Applications of Trajectory Analysis to Describe Changes in a Time Series of Maps

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Land Systems and Global Change".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 5038

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
Interests: error assessment; land change science; simulation modeling; spatial analysis; statistics; uncertainty
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Geo-Bilt Engineering Consult, Accra, Ghana
Interests: GIS; land change; remote sensing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Trajectory Analysis is a new methodology that can be used to summarize the patterns in a time series. This method overlays a temporal sequence of raster maps of a non-negative variable for a spatial extent. For example, if users want to analyze a land cover category, then 1 represents the presence and 0 represents the absence of the category for each pixel at each time point. The outputs of Trajectory Analysis outputs maps and graphs that describe the spatial and temporal patterns of gross changes. Trajectory Analysis summarizes the sequence of changes in each pixel as one of eight trajectories concerning gross losses and gains during the sequence of time intervals. The method also synthesizes the changes in terms of three components: Quantity, Exchange, and Alternation. Alternation occurs when a pixel experiences both loss and gain during the time series. A free R package computes the results at multiple spatial resolutions, thus revealing the patterns of gross changes in space. In addition, the R package computes the results at multiple temporal resolutions, revealing the patterns of gross changes in time. The seminal paper concerning this methodology can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15481603.2024.2409484, a preliminary conference proceeding can be found at https://wordpress.clarku.edu/rpontius/wp-content/uploads/sites/884/2024/10/Pontius-Jr-et-al.-2023-Trajectories-of-losses-and-gains-of-soybean-cultiv-1.pdf, and the computer package in the language R is available for free at https://github.com/bilintoh/timeseriesTrajectories.

We invite authors to contribute to this Special Issue with original research and case studies that apply Trajectory Analysis. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of the applications of Trajectory Analysis so that we can determine its range of uses and interpretations. We are particularly interested in applications related to land change in Latin America, and especially those that employ MapBiomas data. Trajectory Analysis has been designed for any non-negative variable, which allows the proceure to analyze variables such as precipitation and biomas. Trajectory Analysis can provide insights into the quality of data, because it is effective in finding suspicious patterns. Therefore, Trajectory Analysis can aid in the early phases of creating a time series, and is particularly effective at cross-site comparisons.

Themes:  Geographic Information Science, Land-use and Land-cover Change, Time Series Analysis

Article Types: Original Research, Case Studies

Prof. Dr. Robert Gilmore Pontius, Jr.
Dr. Thomas Mumuni Bilintoh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • alternation
  • GIS
  • land change
  • Latin America
  • pattern
  • resolution
  • spatial
  • trajectories
  • temporal
  • time series

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

15 pages, 4449 KB  
Article
Mapping Long-Term Wildfire Dynamics in Portugal Using Trajectory Analysis (1975–2024)
by Bruno Barbosa, Ana Gonçalves, Sandra Oliveira and Cláudia M. Viana
Land 2025, 14(9), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091872 - 13 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1262
Abstract
Wildfire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes are becoming increasingly unpredictable, driven by the combined effects of climate change, land-use transitions, and socio-economic pressures. Traditional metrics such as burned area or ignition points often fail to capture the complexity of the temporal and spatial recurrence [...] Read more.
Wildfire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes are becoming increasingly unpredictable, driven by the combined effects of climate change, land-use transitions, and socio-economic pressures. Traditional metrics such as burned area or ignition points often fail to capture the complexity of the temporal and spatial recurrence of fire events. To address this gap, we apply, for the first time, a trajectory analysis framework to wildfire occurrence data across mainland Portugal (1975–2024), using pixel-level binary time series at 100 m resolution. Originally developed for land cover change detection, this method classifies each pixel into sequences representing distinct temporal patterns (e.g., stability, gains, losses, or alternations) over defined periods. Results reveal a predominance of stable absence and alternation-type trajectories, particularly “All alternation gain first”, which points to recurrent yet irregular fire activity. Regional differences further highlight the influence of divergent socio-ecological contexts. The findings suggest that fire regimes in Portugal are not only recurrent but structurally dynamic, and that trajectory-based classification offers a novel and valuable tool for long-term monitoring and regionally adapted fire management. Applying this method to wildfire data required specific adjustments to account for the unique temporal and thematic characteristics of fire regimes, ensuring a meaningful interpretation of the results. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5195 KB  
Article
Long-Term Trajectory Analysis of Avocado Orchards in the Avocado Belt, Mexico
by Jonathan V. Solórzano, Jean François Mas, Diana Ramírez-Mejía and J. Alberto Gallardo-Cruz
Land 2025, 14(9), 1792; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091792 - 3 Sep 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1826
Abstract
Avocado orchards are among the most profitable and fastest-growing commodity crops in Mexico, especially in the area known as the “Avocado Belt”. Several efforts have been made to monitor their expansion; however, there is currently no method that can be easily updated to [...] Read more.
Avocado orchards are among the most profitable and fastest-growing commodity crops in Mexico, especially in the area known as the “Avocado Belt”. Several efforts have been made to monitor their expansion; however, there is currently no method that can be easily updated to track this expansion. The main objective of this study was to monitor the expansion of avocado orchards from 1993 to 2024, using the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm and Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 imagery. Presence/absence maps of avocado orchards corresponding to 1 January of each year were used to perform a trajectory analysis, identifying eight possible change trajectories. Finally, maps from 2020 to 2023 were verified using reference data and very-high-resolution images. The maps showed a level of agreement = 0.97, while the intersection over union for the avocado orchard class was 0.62. The main results indicate that the area occupied by avocado orchards more than tripled from 1993 to 2024, from 64,304.28 ha to 200,938.32 ha, with the highest expansion occurring between 2014 and 2024. The trajectory analysis confirmed that land conversion to avocado orchards is generally permanent and happens only once (i.e., gain without alternation). The method proved to be a robust approach for monitoring avocado orchard expansion and could be an attractive alternative for regularly updating this information. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop