identities or modifying them to achieve specific communicative goals. A statistical analysis of the most popular SMNs in Armenia, combined with semi-structured interviews with 400 users, reveals diverse approaches to virtual communication. While SMNs facilitate news consumption, socializing, and professional networking, many users deliberately conceal personal information or engage in deceptive practices. Approximately 35% prefer anonymity when following others, and 24% of men and 11% of women admit to posting false information. Additionally, 26% of men and 12% of women alter their online appearance to enhance attractiveness. The study also highlights the role of anonymity in expressing controversial opinions, particularly in political discussions. Men are more inclined than women to create fake accounts and manipulate information to avoid social repercussions. Ultimately, the study highlights how “virtual masks” in Armenia reflect both cultural attitudes and broader global digital communication trends. Full article

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has also ignited a battleground in the domain of information. The conflict has been accompanied by a relentless disinformation offensive designed to manipulate public opinion and undermine democratic processes. This paper deals with the role of academia and scholars in focusing this information warfare. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of scientific articles to examine how researchers and institutions have addressed fact-checking initiatives. To this end, performance analysis and literature review are combined to observe the state of academic investigations on fact-checking during the first thousand days of war in Ukraine (from 24 February 2022 to 19 November 2024). To do this, we identified 595 fact-checking articles in the Web of Science database within the “Social Sciences” category and narrowed the focus to 270 articles in the field of “Communication”. Finally, through an in-depth literature review of eight manuscripts, we seek to understand the specific strategies employed by academics to address the conflict between Russia and Ukraine through fact-checking. Our findings suggest that fact-checking research on the Russia–Ukraine war predominantly examines the impact of disinformation in conflict contexts, the role of media literacy in countering false narratives, and the contribution of citizen journalism to verification efforts. These conclusions can shed light on the crucial role of academia in safeguarding truth and fostering informed public debate in an era of information overload and manipulation. Full article

This study aims to examine the impact of social media on interpersonal communication patterns in Jordan and determine whether there are gender differences. Through adopting a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a sample of 50 Facebook users in Jordan chosen based on a self-selection method, comprising 24 men and 26 women, and two semi-structured focus group discussions were conducted with randomly selected 10 men and 10 women. The quantitative analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between genders in terms of nonverbal communication and communication roles. However, no significant differences were found in verbal communication, listening, feedback, context, communication channels, and conflict resolution. The qualitative data provided further insight into the findings, demonstrating how cultural and societal norms, particularly those related to gender roles, influence interactions on social media. The participants expressed a range of perspectives on how social media impacts their communication, with many noting changes in communication dynamics due to increased exposure to global influences. In line with Genderlect Theory this study highlights the role of gender, demonstrating that while traditional gender-based communication styles endure, they are progressively shaped by the dynamic and evolving nature of digital interactions. Full article

Many journalists believe they must become more engaged with the public to improve trust in news. What remains unknown is how the public weighs the trustworthiness of engagement relative to the trustworthiness of a more traditional journalistic value: expertise. This study aims to address this gap by assessing public perceptions of engagement and expertise within journalism and comparing them with perceptions of expertise and engagement within another institution dealing with similarly high levels of distrust: healthcare. Professionals within both journalism and healthcare are attempting to mitigate their trust crises by increasing their engagement with the people they seek to serve, which means each profession is currently navigating an uncertain balancing act between engagement and people’s perceived expertise that this study seeks to explore. Using a US-based survey (N = 981) and employing structural equation modeling (SEM), we find that, when it comes to journalism, engagement does not significantly influence trust, while perceived expertise has a positive impact. In contrast, perceptions of healthcare specialists show both perceived expertise and engagement positively influencing trust, with engagement having a stronger effect. We conclude by exploring the implications of these findings for the relationship between journalists and the public. Full article

This article explores the features of speech practices of young people in Kazakhstan in the conditions of interaction between Kazakh, Russian, and English, taking into account the influence of the digital environment and modern socio-cultural factors. The relevance of this study is determined by the rapid transformation of the language situation in Kazakhstan, where traditional bilingualism is evolving under the influence of globalisation and digital factors, contributing to the formation of new models of language interaction in the youth environment. The aim of this research is to study the mechanisms of language functioning in different communicative contexts, including digital communication. As a methodological basis, the methods of sociolinguistic and discourse analysis were applied, including the collection and interpretation of young people’s written texts, as well as interviewing respondents to identify their language preferences and communication strategies. The empirical analysis allowed us to identify new models of young people’s linguistic behaviour in various communicative environments, including online space. The leading factors influencing the choice of language code were identified, and the characteristic mechanisms of integrating elements of Kazakh, Russian, and English into a single speech act were recorded. Special attention is paid to the specifics of language interaction in digital environments, where hybrid forms of communication are observed due to technological and globalisation processes. This study considers the speech of young people not only as a linguistic phenomenon, but also as an instrument of intercultural communication, reflecting trends in the development of polylingualism. The findings of this study can be used to improve language policy and to develop educational programmes that take into account modern trends in youth communication. Full article

This study examines the role of multilingualism in intercultural business communication among professionals in Kazakhstan, where business discourse reflects a unique combination of language planning, individual competencies, and integration of traditions with modern economic demands. Shaped by globalization, historical influences, and geopolitical factors, Kazakhstan’s business communication is characterized by the use of Kazakh, Russian, and English, along with other foreign languages. Using semi-structured interviews with 19 business professionals from 13 companies, the study examines multilingual practices, language learning processes, and the impact of cultural factors on workplace interactions. Findings reveal that Kazakh, Russian, and English serve distinct functions in professional settings: Kazakh, as the state language, is gaining prominence in the business sphere, particularly in official documentation and government-mandated communication; Russian remains dominant in private and regional business interactions; and English is indispensable for international business. While proficiency in multiple languages facilitates overcoming intercultural barriers, differences in negotiation styles, non-verbal communication, and decision-making processes highlight the need for cultural flexibility in business settings. The study underscores the necessity of implementing well-structured and context-sensitive language policies while advocating for the integration of professional multilingual training into educational curricula to bridge the gap between academic preparation and workplace demands. This research contributes to a broader understanding of how multilingualism shapes professional identity, workforce mobility, and intercultural competence in Kazakhstan’s increasingly globalized business landscape. Full article

The analysis in this study covers how power imbalance, alliance cohesion, diplomatic and media framing, and big data analytics affect scaling up in the conflict in a multipolar world. This research applies the Constructivist International Relations Theory to examine survey data of 250 international relations experts, policymakers, and analysts using Survey Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) via SMART-PLS. Power imbalance and the way the media frames the situation are found to lead to an escalation of conflicts, but strong alliance cohesion, diplomatic effort, and big data analytics can mitigate the risk of the escalation. Strategic diplomacy, media regulation, and real-time data monitoring have thus shown their capacity to prevent conflict. These contribute to conflict studies by incorporating political IR models, data science knowledge, and policy advice on global security governance. This means they can support the prediction and prevention of conflicts by means of diplomatic transparency, ethical media practice, and AI early warning systems. This study is limited by the use of self-reported data; however, the results of this study indicate that this topic is under-explored in cultural and geopolitical terms. The results help inform policymakers and security entities on ways to address conflict resolution as a matter of discretion and from a multidimensional perspective. Survey Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) via SMART-PLS is a technique used for analyzing structural relationships between measured variables and latent constructs, providing valuable insights into complex models. Survey Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) via SMART-PLS is a technique used for analyzing structural relationships between measured variables and latent constructs, providing valuable insights into complex models. Full article

In an era marked by digital transformation and political polarization, the European Union faces significant challenges in maintaining effective communication and public trust. This study examines the European Parliament’s use of Threads and X (formerly Twitter) during the 2024 European Parliament elections, analyzing the types of content published, multimedia resources employed, and engagement generated on both platforms. Using a quantitative content analysis of 171 posts from the official English-language accounts, this research identifies key differences in communication strategies across platforms. Findings reveal that X prioritizes video content, mentions, and reposts, fostering higher user engagement, whereas Threads leans toward infographics and a more informative approach. The study highlights the fragmented nature of digital political communication and underscores the necessity for the European Parliament to adapt its strategies to the dynamics of each platform. These insights contribute to a broader understanding of institutional communication in an evolving digital ecosystem and its implications for electoral mobilization and public discourse. Full article

The Digital Services Act (DSA) is the first supranational regulation aimed at improving the safety, transparency and accountability of online platforms. However, the DSA enforcement process is substantially opaque due to the scarcity of publicly available legal documents on methods, sources and results of the investigations carried out under its scope. This paper examines the transparency of the DSA enforcement process, focusing on the legal and political motivations of the progression from requests for information (RFIs) to the initiation of proceedings, using the European Commission’s investigation against X as a case study. Full article

In recent years, non-fiction journalism, regarded as a subset of literary and narrative journalism, has garnered significant attention in Chinese media. This trend underscores a notable departure from traditional journalistic norms of objectivity toward an emphasis on authenticity. Drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of 348 articles sourced from Southern People Weekly, a prominent media outlet for non-fiction journalism in China, this study examines the construction of authenticity along two distinct dimensions: voice and visibility. The voice dimension encompasses the utilization of first-person narratives by sources, the expression of authorial voice, and the orchestration of polyphony between journalists and their sources. The visibility dimension pertains to the portrayal of sources through visual imagery, the strategic presentation of journalists, and the scenic depiction of context and environment. Based on these findings, this study discusses the challenges posed by this narrative paradigm to the traditional notion of objectivity and its implications for the rising ideal of subjective journalism. Full article

Talk shows have a vital role in framing legislative issues to influence public attitudes, in a way that serves and achieves the interests of those in charge of these talk shows. The coverage of the talk show Voice of the Kingdom during the second regular session of the National Assembly reveals the spotlight on the performance of the legislative authority, which is the basis for approving, rejecting, or amending laws in Jordan. It also highlights the way talk shows address the performance of the legislative authority in exercising its legislative and oversight role and analyzes the elements on which these talk shows rely in framing legislative issues, as these treatments reflect the public’s interpretations and priorities towards the performance of the legislative authority. To achieve these objectives, the media content analysis approach was used to analyze the media frames of 37 episodes of the Voice of the Kingdom talk show during the second regular session of the 19th National Assembly, which extended from 13 November 2022 to 7 May 2023. This article reveals that the Voice of the Kingdom talk show framed the performance of the legislative authority within the framework of economic results, responsibility, and human interests. The methods of treatment were characterized by the analytical approach, while it relied on rational persuasion methods in treating the performance of the legislative authority. The results concluded that the process of framing the Voice of the Kingdom talk show for the performance of the legislative authority acquires its characteristics from the nature of the television channel’s orientations, the vision of the talk show makers, and the goals they seek to achieve, which gives the communicator an influential role in framing legislative performance. Full article

This study examines the transformation of masculine representation across television and digital platforms in Indonesian reality shows. We identified distinct patterns of masculine representation emerging across platforms through a mixed-method analysis of 240 h of television programming, 1100 digital media items, and survey data from 1000 respondents. Our study reveals a significant decline in traditional masculine representations from 85% to 30% between 2019 and 2024, accompanied by the rise of “platform-specific masculinities”. The research identifies three primary categories: traditional (dominated by competitive achievement), emotional (characterized by interpersonal connection), and creativity (marked by innovative self-expression). Digital platforms demonstrate higher engagement rates for emotional (380 k interactions) and creative content (320 k interactions) compared to traditional representations (180 k interactions), particularly among younger audiences (18–24). While television maintains predominantly traditional representations (65%), digital platforms, especially TikTok, show higher proportions of emotional (42%) and creative (45%) expressions. These findings contribute to understanding how platform characteristics influence gender representation and suggest implications for media production in Southeast Asia. Full article

Over the past decade in Greece, over 130 regional newspapers are no longer being printed and therefore have ceased their publication. As a consequence, publishers/owners, journalists, and editors have expressed their concerns about the future of local newspapers and have become increasingly pessimistic regarding the business future of the Greek regional press. This study strongly focuses on the various challenges and complex difficulties they have to face and overcome in order to retain their validity and credibility, seeing that the viability of their business is declining significantly. Along with its scientifically substantiated research, which are conducted through a questionnaire, a sample of 176 employees (publishers/owners, journalists, and editors) is examined out of the total of 199 local newspapers that are being legally printed today in the country (111 daily and 88 weekly releases). The main point of emphasis is to showcase and highlight the personal experiences and opinions of the people that are working in the industry, justifying and analyzing the dangers and risks that are threatening the future of local print media. The presentation and the evaluation of its results show negative and frustrating insights that can potentially lead to an uncertain future in the coming years. By combining both the negative responses of the participants and their low level of satisfaction regarding the government’s efforts and support measures, a clear conclusion is drawn that the Greek regional press is fighting for its survival. It seems probable that, in the upcoming future, even more regional newspapers will suspend their circulation. Full article