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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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17 pages, 2377 KB  
Article
Temperature-Dependent Residual Stress and Optical Properties of Asymmetric W-Doped VO2-Based Trilayer Thin Films
by Chuen-Lin Tien, Chun-Yu Chiang, Lung-Shun Shih, Ching-Chiun Wang and Shih-Chin Lin
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081585 - 15 Apr 2026
Viewed by 617
Abstract
This study aims to reduce the phase transition temperature (PTT) of W-doped vanadium dioxide (VO2) multilayer thin films. We designed and fabricated two asymmetric multilayer thin film structures; namely, TiO2/VO2-5%W/ITO and ITO/VO2-5%W/TiO2. The [...] Read more.
This study aims to reduce the phase transition temperature (PTT) of W-doped vanadium dioxide (VO2) multilayer thin films. We designed and fabricated two asymmetric multilayer thin film structures; namely, TiO2/VO2-5%W/ITO and ITO/VO2-5%W/TiO2. The W-doped VO2-based Trilayer thin films were deposited using an electron beam evaporation combined with the ion-assisted deposition (IAD) technique. An experimental study was conducted on the temperature-dependent residual stress and optical properties of the two asymmetric VO2-based three-layer structures. The VO2-based thin films were characterized using UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and an improved Twyman–Green interferometer combined with fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis for residual stress measurement. The trilayer structures incorporated a ~60 nm thick W-doped VO2 middle layer, which plays a critical role in modulating thermochromic behavior and residual stress evolution. The results show that both trilayer thin films demonstrated excellent optical performance in transmission spectra. Raman spectral analysis revealed a blue shift in the characteristic W-doped VO2 peaks, accompanied by a decrease in peak intensity as the temperature increased. Heating experiments on asymmetric W-doped VO2 trilayer thin films revealed that the critical transition temperature of the ITO/VO2-5%W/TiO2/B270 trilayer film structure was significantly reduced to 45 °C. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed multilayer film design in improving the PTT of W-doped VO2 thin films. Analysis of the changes in residual stress of the trilayer thin films during heating experiments revealed that the residual stress shifted from compressive to tensile in the temperature range of 40 °C to 50 °C. The thermal expansion coefficient and biaxial modulus of the TiO2/VO2-5%W/ITO trilayer film structure were 5.37 × 10−6 °C−1 and 295.7 GPa, respectively. In addition, the thermal expansion coefficient and biaxial modulus of the ITO/VO2-5%W/TiO2 trilayer film structure were 6.65 × 10−6 °C−1 and 745.0 GPa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Thin-Film Technologies for Semiconductor Applications)
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15 pages, 6134 KB  
Article
The Influence of Plastic Processing on the Corrosion Resistance of the Alloy Based on the FeAl Intermetallic Phase After Long-Term Oxidation in Air Atmosphere
by Dorota Pasek, Janusz Cebulski, Maria Sozańska, Magdalena Popczyk, Jadwiga Gabor and Andrzej Swinarew
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1597; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081597 - 15 Apr 2026
Viewed by 497
Abstract
This work presents a study of oxide-scale development on a B2 FeAl-based alloy (Fe40Al5Cr0.2TiB) during long-term isothermal oxidation at 700 °C in air, with particular emphasis on the effect of plastic processing. Oxidation tests were conducted for 300, 1000, and 2000 h. Surface [...] Read more.
This work presents a study of oxide-scale development on a B2 FeAl-based alloy (Fe40Al5Cr0.2TiB) during long-term isothermal oxidation at 700 °C in air, with particular emphasis on the effect of plastic processing. Oxidation tests were conducted for 300, 1000, and 2000 h. Surface morphology and chemical composition were examined using SEM/EDS, phase composition was identified by XRD, and local oxide thickness was measured by TEM. Surface topography was quantified by optical profilometry using Ra and Rz parameters. In both material states (as-cast and plastically processed), the alloy formed a continuous α-Al2O3-based scale. Plastic processing significantly affected oxidation kinetics, resulting in higher mass gain compared to the as-cast condition. Despite differences in mass gain, the average oxide-scale thickness after 2000 h remained in the submicrometric range (~340 nm) for both states. Surface topography analysis revealed differences in roughness and morphology associated with the material condition. The results demonstrate that plastic processing influences oxidation behavior primarily through microstructural modification, while the protective character of the alumina scale remains preserved. These findings provide data relevant to FeAl-based materials considered for high-temperature energy applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achievements in Foundry Materials and Technologies (Second Edition))
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18 pages, 4243 KB  
Article
Overall Performance Enhancement of Epoxy Resins Loaded with Non-Covalently Modified Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanosheets
by Marialuigia Raimondo and Liberata Guadagno
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1569; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081569 - 14 Apr 2026
Viewed by 667
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate that both carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene nanosheets (G) were successfully modified by π-stacking interactions with a pyrene derivative (PY), yielding the functionalized nanofillers CNT-PY and G-PY, which were subsequently dispersed within an aeronautical epoxy matrix. This functionalization [...] Read more.
In this work, we demonstrate that both carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene nanosheets (G) were successfully modified by π-stacking interactions with a pyrene derivative (PY), yielding the functionalized nanofillers CNT-PY and G-PY, which were subsequently dispersed within an aeronautical epoxy matrix. This functionalization is highly effective in preserving the remarkable electronic properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets. At the same time, the non-covalent functionalization reduces the resin viscosity, enabling a more effective dispersion of the nanofillers. This results in improved rheological behavior and an overall enhancement of the structural performance of the nanocomposites compared to the resin containing unfunctionalized carbon nanofillers (CNT and G). Additional improvements are also observed in electrical properties, self-healing efficiency, and thermal stability. In particular, the samples containing functionalized carbon nanotubes (TBD + 1%CNT-PY) and functionalized graphene nanosheets (TBD + 1%G-PY) exhibit higher conductivities—0.391 S/m and 0.1 S/m, respectively—than the samples loaded with unfunctionalized carbon nanotubes (TBD + 1%CNT) and unfunctionalized graphene nanosheets (TBD + 1%G), which show conductivity values of 0.292 S/m and 4.82 × 10−3 S/m, respectively. The functionalized graphene nanosheets (G-PY) display significantly greater thermal stability, with degradation temperatures reaching 670 °C, compared to 310 °C for unfunctionalized ones (G). The functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT-PY) show a 10% weight loss at 520 °C due to the degradation of the pyrene groups. Significant improvements in the final properties can be achieved when carbon-based nanofillers are homogeneously dispersed in the matrix and the external load is efficiently transferred through strong filler–polymer interfacial interactions, leading to composites with superior characteristics suitable for advanced applications. Tunneling Atomic Force Microscopy (TUNA) highlights the morphological features of the two types of carbon nanofillers, their dispersion within the polymer matrix and the effect of the functionalization on the electrical pathways and conductivity of the samples at both the micro- and nanometer-scale. The measured electrical conductivities are consistent with the electric currents detected at the micro/nanoscale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Resin Composites: From Synthesis to Application)
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31 pages, 3953 KB  
Article
Design and Construction Practices for Full-Depth Reclamation of Asphalt Mixtures with Bituminous and Cementitious Additives
by Swathi Malluru, Ahmed Saidi, Ayman Ali and Yusuf Mehta
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081540 - 12 Apr 2026
Viewed by 801
Abstract
Several highway agencies have implemented full-depth reclamation (FDR) as a sustainable technology for rehabilitating deteriorated asphalt pavements. However, the lack of standardized mix design procedures and limited field assessment, in terms of rutting and cracking resistance, pose challenges to the widespread implementation of [...] Read more.
Several highway agencies have implemented full-depth reclamation (FDR) as a sustainable technology for rehabilitating deteriorated asphalt pavements. However, the lack of standardized mix design procedures and limited field assessment, in terms of rutting and cracking resistance, pose challenges to the widespread implementation of FDR. This study addresses these challenges by synthesizing current FDR mix design and construction practices and validating highway agency-recommended practices through laboratory performance evaluation. The study objectives were achieved by (1) reviewing current FDR mix design and construction specifications of highway agencies across the US and internationally, (2) conducting surveys with highway agencies and interviews with subject matter experts (SMEs), and (3) evaluating the laboratory performance of FDR mixtures. Based on the findings from the literature, survey responses, and SME interviews, three FDR mixtures were designed in the lab: (i) cement-only, (ii) asphalt emulsion and cement, and (iii) foamed asphalt and cement. Each mix was then evaluated for rutting susceptibility using the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) and cracking resistance using the indirect tensile (IDT) test to identify optimum dosages of bituminous and cementitious additives. Laboratory results showed that FDR mixtures with 3% asphalt emulsion and 1% cement improved rutting resistance by 46% and cracking performance by 70% compared to cement-only mixtures with 4% cement. In contrast, foamed asphalt did not result in a significant improvement in FDR performance. Survey responses indicated that 89% of respondents reported good field performance of FDR, with Pennsylvania and North Dakota exhibiting excellent performance 10 years after construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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15 pages, 1827 KB  
Article
C16-Functionalized Diatomaceous Earth: A Sustainable Approach for the Selective Encapsulation and Remediation of Hydrocarbons from Water
by Rosalia Maria Cigala, Mario Samperi, Paola Cardiano, Alessandro Tripodo, Giuseppe Sabatino, Catia Cannilla, Giuseppina La Ganga and Ileana Ielo
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081529 - 10 Apr 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 784
Abstract
The primary objective of this research is to engineer a high-performance, sustainable material for aquatic remediation by repurposing low-cost biogenic silica into a selective hydrophobic adsorbent. By integrating the natural hierarchical porosity of Diatomaceous Earth (DE) with a tailored silanization strategy, this work [...] Read more.
The primary objective of this research is to engineer a high-performance, sustainable material for aquatic remediation by repurposing low-cost biogenic silica into a selective hydrophobic adsorbent. By integrating the natural hierarchical porosity of Diatomaceous Earth (DE) with a tailored silanization strategy, this work aims to provide a scalable and eco-friendly solution for the efficient encapsulation and mechanical recovery of hydrocarbons from contaminated water. To overcome the inherent hydrophilicity of DE, a two-step functionalization process was developed, involving alkaline activation followed by the covalent grafting of hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (C16) in different concentrations. The resulting C16@DE hybrid materials underwent a dramatic surface energy transformation, shifting from hydrophilic behavior to robust hydrophobicity, with static contact angles reaching up to 134.8°. Optical analysis revealed a unique remediation mechanism: while pristine DE disperses homogeneously in the aqueous phase, functionalized C16@DE spontaneously organizes into discrete pellets upon contact with diesel, effectively encapsulating the fuel. Quantitative UV/vis spectrophotometry confirmed that these composites sequester approximately 55–56% of the diesel phase. Together, these results demonstrate that C16@DE materials couple intrinsic biosilica porosity with tailored hydrophobicity to achieve efficient hydrocarbon capture. By combining the natural hierarchical porosity of diatoms with engineered surface selectivity, this research positions functionalized DE as a scalable, low-cost, and eco-friendly promising solution for marine oil spill recovery and industrial wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Green Materials)
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15 pages, 1310 KB  
Article
Redox Mechanisms of Silica-Supported Ni Particles: An X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Investigation
by Eka Novitasari, Kodai Ohta, Asaka Azuma, Yasuhiro Niwa, Masao Kimura and Yasuhiro Inada
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081509 - 9 Apr 2026
Viewed by 603
Abstract
The redox mechanisms of silica-supported Ni particles were investigated using their in situ X-ray absorption fine structure, providing mechanistic insights into partially reduced NiO and partially oxidized metallic Ni. The results of surface oxidation of partially reduced NiO particles at room temperature revealed [...] Read more.
The redox mechanisms of silica-supported Ni particles were investigated using their in situ X-ray absorption fine structure, providing mechanistic insights into partially reduced NiO and partially oxidized metallic Ni. The results of surface oxidation of partially reduced NiO particles at room temperature revealed that the surface was not fully covered with metallic Ni and that metallic Ni had also formed within the particle interior. During NiO particle reduction, the process initiates at specific surface sites, and before the metallic Ni phase fully covers the surface, O2− ions are expelled from the particle. Conversely, the oxidation of metallic Ni particles progresses inward from the surface, with an accompanying increase in the thickness of the NiO layer that forms upon O2 exposure at room temperature. This mechanism is supported by observations that the reduction of a thin NiO shell on metallic Ni particles was completed below 200 °C, while reduction temperatures shifted to higher values as the NiO layer thickness increased. The distinct oxidation and reduction mechanisms are attributed to differences in the migration direction of O2− ions. During reduction, it is proposed that O2− ions within the particles migrate to the surface along the interface between the NiO phase and the metallic Ni phase. This study elucidates the detailed mechanism behind the redox interconversion between NiO and metallic Ni in solid catalyst particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Catalytic Materials)
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14 pages, 4309 KB  
Article
Multifunctional Shape-Memory Polyurethane/MnO2 Composites for Postsurgical Osteosarcoma Adaptive Treatment
by Deju Gao, Yuhan Du, Junjie Deng, Zhengxin Gan, Wei Zhang, Yuxiao Lai and Yuanchi Zhang
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081504 - 9 Apr 2026
Viewed by 767
Abstract
Treatment of postsurgical osteosarcoma remains one of the major challenges in orthopedic clinics. Conventional implants often fail to address complex pathological issues, including irregular bone defects, residual tumor cells, and delayed bone regeneration. Herein, this study reports a multifunctional shape-memory polyurethane (SMPU)/manganese dioxide [...] Read more.
Treatment of postsurgical osteosarcoma remains one of the major challenges in orthopedic clinics. Conventional implants often fail to address complex pathological issues, including irregular bone defects, residual tumor cells, and delayed bone regeneration. Herein, this study reports a multifunctional shape-memory polyurethane (SMPU)/manganese dioxide (MnO2) composite that provides adaptive support, antitumor activity, and osteogenic bioactivity. SMPU was synthesized by introducing 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) as chain extenders at a specific ratio. Commercial MnO2 nanoparticles were incorporated as both a photothermal agent and a bioactive component to achieve multifunctionality. As designed, a coordination system was formed between the polymer chains and MnO2 nanoparticles within the composites. The influence of MnO2 content was systematically investigated. Although increasing MnO2 amounts improved photothermal and mechanical performance, excessive incorporation adversely affected the molecular structure and compromised the composite’s biocompatibility. By adjusting the MnO2 content, the composites were demonstrated to possess robust mechanical performance, good shape-memory behavior, and controllable Mn2+ release. Additionally, the composites exhibited tunable photothermal performance under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. Furthermore, in vitro studies confirmed that the composites containing 4 wt% MnO2 could eliminate tumor cells via photothermal effects and promote the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Overall, the SMPU/MnO2 composites had superior multifunction for treating irregular bone defects following bone tumor surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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12 pages, 418 KB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of Composite Core Build-Up Materials: A Comparative Study
by Emily Mundy, Sanaya V. Engineer, Sheila Butler, Amin Rizkalla, Gildo Coelho Santos Junior and Maria Jacinta Moraes Coelho Santos
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081487 - 8 Apr 2026
Viewed by 730
Abstract
Objective: To determine the most suitable core build-up materials based on their mechanical and physical properties, different resin based materials were evaluated for flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (E), modulus of resilience (R), water sorption (WS), and solubility (SO). Materials and Methods: Three [...] Read more.
Objective: To determine the most suitable core build-up materials based on their mechanical and physical properties, different resin based materials were evaluated for flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (E), modulus of resilience (R), water sorption (WS), and solubility (SO). Materials and Methods: Three dual-cure resins (CosmeCore DC Automix, CCC; Clearfil DC Core Plus, CCP; MultiCore Flow, CMC) and two bulk fill composites (Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative, BFO; Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable, BFF) were tested, with Filtek Supreme Ultra (FSU) as the control. All tests followed ISO 4049. Beam specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm, n = 12) were used to determine FS and E after 24 h storage in 37 °C deionized water, using a three-point bending test. Disc specimens (15 × 1 mm, n = 5) were used for WS and SO by measuring mass changes before and after water storage. Data were analysed using one way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (p < 0.05). Results: CCC exhibited the highest FS and lowest WS. BFF showed the lowest E, while BFO exhibited the highest R. FSU demonstrated the lowest FS and R, along with the highest WS. No significant differences in SO were observed among groups. Conclusions: The evaluated materials showed considerable variation in mechanical and physical properties. CCC and BFO demonstrated the most favourable performance, suggesting they are the most suitable candidates for core build up procedures among the materials tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)
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23 pages, 758 KB  
Article
Element-Free Galerkin Method for Analyzing Size-Dependent Thermally Induced Free Vibration Characteristics of Functionally Graded Magneto-Electro-Elastic Doubly Curved Microscale Shells
by Chih-Ping Wu and Meng-Jung Liu
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081494 - 8 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 415
Abstract
Within the framework of consistent couple stress theory (CCST) and employing Hamilton’s principle, we derive a Galerkin weak formulation to analyze the three-dimensional (3D) size-dependent free vibration characteristics of a simply supported, functionally graded (FG) magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) doubly curved (DC) microscale shell subjected [...] Read more.
Within the framework of consistent couple stress theory (CCST) and employing Hamilton’s principle, we derive a Galerkin weak formulation to analyze the three-dimensional (3D) size-dependent free vibration characteristics of a simply supported, functionally graded (FG) magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) doubly curved (DC) microscale shell subjected to a uniform temperature change. Incorporating the differential reproducing kernel (DRK) interpolants into the weak formulation, we further develop an element-free Galerkin (EFG) method. The microscale shell of interest is composed of two-phase MEE materials, and its material properties are assumed to vary through its thickness according to a power-law distribution of the volume fractions of the constituents. The results show that the natural frequency solutions obtained using the EFG method are in excellent agreement with the reported 3D solutions for laminated composite and FG-MEE macroscale plates, with the material length-scale parameter and the inverse of the curvature radii set to zero. The effects of the material length-scale parameter, temperature change, inhomogeneity index, and mid-surface radius and length-to-thickness ratios on the FG-MEE microscale shell’s free vibration characteristics in a thermal environment are examined and appear to be significant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials and Their Evaluation Methods)
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20 pages, 2510 KB  
Article
Fly Ash Utilisation for CO2 Reduction in Cement Composites
by Jakub Sobala, Jakub Szczurowski, Danutė Vaičiukynienė, Ignasi Casanova, Paweł Baran and Katarzyna Zarębska
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081490 - 8 Apr 2026
Viewed by 743
Abstract
This study examines the utilisation of fly ash from the energy sector as a secondary raw material in cement composites, with the aim of improving sustainability while maintaining high mechanical performance. By partially replacing Portland cement with industrial by-products, the proposed approach supports [...] Read more.
This study examines the utilisation of fly ash from the energy sector as a secondary raw material in cement composites, with the aim of improving sustainability while maintaining high mechanical performance. By partially replacing Portland cement with industrial by-products, the proposed approach supports resource efficiency and aligns cement composite production with circular economy principles. Three formulations were tested: a reference mix and mixes with 25% and 50% cement reduction. Compressive strength reached 41 MPa, confirming suitability for construction use. Chemical and textural properties were analysed using XRD, FTIR, TGA, and nitrogen adsorption (BET, BJH). The results showed structural modifications, including new crystalline phases and changes in porosity. XRD confirmed newly formed phases, while FTIR identified Si-O-Si and Al-O-Si bonds, indicating effective activation of fly ash. Reducing cement content increased surface area and mesoporosity, enhancing performance. The findings demonstrate that fly ash can serve as a sustainable substitute for Portland cement within a circular economy framework, supporting CO2 emission reduction and resource conservation while enabling the production of durable and environmentally responsible cement composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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19 pages, 1506 KB  
Article
Optically Activated Superconductivity in MgB2 via Electroluminescent GaP Inhomogeneous Phase
by Yao Qi, Duo Chen, Qingyu Hai, Xiaoyan Li and Xiaopeng Zhao
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1456; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071456 - 5 Apr 2026
Viewed by 646
Abstract
Experimental results suggest a feasible strategy for tuning the superconducting properties of MgB2 through the incorporation of an electroluminescent inhomogeneous phase. By introducing GaP electroluminescent inhomogeneous phases into MgB2, the effects of emission intensity variation on the sample structure, superconducting [...] Read more.
Experimental results suggest a feasible strategy for tuning the superconducting properties of MgB2 through the incorporation of an electroluminescent inhomogeneous phase. By introducing GaP electroluminescent inhomogeneous phases into MgB2, the effects of emission intensity variation on the sample structure, superconducting transition temperature, electrical transport behavior, and magnetic properties were systematically investigated. The results show that, at a fixed GaP addition level, the superconducting transition temperature Tc increases steadily from 38.2 K to 39.6 K with increasing emission intensity of the inhomogeneous phase, corresponding to a maximum enhancement of approximately 1.4 K. Meanwhile, the zero-resistance temperature shifts upward synchronously, indicating that the entire superconducting transition region moves toward higher temperatures. Raman measurements show that the peak position and linewidth of the E2g phonon mode evolve systematically with emission intensity, while the electron–phonon coupling parameter λ exhibits a trend consistent with that of Tc. In addition, the nanoscale dispersed distribution of the GaP inhomogeneous phase, together with the interface/defect structures it introduces, appears to promote sample densification and enhance flux pinning, resulting in an increase in the critical current density Jc by approximately 69% at 20 K in self-field and an enhancement of the irreversibility field Hirr by about 31.5%. These results suggest that, beyond the effect of static inhomogeneous-phase incorporation, the luminescence-activated state under bias excitation is likely involved in modulating the superconducting response of MgB2. This work provides a new experimental perspective for synergistically regulating the properties of conventional superconductors through the combined effects of inhomogeneous phases and excited states. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Superconducting Materials: From Structure and Properties to Applications)
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20 pages, 2242 KB  
Article
Influence of Catalyst Composition on the Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction: From Single Oxide IrO2 to High-Entropy Oxide IrNiMnFeCoCuVOx
by Miguel Sánchez Martín, Miriam Alonso Menéndez, Daniel Barreda, Ricardo Santamaría, Clara Blanco, Victoria G. Rocha and Jonathan Ruiz Esquius
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071402 - 31 Mar 2026
Viewed by 841
Abstract
Developing active and robust catalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with reduced Ir loading is still a challenge in the industrial production of green H2. In this work, several catalysts ranging from single metal oxides (e.g., IrO2) [...] Read more.
Developing active and robust catalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with reduced Ir loading is still a challenge in the industrial production of green H2. In this work, several catalysts ranging from single metal oxides (e.g., IrO2) to high-entropy oxides (IrNiMnFeCoCuVOx) were synthesised through thermal decomposition in air to study the effect of the mixed-oxide composition in terms of activity and stability towards the acidic OER. Catalysts were named MOx-n, with n being the number of metal elements in the mixture. The results show that the activity of rutile IrO2 can be improved by introducing other elements into the composition. The best performance was obtained for MOx-4 to MOx-5, which delivered a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential (η10) of 279 ± 4 mV; approx. 100 mV lower than IrO2 at a comparable Ir loading and with better stability. Nevertheless, further increasing the complexity of the mixed oxide resulted in an evident degradation in terms of activity and stability. It is worth noting that surface dissolution and reconstruction occurred with all mixed-oxide catalysts, including high-entropy configurations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Electrocatalytic and Electrochemical Materials in Energy)
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16 pages, 7407 KB  
Article
Anomalous Paramagnetic Meissner-like AC Response in EuRbFe4As4 Superconductor
by Adrian Crisan, Alina M. Badea, Ion Ivan, Corneliu F. Miclea, Daniel N. Crisan, Armando Galluzzi and Massimiliano Polichetti
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071365 - 30 Mar 2026
Viewed by 518
Abstract
Magnetic superconductor EuRbFe4As4 is a quite unique system in which macroscopic superconductivity and magnetic ordering coexist, with interesting interactions between Abrikosov vortices and Eu2+ spins that were investigated mostly by static (DC) magnetization measurements. Our aim is to study [...] Read more.
Magnetic superconductor EuRbFe4As4 is a quite unique system in which macroscopic superconductivity and magnetic ordering coexist, with interesting interactions between Abrikosov vortices and Eu2+ spins that were investigated mostly by static (DC) magnetization measurements. Our aim is to study the dynamic interactions between the two sub-systems using AC susceptibility measurements in a wide range of temperatures and superimposed DC fields. In low DC fields, the magnetic transition at 15 K is clearly visible. We have observed very little difference between the AC susceptibility in different cooling regimes, but large difference for different field orientation. For field perpendicular to the superconducting planes, we have observed an anomalous dependence just below the critical temperature, which is absent in the parallel field orientation. We explained the anomaly by the interplay between the sample dimensions and the temperature dependence of the London penetration depth which may allow the paramagnetic Meissner-like response to be detected in the temperature dependence of the AC susceptibility. We stress that the newly reported phenomenon reflects an AC-susceptibility manifestation of a field-stabilized critical state rather than a thermodynamic phase. In addition, we have observed a paramagnetic AC response in the normal phase, in both field orientations, indicative of interactions between Eu2+ spins and flux lines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Copper- and Iron-Based Superconductors: Preparation, Properties, and Functionalization Applications)
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17 pages, 6088 KB  
Article
Visualizing the 3D Evolution and Morphology of Hydrogen-Assisted Ductile Crack Growth in Hydrogen-Precharged P355NH Steel Using X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography
by Alexander Hell, Jonas Fell, Torben Werning and Hans-Georg Herrmann
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071335 - 27 Mar 2026
Viewed by 657
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement is known to adversely affect the mechanical properties of low-carbon steels used for pipelines and pressure vessels, leading to accelerated crack growth and lowered fracture toughness. To overcome the limitations of surface-based analysis, this study employs X-ray micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) to [...] Read more.
Hydrogen embrittlement is known to adversely affect the mechanical properties of low-carbon steels used for pipelines and pressure vessels, leading to accelerated crack growth and lowered fracture toughness. To overcome the limitations of surface-based analysis, this study employs X-ray micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) to provide a comprehensive 3D evaluation of the crack evolution. This approach is used to assess hydrogen-assisted crack growth in P355NH compact tension samples from previous fracture mechanical tests and enables a precise quantification of the internal crack path and the crack tip opening angle (CTOA) across the entire specimen thickness as well as the local damage morphology. By integrating these spatial parameters, a deeper understanding of the impact of hydrogen on local fracture mechanisms is achieved, revealing insights that have remained hidden in previous two-dimensional microscopy observations. For instance, µ-CT results clearly demonstrate that the hydrogen-assisted crack propagation is associated with increased void formation and secondary cracking in vicinity of the crack tip. However, it is proposed that the results are superimposed with continuous hydrogen desorption, which implies a need for in situ charging during mechanical loading and an analysis of the hydrogen concentration profile. Both will be the scope of further studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanics of Materials)
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26 pages, 3926 KB  
Article
A Theoretical Model of a Simply Supported Circular Ring Under Impulsive Loads
by Yun Xing, Fansen Li, Xin Jia, Yu Yan and Jialing Yang
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071340 - 27 Mar 2026
Viewed by 643
Abstract
Metallic thin-walled circular rings are widely employed as energy-absorption components in impact protection systems. However, the dynamic deformation mechanisms under impact loads remain incompletely understood. In this study, we develop a rigid-perfectly plastic model to analyze a simply supported circular ring subjected to [...] Read more.
Metallic thin-walled circular rings are widely employed as energy-absorption components in impact protection systems. However, the dynamic deformation mechanisms under impact loads remain incompletely understood. In this study, we develop a rigid-perfectly plastic model to analyze a simply supported circular ring subjected to impulsive loads. We present a theoretical survey of the incipient deformation under step loading, establishing the relation between the applied load magnitude and the number and location of the stationary plastic hinges. Our analytical findings reveal that as load magnitude increases, the number of stationary hinges grows, with newly formed hinges progressing closer to the point of loading. We validate these theoretical predictions against finite element analyses, demonstrating the model’s accuracy. Additionally, we investigate the complex deformation mechanisms involving both stationary and traveling hinges under rectangular pulse loading. This study provides fundamental insights into the dynamic plastic response of thin-walled structures, offering theoretical guidance for optimizing impact protection systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)
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27 pages, 4691 KB  
Article
Material Nondestructive Investigations Reveal the Hidden Secrets of Two Saxon Quarter Thalers Issued in 1544—A Case Study
by Marzena Grochowska-Jasnos, Emanoil Pripon, Lucian Barbu Tudoran, Nicoleta Ignat, Gheorghe Borodi and Ioan Petean
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071325 - 26 Mar 2026
Viewed by 752
Abstract
Saxony was ruled by two cousins in 1544: John Frederick I (Elector of Saxony) and his cousin Maurice (Duke of Saxony). Both rulers’ names appear on each side of the quarter thalers produced in this year. They were enemies involved in religious wars, [...] Read more.
Saxony was ruled by two cousins in 1544: John Frederick I (Elector of Saxony) and his cousin Maurice (Duke of Saxony). Both rulers’ names appear on each side of the quarter thalers produced in this year. They were enemies involved in religious wars, although they were both Protestants. Two types of quarter thalers from 1544 occur: a pierced random find from Transylvania (Romania) with four shields on the reverse, heavily worn, and another one with three shields on the obverse side, found in the Głogów Hoard (Poland), which is well preserved. Why did they issue two types in the same year? Was it a matter of silver title or other historical factors? Nondestructive investigation methods were used: XRD revealed the phases within the alloy and patina layer; SEM-EDS revealed the morphological aspects and their elemental compositions, which were correlated with XRF results. The results show that both coins have closer silver amounts, from 91 to 96 wt.%. The EDS results were in good agreement with the XRF results. Lead traces indicated a difference between them: the four-shielded coin is lead-free, while the three-shielded coin has a moderate amount of lead, about 0.5 wt.%. The archeological data evidence that the four-shielded coin issued in 1544 is rarer than the three-shielded one because it was issued during specific historical conditions. Black patina is formed by a mixture rich in copper oxides mixed with silver oxides and Ag2S. The presence of silver sulfide in the patina layer confirms that the pierced coin was in prolonged contact with the skin surface. Also, the finest traces of minerals embedded in the patina layer (e.g., quartz, kaolinite, and calcite) suggest that they were embedded in the patina via prolonged exposure to particulate matter. The mineral inclusions in the patina would have been more numerous if they were formed underground. Thus, the pierced four-shielded coin was probably worn as jewelry by nomads, while the three-shielded coin was most likely treasured in a well-preserved hoard. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Destructive Testing of Materials and Parts: Techniques, Case Studies and Practical Applications—2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 2801 KB  
Article
Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Modified with L-Arginine for Pb(II) Enrichment in Water Quality Control from Urban Roof Runoff
by Rafał Olchowski, Agnieszka Chałabis-Mazurek and Ryszard Dobrowolski
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071318 - 26 Mar 2026
Viewed by 538
Abstract
Hexagonally ordered mesoporous carbon was ozonized, and the oxidized carbonaceous material was modified with L-arginine. The ozonized and L-arginine-modified carbons were extensively characterized and tested as Pb(II) ion adsorbents, with optimization of Pb(II) solution pH, exposure time, Pb(II) ion concentration and the presence [...] Read more.
Hexagonally ordered mesoporous carbon was ozonized, and the oxidized carbonaceous material was modified with L-arginine. The ozonized and L-arginine-modified carbons were extensively characterized and tested as Pb(II) ion adsorbents, with optimization of Pb(II) solution pH, exposure time, Pb(II) ion concentration and the presence of concurrent ions. Pb(II) adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 5 min at optimal pH = 2.6 or 5.3 for the oxidized and L-arginine-modified carbonaceous materials, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of both investigated materials were best described by the pseudo-first-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Pb(II) ions was determined to be 16 mg g−1 (ozonized material) or 45 mg g−1 (L-arginine-modified material). The Langmuir model provided the best fit for the adsorption isotherm data. Fe(III) ions mostly hindered the Pb(II) adsorption (up to 60%) on the L-arginine-modified carbon material. L-arginine-modified carbon was used to enrich Pb(II) from simulated urban roof runoff and its determination using the slurry sampling high-resolution continuum-source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The developed analytical procedure was characterized by a limit of quantification of 2.63 µg L−1, an enrichment factor of 50, and a recovery rate of 94.8%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Their Applications (3rd Edition))
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35 pages, 6864 KB  
Review
High-Entropy Alloys Produced by Mechanical Alloying: A Review
by Jason Daza, Asma Wederni, Rehan Ullah, Joan Saurina, Lluisa Escoda and Joan-Josep Suñol
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071300 - 25 Mar 2026
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1664
Abstract
High-entropy alloys formed by metals are usually classified as those with magnetic elements, such as Fe, Co, and Ni, and alloys containing a significant percentage of aluminum. In the first case, the functional responses of greatest scientific and technological interest are both mechanical [...] Read more.
High-entropy alloys formed by metals are usually classified as those with magnetic elements, such as Fe, Co, and Ni, and alloys containing a significant percentage of aluminum. In the first case, the functional responses of greatest scientific and technological interest are both mechanical and magnetic. Concerning applications, the main interest focused on health and energy. Among the various techniques used to obtain high-entropy alloys in powder form, one of the most widely applied is mechanical alloying. This paper reviews recent results and prospects, including machine learning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization, Properties, and Applications of New Metallic Alloys (2nd Edition))
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20 pages, 2556 KB  
Article
Variability of Properties of Wood Biomass Combustion Waste During the Heating Season in the Context of Their Environmental Use
by Elżbieta Rolka, Anna Skorwider-Namiotko and Radosław Szostek
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071295 - 25 Mar 2026
Viewed by 635
Abstract
The use of wood chips in the heating sector leads to the generation of combustion waste with variable properties, which poses challenges for their rational management. To determine the variability of combustion waste, samples were collected over a 13-week period during the heating [...] Read more.
The use of wood chips in the heating sector leads to the generation of combustion waste with variable properties, which poses challenges for their rational management. To determine the variability of combustion waste, samples were collected over a 13-week period during the heating season, as weekly aggregate samples from a biomass bioheating plant burning wood chips. Three waste fractions were obtained for analysis: residue from the grate (B1), dust from the dust collector (B2), and boiler dust (B3). Dry matter (DM), reaction (pHKCl), electrolytic conductivity (EC), content of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), macronutrients (P, K, Mg, Ca, Na), and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni) were determined in the collected samples. All waste fractions were characterized by an alkaline reaction. Regardless of the waste fraction, the macronutrient content was dominated by Ca, K, and Mg, with significantly lower levels of P and Na. Among heavy metals, Fe, Mn, and Zn had the highest recorded contents, and the lowest by far was Cd. With respect to sampling dates, the least diversified chemical composition was observed for B1 samples, more diversified for B2, and the most diversified for B3. In turn, regardless of the waste fraction, the most diversified results were observed for Cd and Pb, and the least for pH, DM, and TC. Concerning environmental management of combustion waste, fraction B1 deserves attention, as it was characterized by the richest chemical composition (TN, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni). However, due to the highest content of undesirable heavy metals (Pb, Cd) and the highest salinity, it requires constant monitoring of the composition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass-Derived Carbon and Non-Biomass Industrial Wastes for High-Value Functional Materials)
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24 pages, 3043 KB  
Article
Friction-Induced Thermal Effects in an FGM Layer in Contact with a Homogeneous Layer
by Katarzyna Topczewska
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071299 - 25 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 414
Abstract
An analytical model of frictional heat transfer during the uniform sliding of two layers is proposed. One layer is composed of a functionally graded material (FGM) with a thermal conductivity coefficient that varies exponentially across its thickness, while the second layer is homogeneous, [...] Read more.
An analytical model of frictional heat transfer during the uniform sliding of two layers is proposed. One layer is composed of a functionally graded material (FGM) with a thermal conductivity coefficient that varies exponentially across its thickness, while the second layer is homogeneous, with constant thermophysical properties. The thermal problem of friction is formulated as an initial boundary value problem of heat conduction, accounting for the thermal contact conductance and convective heat exchange with the environment. An exact solution for constant friction power was obtained using the Laplace integral transform, supplemented by an asymptotic form for the initial stage of heating. Based on these analytical solutions, a comprehensive study was carried out for a frictional system comprising a ceramic–metal FGM composite in contact with a homogeneous friction material. A dimensional analysis allowed for both a qualitative and quantitative investigation into the influence of contact conductance, convective heat exchange, layer thickness and the FGM gradient parameter on the temperature evolution and distribution, as well as the time to reach the steady state. It was demonstrated that the implementation of an appropriately graded material can substantially improve thermal operating conditions by enhancing heat dissipation into the material bulk and intensifying convective cooling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Modern Materials in Technological Processes Accompanied by Frictional Heating (3rd Edition))
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24 pages, 2671 KB  
Article
Hyaluronic-Acid Nanocapsules with Plant Extracts: Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity Against Skin Microbiota
by Anna Lenart-Boroń, Anna Ratajewicz, Natalia Czernecka-Borchowiec, Anna Kopacz, Zofia Schejbal, Gohar Khachatryan, Karen Khachatryan, Magdalena Krystyjan, Klaudia Bulanda and Klaudia Stankiewicz
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071288 - 24 Mar 2026
Viewed by 697
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA)–based nanocapsules containing plant-derived bioactives are promising formulations for dermatological applications. In this study, nanocapsules containing extracts of Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis and Aesculus hippocastanum were synthesized and their structural and functional properties were characterized. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the [...] Read more.
Hyaluronic acid (HA)–based nanocapsules containing plant-derived bioactives are promising formulations for dermatological applications. In this study, nanocapsules containing extracts of Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis and Aesculus hippocastanum were synthesized and their structural and functional properties were characterized. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of spherical nanostructures with uniform morphology, while rheological analyses demonstrated stable viscoelastic behavior suitable for topical application. Their antimicrobial potential was assessed on microorganisms isolated from multiple regions of healthy human skin and opportunistic pathogens. A diverse panel of approx. 100 bacterial and fungal isolates was identified using MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial activity of formulations was compared with commonly used disinfectants: H2O2, octenidine, isopropanol and topical ophthalmic antiseptic. Arnica-based formulations showed the strongest inhibitory effect against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, whereas chestnut extract demonstrated selective activity against Candida spp. Calendula-based formulations exhibited limited antimicrobial activity. These findings demonstrate that plant-extract-loaded HA nanocapsules exhibit selective antimicrobial properties dependent on extract type and microbial group, supporting their potential as multifunctional components of future dermatological formulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)
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18 pages, 3505 KB  
Article
Femtosecond Laser Stealth Slicing of 4H-SiC Wafers with Static Aspheric Aberration Correction
by Tingkai Yang, Rong Wu, Xiangji Guo, Tao Chen and Ming Ming
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071292 - 24 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 797
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC), owing to its excellent physical and chemical properties, has emerged as a leading third-generation semiconductor material. Conventional diamond wire cutting faces challenges in producing ultra-large, ultra-thin wafers. In contrast, the femtosecond laser has attracted significant attention in recent years due [...] Read more.
Silicon carbide (SiC), owing to its excellent physical and chemical properties, has emerged as a leading third-generation semiconductor material. Conventional diamond wire cutting faces challenges in producing ultra-large, ultra-thin wafers. In contrast, the femtosecond laser has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its low kerf loss and high slicing speed. However, during femtosecond laser stealth slicing, spherical aberration induced by the refractive index mismatch between air and the SiC crystal severely degrades the slicing quality. Based on the analysis and calculation of wavefront aberration at a specific focal depth of 175 μm, we designed and implemented a static aberration correction method to reduce the thickness of the modified layer and improve the slicing quality. This method effectively mitigates focus elongation caused by refractive index mismatch, thereby reducing the modified layer thickness and the tensile stress required for wafer separation, while improving the surface quality of the separated wafers. Furthermore, this method eliminates the need for active optical components in aberration correction, simplifying the system and avoiding errors associated with the limited response speed of active optics. The technique demonstrates potential for practical application in industrial wafer slicing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Ultra)Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors for Extreme Environment Applications)
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18 pages, 14699 KB  
Article
Immunomodulatory Effects of Clinically Used Fat Emulsion to Promote Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis for Bone Repair
by Luyao Cheng, Zetao Wang, Yujie Liu, Yuyang Zhang, Yu Gao, Tianyi Zhou, Yuxiao Lai and Wei Zhang
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071290 - 24 Mar 2026
Viewed by 557
Abstract
Bone defects have become a leading cause of disability and mortality. The pro-inflammatory state and impaired vascularization are major factors hindering bone defect repair. However, current bone regeneration materials lack the ability to regulate the osteoimmune microenvironment and promote vascularized bone regeneration. In [...] Read more.
Bone defects have become a leading cause of disability and mortality. The pro-inflammatory state and impaired vascularization are major factors hindering bone defect repair. However, current bone regeneration materials lack the ability to regulate the osteoimmune microenvironment and promote vascularized bone regeneration. In this study, we employed clinically used fat emulsion (FE), which is intravenously administered to provide nutrition and energy for patients, to investigate the effect of immunomodulation on promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Results from RT-qPCR analysis and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that FE exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression of the pro-inflammatory marker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and upregulating the expression of the anti-inflammatory marker transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Endothelial tube formation and scratch assays demonstrated that FE promoted angiogenesis and cell migration by releasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) within the inflammatory microenvironment. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red S (ARS) staining revealed that FE facilitated ALP activity and calcium nodule formation by releasing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) within the inflammatory microenvironment. These findings may prove promising and cost-effective for the clinical treatment of bone defects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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13 pages, 1894 KB  
Article
Circular Approach to Composite Materials: Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials from Polymer Recycling Liquid By-Products
by Evangelos Tsimis, Stefania Termine, Maria Modestou, Aikaterini-Flora Trompeta, Szymon Sobek, Marcin Sajdak, Jakub Adamek, Sebastian Werle and Costas Charitidis
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061266 - 23 Mar 2026
Viewed by 721
Abstract
The growing volume of fiber-reinforced polymer composite waste creates an urgent need for efficient recycling technologies. While solvolysis effectively breaks down thermoset matrices for fiber reinforcement recovery, the process generates hydrocarbon-rich liquid by-products that require further management. This study validates the use of [...] Read more.
The growing volume of fiber-reinforced polymer composite waste creates an urgent need for efficient recycling technologies. While solvolysis effectively breaks down thermoset matrices for fiber reinforcement recovery, the process generates hydrocarbon-rich liquid by-products that require further management. This study validates the use of these liquid recycling streams—derived from the solvolysis of unsaturated polyester and epoxy resins—as sustainable carbon precursors for the growth of carbon nanomaterials. Synthesis was performed via catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at 850 °C using iron nanoparticles impregnated on a zeolite substrate. Morphological analysis confirmed the production of one-dimensional nanostructures (carbon nanotubes/nanofibers), with average diameters below 100 nm. Raman spectroscopy revealed a high degree of graphitization, with ID/IG ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.58, which is comparable to structures synthesized from conventional precursors. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated high thermal stability and carbon purity reaching up to 90.3%. These findings demonstrate a viable upcycling pathway that enhances the economic attractiveness of composite recycling by transforming waste into advanced nanomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbonaceous Materials: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications—Second Edition)
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17 pages, 1440 KB  
Article
Mechanical and Environmental Performance of Concrete Incorporating Post-Consumer Plastics and E-Waste
by Madiha Ammari, Halil Sezen and Jose Castro
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061259 - 23 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1516
Abstract
A significant portion of plastic products is not accepted by curbside recycling companies and goes to landfills or incineration, causing an adverse impact on the environment. This study investigated the effects of utilizing post-consumer plastic and e-waste in concrete. A plastic product made [...] Read more.
A significant portion of plastic products is not accepted by curbside recycling companies and goes to landfills or incineration, causing an adverse impact on the environment. This study investigated the effects of utilizing post-consumer plastic and e-waste in concrete. A plastic product made of thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) was ground into fine particles and used for 10% volumetric replacement of sand, while bare printed circuit boards (PCBs) were pulverized into powder and used for 10% cement replacement by mass. This study introduces a unique utilization of grounded powder PCBs by partially replacing cement in concrete. Furthermore, reinforced concrete beams with the replacements were constructed and tested under flexure for structural behavior evaluation. The results of this study show an average of 11% reduction in both the compressive strength of concrete and the maximum load capacity of the beams incorporating plastic products. A life cycle assessment study was conducted using a functional unit of 1.0 cubic yard concrete production. The system boundary for the environmental assessment of the concrete in this study includes only the production phase, which is from the cradle to the end gate of the ready-mix concrete plant. The environmental impact estimation of a 10% reduction in constituents of concrete showed a 10% reduction in most LCA measures where cement was replaced compared to a 1% effect for the fine aggregate replacement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Mechanical Properties and Materials Design)
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9 pages, 904 KB  
Perspective
The Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Trilemma: Bridging the Gap Between Material Science, Economic Reality, and Regulatory Policy
by Qi Zhang
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061235 - 20 Mar 2026
Viewed by 916
Abstract
The electric vehicle revolution has created an urgent need for lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling, with projections exceeding 11 million tons of end-of-life batteries annually by 2030. However, progress toward a circular economy remains fragmented. This perspective article introduces the concept of a ‘Recycling [...] Read more.
The electric vehicle revolution has created an urgent need for lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling, with projections exceeding 11 million tons of end-of-life batteries annually by 2030. However, progress toward a circular economy remains fragmented. This perspective article introduces the concept of a ‘Recycling Trilemma,’ arguing that technological advancements in material separation are systematically undermined by economic volatility and regulatory fragmentation. While current literature focuses on isolated domains—chemistry, business models, or policy—this work provides a systems-level synthesis. By analyzing the friction points between material science (e.g., binder removal, impurity sensitivity), economic realities (e.g., logistics costs, LFP profitability), and regulatory frameworks (e.g., EU vs. US divergence), we propose that true circularity requires synchronized design-for-recycling, market stabilization mechanisms, and harmonized digital product passports. The paper concludes that overcoming the trilemma demands a shift from isolated fixes to integrated, cross-sectoral coordination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling and Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries)
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21 pages, 1471 KB  
Article
Characterisation of Scale Deposits in Drinking Water Pipes by FTIR and ICP-OES
by Paweł Wiercik, Justyna Stańczyk and Justyna Możejko
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061223 - 20 Mar 2026
Viewed by 717
Abstract
Attenuated Total Reflection–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) are widely used to investigate the chemical structure and elemental composition of materials. However, the combined application of both methods to examine scale deposits in the water supply network [...] Read more.
Attenuated Total Reflection–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) are widely used to investigate the chemical structure and elemental composition of materials. However, the combined application of both methods to examine scale deposits in the water supply network has not yet been explored. In this study, scale deposits collected from the inlets of six pipes (steel, cast iron, lead, wooden) were analysed using both techniques. The application of ATR-FTIR and ICP-OES enabled the identification of mineral phases, organics, and structural differences between individual scale layers. Iron oxyhydroxides, together with silica and aluminosilicates, dominated most samples, whereas shower faucet deposit was primarily composed of carbonates and stearates. The combined analytical approach helped to avoid misinterpretation of FTIR data: although the spectrum of lead pipe deposit resembled hydrated lead carbonates, ICP-OES revealed only trace amounts of lead. Differences in crystallinity between successive layers allowed the reconstruction of the deposition process within the pipes. Poorly crystalline iron oxyhydroxides and silica occurred near pipe walls, while more crystalline phases developed closer to the water interface. These results demonstrate that combining ATR-FTIR and ICP-OES provides a reliable framework for interpreting scale deposit composition and formation in water distribution systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)
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23 pages, 10058 KB  
Article
Advanced Manufacturing of PLA Surgical Templates for Orbital Floor Geometry: Optimizing Fidelity and Surface Morphology via Variable Layer Height MEX 3D Printing
by Paweł Turek, Grzegorz Budzik, Łukasz Przeszłowski, Anna Bazan, Bogumił Lewandowski, Paweł Pakla, Tomasz Dziubek, Robert Brodowski, Małgorzata Zaborniak, Jan Frańczak and Michał Bałuszyński
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061208 - 19 Mar 2026
Viewed by 577
Abstract
Precise orbital floor reconstruction requires personalised surgical templates that combine high geometric fidelity with manufacturing efficiency. This study presents and validates the TARMM procedure, developed to optimise the production of polylactide (PLA) templates. A key innovation is the integration of advanced machine learning [...] Read more.
Precise orbital floor reconstruction requires personalised surgical templates that combine high geometric fidelity with manufacturing efficiency. This study presents and validates the TARMM procedure, developed to optimise the production of polylactide (PLA) templates. A key innovation is the integration of advanced machine learning algorithms (Random Forest) and Mitchell–Netravali interpolation to reduce medical reconstruction artefacts, as well as the implementation of Material Extrusion (MEX) technology with Variable Layer Height (VLH). This strategy minimises the stair-step effect on complex anatomical curvatures while maintaining high process throughput. The results demonstrate that the TARMM procedure ensures a geometric error within ±0.1 mm. A strong linear correlation (r = 0.99) was found between layer height and surface roughness (Sa), indicating that a 0.07 mm layer in critical areas significantly improves template morphology and facilitates the contouring of titanium meshes. The clinical validation across 21 cases confirmed a 30 min reduction in surgical preparation time. The developed method serves as a low-cost, high-precision alternative to photopolymerization technologies, contributing to modern 3D printing applications in maxillofacial surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3D Printing Technologies: Design, Manufacturing, and Applications)
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20 pages, 5832 KB  
Article
Impact of Sample Size and Deformation Measurement Techniques on Uniaxial Tensile Testing of Fiber-Based Materials
by Yuchen Leng, Cedric W. Sanjon, Peter Groche, Marek Hauptmann and Jens-Peter Majschak
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061197 - 18 Mar 2026
Viewed by 718
Abstract
The uniaxial tensile test is a common and fundamental test in materials science and engineering, in which a specimen is subjected to controlled tension until failure. From this, the stress–strain curve and many property parameters of the material can be calculated, such as [...] Read more.
The uniaxial tensile test is a common and fundamental test in materials science and engineering, in which a specimen is subjected to controlled tension until failure. From this, the stress–strain curve and many property parameters of the material can be calculated, such as tensile strength, ultimate strength, maximum elongation, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and yield strength. As fibrous materials, such as paper and paperboard, become more popular, accurately measuring their mechanical properties becomes essential for developing and applying these materials, especially in packaging. However, since they are anisotropic and inherently inhomogeneous due to the arrangement of the fibers, accurately determining their mechanical properties is not straightforward. This study investigated how several key factors influence the results of tensile tests on fiber-based materials: sample size and deformation measurement techniques using three fiber materials. This study also compared three different strain recording methods: digital image correlation (DIC), video extensometer, and conventional extensometer (Traverse). The DIC technique emphasized the effect of the inherent inhomogeneity of the paperboard on the overall mechanical properties obtained from tensile tests. The results indicated that sample size has a negligible effect on the stress–strain curve, and any apparent influence likely stems from slip at the grips during tensile testing. However, sample size does affect paperboard fracture to some extent. The study also provided recommendations for optimal specimen geometry and deformation recording methods to improve the accuracy and repeatability of tensile testing of fiber-based materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)
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20 pages, 2674 KB  
Article
Selective Copper Removal from an Fe–P–Cu Alloy Recovered by Pyrometallurgical Reduction of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries via Sulfidation–Slag Refining
by Jin-Seong Yoon, A-Jin Im and Jei-Pil Wang
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061185 - 18 Mar 2026
Viewed by 585
Abstract
The recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) batteries is receiving increasing attention as electric-vehicle deployment accelerates worldwide. Pyrometallurgical reduction offers a viable route for large-scale recovery of iron-rich products from spent LFP batteries; however, the resulting Fe-based alloys often [...] Read more.
The recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) batteries is receiving increasing attention as electric-vehicle deployment accelerates worldwide. Pyrometallurgical reduction offers a viable route for large-scale recovery of iron-rich products from spent LFP batteries; however, the resulting Fe-based alloys often retain residual copper (Cu), which deteriorates alloy quality and constrains downstream utilization and refining. In this study, a sulfidation–slag refining process was developed to selectively remove Cu from an Fe–P–Cu alloy produced by dry reduction of spent LFP batteries. FeS was employed as a sulfidizing agent to promote preferential conversion of Cu into sulfide phases, while fayalite (Fe2SiO4) slag was introduced to enhance phase separation between metallic and sulfide/slag phases. Thermodynamic calculations coupled with high-temperature experiments were conducted at 1400–1600 °C under various Cu:FeS ratios to identify operating conditions that maximize Cu removal while minimizing Fe loss. The results indicate that Cu is selectively transferred from the metallic phase to Cu–Fe–S sulfide phases, whereas Fe remains predominantly in the metal phase. Under the optimal condition (1400 °C, Cu:FeS = 2:1), the refined metal reached an Fe content of 90.80 wt.%, achieving an Fe recovery of 87.42% and a Cu removal efficiency of 81.13%. The proposed approach provides a practical stepwise refining strategy for upgrading Fe-rich secondary resources recovered from spent LFP batteries and facilitates subsequent impurity-control processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Powder Metallurgy and Advanced Materials)
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20 pages, 1665 KB  
Review
Bio-Based and Sustainable Alternatives to Conventional and Synthetic Leather
by Ewa Oleksińska-Merida, Michał Puchalski and Lucyna Herczyńska
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061198 - 18 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3732
Abstract
Growing demand for sustainable materials has intensified research into eco-friendly alternatives to conventional and synthetic leathers. Traditional bovine leather and its chromium-tanning process heavily contribute to water pollution, toxic waste generation, and carbon emissions, while synthetic leather derived from Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and [...] Read more.
Growing demand for sustainable materials has intensified research into eco-friendly alternatives to conventional and synthetic leathers. Traditional bovine leather and its chromium-tanning process heavily contribute to water pollution, toxic waste generation, and carbon emissions, while synthetic leather derived from Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and polyurethane (PU) presents challenges related to fossil fuel dependence and non-biodegradability. This review explores bio-based and sustainable leather substitutes that are made of plants, microbial cellulose, and mycelium fungi. Plant-based leather substitutes such as Vegea®, Desserto®, and Piñatex® use agricultural waste products to create durable, partially biodegradable composites. Microbial cellulose from kombucha fermentation offers material with good physical and aesthetic properties. Mycelium leather, derived from fungal biomass, demonstrates potential for scalable and low-impact production. Comparative analyses of mechanical and physical properties show that mycelium composites are approaching industrial standards, though challenges remain regarding tensile strength, water resistance, and process standardization. Despite current limitations, bio-based leathers, particularly mycelium composites, offer a promising way toward circular material innovation and carbon-neutral manufacturing in fashion, automotive, design and other industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Green Materials)
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16 pages, 22264 KB  
Article
High-Resolution Depth Profiling of Residual Stresses in PVD Coatings on Additively Manufactured Polymers via FIB-DIC and Eigenstrain Theory
by José Daniel Rodríguez-Mariscal, Karuna Srivastava, Ismael Romero-Ocaña, Ramón Escobar-Galindo, Andrea Bernasconi and Jesús Hernández-Saz
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061171 - 17 Mar 2026
Viewed by 677
Abstract
The synergy between additively manufactured (AM) polymers and functional PVD coatings is crucial for advanced applications, yet the reliability of these hybrid systems is dictated by the residual stresses induced during deposition. This work presents the first in-depth, nanoscale profiling of residual stresses [...] Read more.
The synergy between additively manufactured (AM) polymers and functional PVD coatings is crucial for advanced applications, yet the reliability of these hybrid systems is dictated by the residual stresses induced during deposition. This work presents the first in-depth, nanoscale profiling of residual stresses in Ti6Al4V and SS316 coatings on 3D-printed Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) and Silicon (Si) substrates. A cutting-edge methodology combining Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling with Digital Image Correlation (DIC), rigorously interpreted through the non-integral eigenstrain theory, is employed. Our findings reveal a consistent pattern of compressive stresses near the coating surface but expose a significant tensile stress peak at the coating-substrate interface, a feature not observed on reference silicon substrates. High-resolution electron microscopy and elemental analysis suggest that this stress concentration is associated with the presence of a thin, brittle oxide interlayer formed on the substrate surface. Furthermore, this study quantifies the dominant effect of the low-stiffness polymer substrate, which leads to a strain relief magnitude an order of magnitude higher than in rigid substrates. This work provides critical quantitative data on the failure-driving mechanisms in these emerging material systems and establishes a robust, optimized metrological protocol for their characterization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanics of Materials)
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31 pages, 6523 KB  
Review
Advancements in Detoxification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash: A Review of Hazardous Properties, Treatment Strategies, and Resource Utilization
by Kun Li, Jixin Deng, Junjie Zhang, Hanlin Shen and Bo Liu
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061157 - 16 Mar 2026
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1271
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is classified as hazardous waste due to its enrichment of heavy metals and dioxins. This article systematically reviews its generation pathways, physicochemical characteristics, and potential environmental risks, based on the literature from 2010 to 2025 sourced [...] Read more.
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is classified as hazardous waste due to its enrichment of heavy metals and dioxins. This article systematically reviews its generation pathways, physicochemical characteristics, and potential environmental risks, based on the literature from 2010 to 2025 sourced from Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Emphasis is placed on heavy metal stabilization, dioxin degradation and resource recovery from MSWI fly ash. The mechanisms, technical advantages, and application limitations of three mainstream detoxification, including solidification/stabilization, extraction and thermal treatment, were emphasized. For instance, geopolymer achieves >99.6% Pb immobilization and electrodialytic removal rates of Cd up to 98%, while vitrification reduces the MSWI fly ash volume by >50%. A comprehensive exploration of MSWI fly ash resource utilization was conducted, covering the preparation of ceramic tiles, synthesis of glass ceramic and glass ceramic foams, processing of road substrates, and modification of cement-based composite materials. The current technological system still faces challenges such as high costs, excessive energy consumption, and secondary pollution. Future research should focus on developing green, low-carbon, and low-cost processes, improving long-term environmental stability of products and strengthening pollution source reduction control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)
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13 pages, 1597 KB  
Article
Accelerated Aging Effect on Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Thermally Treated Spruce Wood
by Tatiana Bubeníková, František Kačík, Anna Darabošová and Iveta Čabalová
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061135 - 14 Mar 2026
Viewed by 767
Abstract
Thermal modification is widely applied to improve the durability and dimensional stability of wood; however, it alters the emission profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which may affect indoor air quality. This study evaluated the effect of accelerated aging on VOC emissions from [...] Read more.
Thermal modification is widely applied to improve the durability and dimensional stability of wood; however, it alters the emission profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which may affect indoor air quality. This study evaluated the effect of accelerated aging on VOC emissions from thermally modified Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood. Untreated and thermally treated samples (160, 180, and 210 °C) were subjected to accelerated aging in a xenon test chamber for 600 h. VOC emissions were analyzed using headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS), and total VOC emissions (TVOC) were calculated from peak areas. Thermal modification significantly reduced TVOC compared to untreated wood, with samples treated at 210 °C showing up to a 376-fold decrease. Increasing modification temperature reduced the amount and variability of emitted VOCs and altered their chemical composition. Terpenes dominated in untreated wood, particularly α-pinene (51%), whereas thermally treated samples showed lower terpene content and higher proportions of carbonyl compounds such as furfural. Accelerated aging further affected VOC emissions, including a 42% decrease in TVOC for the 160 °C sample and compositional shifts characterized by the disappearance or formation of specific compounds. Thermal modification and subsequent aging substantially modify VOC emission profiles and improve emission stability of thermally treated spruce wood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis–Processing–Structure–Property Interrelationship of Multifunctional Polymeric Materials and Natural Polymers)
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25 pages, 1577 KB  
Review
Advances in Iron-Based Superconductors and Transformational Insights into Electron–Differential Phonon Coupling
by Wai Kwan Liu, Ka Chun Li, Yanling Zhang and Chi Ho Wong
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061105 - 12 Mar 2026
Viewed by 863
Abstract
Since the discovery of iron-based superconductors nearly two decades ago, significant advancements have been made, including the enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) to above 100 K. However, the underlying pairing mechanism remains an unresolved enigma. In this article, [...] Read more.
Since the discovery of iron-based superconductors nearly two decades ago, significant advancements have been made, including the enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) to above 100 K. However, the underlying pairing mechanism remains an unresolved enigma. In this article, we present experimental developments in iron-based superconductors, focusing on their unique properties and the complexities involved in their behavior. We discuss the recently announced electron–differential phonon coupling model, which aims to provide a framework to calculate the Tc of iron-based superconductors, but raises questions about its applicability to all iron-based superconductors. We selectively analyze several compounds within the major iron-based families to assess their compatibility with the electron–differential phonon coupling model. By comparing experimental data with theoretical predictions, we identify which superconductors align with the model and which do not. Furthermore, our findings reveal several key reasons behind the discrepancies in calculating Tc for those iron-based materials that fall outside the theoretical expectations. Despite this, the pairing mechanism of iron-based superconductors remains an open question. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Superconductor Materials: Structure, Properties, and Applications)
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14 pages, 4713 KB  
Article
Investigation of the Microstructure and Scintillation Properties of Ce-Doped CaF2/LiF Eutectics for Thermal Neutron Detection
by Tomoaki Matsuyama, Kei Kamada, Masao Yoshino, Rikito Murakami, Satoshi Ishizawa, Yuui Yokota and Akira Yoshikawa
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061102 - 12 Mar 2026
Viewed by 515
Abstract
With the growing global emphasis on nuclear reactor decommissioning, reliable thermal neutron detection has become increasingly important for ensuring critical safety and for the identification of fuel debris and radioactive waste. In this context, this study developed and characterized a Ce-doped CaF2 [...] Read more.
With the growing global emphasis on nuclear reactor decommissioning, reliable thermal neutron detection has become increasingly important for ensuring critical safety and for the identification of fuel debris and radioactive waste. In this context, this study developed and characterized a Ce-doped CaF2/6LiF (Ce:CaF2/LiF) eutectic scintillator for thermal neutron detection with Ce concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10 mol%. The eutectic samples were grown by the melt-solidification method, and their crystalline properties were evaluated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and field-emission electron probe microanalysis. Radioluminescence, photoluminescence, transmittance, scintillation decay, and pulse-height measurements were conducted to assess their scintillation performance. Structural characterization revealed a well-defined eutectic microstructure together with several Ce-rich phases. The results of the effective neutron sensitivity demonstrated that the Ce concentration was effectively optimized based on the effective neutron sensitivity: the sample with 1 mol% Ce exhibited the highest neutron sensitivity (approximately 1.5 times that of a Ce:LiCaAlF6 single crystal) and a 1.6-times higher neutron-induced light yield, while maintaining a fast effective decay time of 400 ns. These findings suggest that the Ce:CaF2/LiF eutectic is a promising candidate for high-performance thermal-neutron scintillators for applications in nuclear decommissioning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical and Photonic Materials)
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19 pages, 5209 KB  
Article
Fabrication and Characterization of Fish Tropocollagen Sponge Enriched with Nanodiamonds for Potential Wound Dressing Applications
by Bożena Rokita, Dariusz Witkowski, Anna Karczemska, Łukasz Piwowarski and Radosław Wach
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061106 - 12 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 542
Abstract
The development of collagen-based composite materials offers new opportunities for designing bioactive porous structures with tunable properties. This study focuses on sponges or scaffolds fabricated from fish skin-derived tropocollagen combined with detonation nanodiamonds (NDs), aiming to explore how incorporation of NDs and application [...] Read more.
The development of collagen-based composite materials offers new opportunities for designing bioactive porous structures with tunable properties. This study focuses on sponges or scaffolds fabricated from fish skin-derived tropocollagen combined with detonation nanodiamonds (NDs), aiming to explore how incorporation of NDs and application of radiation, as a potential sterilization method, influence structural and functional characteristics of the material. Freeze-dry methods of sponge fabrication resulted in a bilayered structure of open porosity, with microporosity at the top and a microchannel at the lower part of the material. The sponges demonstrated mechanical properties with relatively low elongation of below 10%, while the maximum stress was reduced by ca. 20% due to irradiation. Hydration and absorption experiments, mimicking the resorption of collagen in physiological conditions of expected application as wound dressing material, demonstrated controllable fluid uptake and gradual material dissolution, taking place over several hours, depending essentially on the irradiation treatment and morphological characteristics of the sponge. These findings highlight the versatility of collagen–nanodiamond composites as platforms, in which structural design and processing parameters control performance. Moreover, they provide a strong indication of the expected behavior of collagen–nanoparticle systems, including those incorporating NDs modified to impart specific biological functionality, such as antimicrobial activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)
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18 pages, 3736 KB  
Article
Contact-Accessible Silver Nanoparticle-Decorated Electrospun Carbon Fibers for Microplastics Detection by SERS
by FNU Joshua, Yuen Yee Li Sip, Aritra Biswas, Violette Gray, Debashis Chanda and Lei Zhai
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061074 - 11 Mar 2026
Viewed by 793
Abstract
Reliable detection of microplastics by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is often hindered by poor particle–substrate contact and limited access to plasmonic hotspots on conventional planar substrates optimized for molecular adsorption. Here, we report a rapid microwave-assisted carbothermal shock strategy to fabricate silver nanoparticle-decorated [...] Read more.
Reliable detection of microplastics by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is often hindered by poor particle–substrate contact and limited access to plasmonic hotspots on conventional planar substrates optimized for molecular adsorption. Here, we report a rapid microwave-assisted carbothermal shock strategy to fabricate silver nanoparticle-decorated electrospun carbon fibers (AgNPs@ECF) as a three-dimensional plasmonic platform tailored for solid microplastic sensing. Localized microwave-induced heating in a mixed ethanol–hexane system enables Ag nanoparticle nucleation and anchoring on conductive carbon fibers within 45 s, yielding a mechanically compliant, junction-rich architecture without chemical reductants or vacuum processing. The AgNPs@ECF composite was evaluated using morphologically weathered polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics, along with size-controlled PS bead standards ranging from ~50 nm to 45 μm. Across these models, SERS response is governed primarily by particle–substrate contact geometry and near-field accessibility rather than polymer type. The strongest enhancement occurs in the sub-micrometer regime, where particles can engage multiple AgNP-decorated fiber junctions, while ultrasmall and large, smooth particles show reduced enhancement due to limited contact or rapid field decay. Spatially resolved Raman mapping and finite-difference time-domain simulations support a contact-dominated enhancement mechanism, revealing localized field confinement at particle–fiber interfaces. These results establish the design principles for three-dimensional SERS substrates targeting heterogeneous solid particulates, demonstrating that contact-accessible plasmonic architectures are critical for reliable microplastic detection under realistic solid-particle measurement conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Innovations in Engineered Nanomaterials)
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12 pages, 2276 KB  
Article
Electrical Potential and Cell Immobilisation Capacity of a Laser-Treated Titanium Alloy Surface
by Arturs Abolins, Alberta Aversa, Yuri Dekhtyar, Maris Dortins, Marks Gorohovs, Galina Khroustalyova, Lyubomir Lazov, Arturs Mamajevs, Mohammed Awad Hassan Olaish, Aleksander Rapoport, Elizabete Skrebele, Hermanis Sorokins and Edmunds Sprudzs
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061051 - 10 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 494
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are widely used in endoprostheses. The naturally formed titanium dioxide film on titanium surfaces improves chemical stability and enhances implant biocompatibility. However, oxidised titanium surfaces may also promote bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, contributing to implant-associated infections. Therefore, surface [...] Read more.
Titanium and its alloys are widely used in endoprostheses. The naturally formed titanium dioxide film on titanium surfaces improves chemical stability and enhances implant biocompatibility. However, oxidised titanium surfaces may also promote bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, contributing to implant-associated infections. Therefore, surface modification represents a key strategy for controlling microbial–implant interactions. This article focuses widely used titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V treated with a laser beam, which induces surface colour changes as a result of oxide formation. Laser processing enables controlled formation of micro- and nanoscale features, structural reconstructions, and defects that may influence the surface electrical charge and, consequently, cell immobilisation. Thus, the surface colour, electrical potential, and cell immobilisation capacity are likely interrelated. From a manufacturing perspective, titanium oxide colouring facilitates quality control and process reproducibility, as surface colour provides a rapid, non-destructive visual indicator of oxide thickness and treatment consistency. This study aims to identify correlations among surface colour, electrical potential, and cell immobilisation capacity on laser-treated titanium alloys. A relationship between the optical properties, electronic structure, and biological response of laser-processed titanium oxide films is established. Specifically, the blue colour saturation of the oxide film is inversely correlated with the electron work function. A more saturated blue corresponds to a lower work function, indicating a higher positive surface charge density. This shift is attributed to changes in electron affinity, likely resulting from laser-induced structural reconstruction and defect formation within the oxide layer. The proposed changes in electronic structure are supported by modifications in the electronic density of states, analysed using near-threshold photoelectron spectroscopy. The biological response is directly linked to these physical changes: enhanced immobilisation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells on the treated alloy surface correlates with the electron work function. These results may assist in the development of controlled titanium oxide surfaces with enhanced biocompatibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plasma and Laser Engineering (Third Edition))
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25 pages, 11567 KB  
Article
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of LPBF Ti-6Al-4V with Different Process Parameters
by Yuxin Shuai, Jie Liu, Jing Zhu, Zhichao Huang, Wenhao Zha, Yi Yang, Ruifeng Zhang and Kai Zhang
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061049 - 10 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1254
Abstract
Although processing windows have been widely reported for LPBF Ti-6Al-4V, the distinct roles of laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance remain unclear beyond VED-based comparisons. In this work, the distinct effects of laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance on the microstructural [...] Read more.
Although processing windows have been widely reported for LPBF Ti-6Al-4V, the distinct roles of laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance remain unclear beyond VED-based comparisons. In this work, the distinct effects of laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance on the microstructural evolution and mechanical response of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) are investigated within a stable processing window with comparisons among different parameter combinations at a comparable VED. A total of 56 processing conditions were designed, and microstructure/texture and properties were characterized by OM/SEM, EBSD, microhardness (HV0.5), and hole-drilling residual stress measurements. Within the selected processing window, prior-β grain morphology, α’ martensite thickness, texture, microhardness, and residual stress exhibit distinct sensitivities to different processing parameters. Specifically, lower scanning speeds and smaller hatch distances promote more continuous <001>β epitaxial growth, whereas higher scanning speeds or larger hatch distances produce fragmented prior-β grains. The α’ lath thickness shows the strongest dependence on scanning speed with a secondary influence from hatch distance, while laser power mainly provides an overall thermal modulation. Furthermore, the macroscopic α (0002) texture is mainly governed by the β solidification texture, with α-variant selection playing a secondary, amplifying role. In addition, microhardness correlates with α’ martensite thickness following a Hall–Petch equation. The peak residual stress is more sensitive to scanning speed, while bulk residual stress varies more significantly with hatch distance. These findings demonstrate that process parameters, in addition to VED, can guide microstructural control and mechanical optimization in LPBF Ti64 alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced High-Performance Metals and Alloys: Microstructural Evolution, Mechanical Properties, and Strengthening Mechanisms)
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20 pages, 7667 KB  
Article
Evolution of High-Temperature Oxygen Clusters and Radical Release: A Molecular Dynamics Study in Pure Oxygen and Titanium Tetrachloride Oxidation Environments
by Dongqin Li, Jie Zhou, Ping Lu, Linfei Li, Zhuo Sheng, Yunmin Chen, Rong Yu, Caiqing Wang, Xiumin Chen and Dachun Liu
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061048 - 10 Mar 2026
Viewed by 543
Abstract
Despite decades of research into high-temperature oxidation kinetics, the atomic-scale origin of oxygen radical formation—a critical driver of the synthesis of functional oxide materials, oxidation corrosion of alloys, and combustion of fuels—remains elusive. Here, we unveil a previously unrecognized “oxygen clustering–radical release” pathway [...] Read more.
Despite decades of research into high-temperature oxidation kinetics, the atomic-scale origin of oxygen radical formation—a critical driver of the synthesis of functional oxide materials, oxidation corrosion of alloys, and combustion of fuels—remains elusive. Here, we unveil a previously unrecognized “oxygen clustering–radical release” pathway at the molecular level, wherein transient van der Waals aggregates of oxygen molecules, rather than isolated O2, serve as the primary radical source. Through an integrated computational strategy combining first-principles calculations and deep neural network potential function molecular dynamics, we demonstrate that oxygen clusters exhibit a pronounced odd–even oscillation in stability: even-numbered clusters (especially O6/O8 subunits) are chemically inert, whereas odd-numbered clusters (dominated by O3) possess high reactivity. Kinetically, clusters evolve via reversible aggregation–dissociation, and upon reaching a critical size, undergo structural collapse accompanied by radical release—a process initiated predominantly by large odd-numbered clusters. This mechanism persists in both pure O2 and TiCl4-containing environments, with TiCl4 modulating only the aggregation kinetics, not the fundamental pathway. Our work establishes oxygen clustering as a universal, spontaneous source of radicals in high-temperature oxidation, providing a new molecular-level mechanistic framework for understanding and controlling radical-driven processes in materials synthesis, corrosion and combustion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)
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34 pages, 17319 KB  
Article
A Review and Experimental Study on the Performance of Rubberised Concrete Under Combined Freeze–Thaw and Sulphate Attack
by Josep Ramon Lliso-Ferrando, Pablo Márquez-Gómez, José Manuel Gandía-Romero and Manuel Valcuende
Materials 2026, 19(5), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19051011 - 6 Mar 2026
Viewed by 799
Abstract
The use of end-of-life tyre (ELT) rubber as a partial aggregate replacement in concrete represents a promising route for waste valorisation; however, its durability-related behaviour and long-term performance remain insufficiently characterised, particularly under combined environmental exposures. This study addresses these limitations by combining [...] Read more.
The use of end-of-life tyre (ELT) rubber as a partial aggregate replacement in concrete represents a promising route for waste valorisation; however, its durability-related behaviour and long-term performance remain insufficiently characterised, particularly under combined environmental exposures. This study addresses these limitations by combining a targeted literature review encompassing more than 4500 data points from over 150 published studies with a laboratory-based experimental assessment of rubberised concretes aimed at clarifying key knowledge gaps. The experimental programme investigates concretes incorporating 5–50% ELT rubber (0/4 mm) as a selective replacement of a specific sand fraction, rather than of the total fine aggregate content, with particular emphasis on performance under coupled freeze–thaw cycling and sulphate attack. A reference mix (>50 MPa at 28 days) and seven rubberised concretes were characterised in terms of mechanical behaviour and selected durability-related indicators. Specimens were subsequently exposed for 270 days to freeze–thaw cycles (−20/+20 °C) in a 10% MgSO4 solution, and surface damage and compressive strength loss were quantified. Increasing rubber content resulted in the expected reductions in mechanical performance, accompanied by lower electrical resistivity and increased porosity and carbonation depth. However, the selective replacement of a single sand fraction led to more gradual deterioration than typically reported for global sand substitution. Under combined freeze–thaw and sulphate exposure, concretes with low rubber contents (5–15%) exhibited no observable surface damage and retained most of their mechanical capacity, with compressive strength losses below 8%, whereas mixtures with ≥30% replacement showed pronounced surface degradation and strength losses exceeding 50%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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15 pages, 3597 KB  
Article
Influence of Pore Size on the Acoustic Absorption Properties of Open-Cell AlSi Porous Cylinders
by Constantin Cristian Andrei, Constantin Stelian Stan, Marius Deaconu, Catalin Pirvu, Alina Dragomirescu, Iuliana Corneschi and Iuliana Stan
Materials 2026, 19(5), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19050989 - 4 Mar 2026
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 808
Abstract
Airframe noise generated at wing trailing edges and high-lift devices, such as flaps, remains a major challenge during landing, with significant contributions in the low-frequency band of 500–1500 Hz. While solid surfaces reflect this acoustic energy, metallic porous materials can effectively absorb it [...] Read more.
Airframe noise generated at wing trailing edges and high-lift devices, such as flaps, remains a major challenge during landing, with significant contributions in the low-frequency band of 500–1500 Hz. While solid surfaces reflect this acoustic energy, metallic porous materials can effectively absorb it through viscous and thermal dissipation within their internal pore structure. To address this, the present study examines the acoustic absorption characteristics of open-cell AlSi porous cylinders featuring controlled pore diameters between 0.3 mm and 2.25 mm. Measurements were conducted in an acoustic impedance tube according to the ISO 10534-2:2023 standard, using six cylindrical samples (28 mm diameter, 70 mm length). Two sets of measurements were performed for each sample (front and rear faces), and the average values were used. The findings indicate that the normal-incidence sound absorption coefficient α rises as pore size increases, reaching 0.93–0.97 at low frequencies of 500–700 Hz for the samples with the largest pores (1.8–2.25 mm). These results indicate that open-cell AlSi alloys offer strong low-frequencies sound absorption, positioning them as promising options for aeroacoustic noise mitigation, including applications such as porous trailing edge and hybrid flap designs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Adsorption Materials: Experiments, Adsorption Mechanisms and Applications)
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16 pages, 3472 KB  
Article
Plasma-Driven Surface Functionalization: Enhancing the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum via Atmospheric-Pressure Treatment
by Carlos A. Cuao Moreu, Reza Jafari and Shamim Roshan
Materials 2026, 19(5), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19050973 - 3 Mar 2026
Viewed by 712
Abstract
Aluminum and its alloys are employed in different industries due to their versatile properties (low density, resistance to corrosion, thermal conductivity). However, the corrosion properties of these alloys can be enhanced through protection methods. In this paper, the effect of surface treatment through [...] Read more.
Aluminum and its alloys are employed in different industries due to their versatile properties (low density, resistance to corrosion, thermal conductivity). However, the corrosion properties of these alloys can be enhanced through protection methods. In this paper, the effect of surface treatment through atmospheric pressure plasma on the corrosion properties of a 6061 aluminum alloy was evaluated. The corrosion resistance was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The jet-substrate distance and number of passes were selected as the plasma process parameters. The plasma treatment allowed the formation of a passive layer that exhibits higher corrosion resistance than the untreated substrate, corresponding to an increase of nearly three orders of magnitude in polarization resistance. Further, the passive layer’s morphological characteristics and chemical composition were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, optical profilometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, where an increase of around 40% in oxygen content supports the presence of an oxygen-rich layer on the surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Resistance and Protection of Metal Alloys)
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23 pages, 14916 KB  
Article
Nickel-Modified Biocarbons from Mixed Wood Sawdust: Multitechnique Study of Structure and Photocatalytic Activity
by Barbara Wawrzaszek, Barbara Charmas and Katarzyna Jedynak
Materials 2026, 19(5), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19050977 - 3 Mar 2026
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 590
Abstract
The increasing environmental pollution with persistent organic compounds demands the development of sustainable materials capable, among others, of simultaneous adsorption and catalytic degradation of pollutants. In this study, nickel-modified biocarbons were obtained in the process of biomass pyrolysis at the temperatures of 500 [...] Read more.
The increasing environmental pollution with persistent organic compounds demands the development of sustainable materials capable, among others, of simultaneous adsorption and catalytic degradation of pollutants. In this study, nickel-modified biocarbons were obtained in the process of biomass pyrolysis at the temperatures of 500 and 800 °C, with the Ni content of 5 and 10% by weight, in order to determine the effect of synthesis conditions on the structure, surface chemistry and functional properties of materials. A wide range of research methods was used to analyze structural parameters, elemental composition, surface morphology, functional groups as well as adsorption and photocatalytic properties. The results indicate that the pyrolysis temperature is the main factor determining the evolution of biocarbons, leading to a decrease in the specific surface area and microporosity, an increase in carbon aromatization, a reduction in oxygen groups, and an increase in alkalinity and thermal stability. The addition of nickel promotes formation of crystalline Ni phases and redox centers, while partially blocking micropores. As a result, the materials obtained at 800 °C are characterized by an increased photocatalytic activity. The paper provides mechanistic insights into the structure–property–function relationships and practical guidance for the design of biocarbons with optimized adsorption and photocatalytic properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Porous Materials)
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8 pages, 2315 KB  
Communication
Field-Free Superconducting Diode Effect in 45°-Twisted FeSe van der Waals Josephson Junctions
by Juyuan Wang, Wei Wei, Chuandi Pan, Hengning Wang, Chunsheng Wang, Yue Sun, Zhixiang Shi, Qun Niu, Guolin Zheng and Mingliang Tian
Materials 2026, 19(5), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19050972 - 3 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1049
Abstract
The iron-based superconductor FeSe has garnered considerable attention, in no small part due to its rich physics as well as the unique coexistence of superconductivity and nematicity. The recent discovery of the superconducting diode effect (SDE)—a non-reciprocal critical current with respect to the [...] Read more.
The iron-based superconductor FeSe has garnered considerable attention, in no small part due to its rich physics as well as the unique coexistence of superconductivity and nematicity. The recent discovery of the superconducting diode effect (SDE)—a non-reciprocal critical current with respect to the bias direction—requires simultaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry (TRS) and inversion symmetry (IS), making it a powerful transport signature of broken symmetries in superconductors. Notably, most reported SDEs rely on the application of an external magnetic field to break TRS, which significantly limits their practical applications in integrated superconducting electronics. Here, we report a field-free SDE in 45°-twisted FeSe Josephson junctions below 3 K, evidenced directly by the even symmetric dependence of the asymmetric critical current on the magnetic field. Under temperature modulation, the SDE is progressively suppressed and ultimately exhibits a polarity reversal at 2.2 K. Our findings provide compelling transport evidence for the field-free SDE in iron-based superconductor FeSe, offering a promising platform for exploring symmetry-breaking physics and developing low-dissipation superconducting electronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Quantum Materials)
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22 pages, 13878 KB  
Article
Wind Turbine Blade Surface Roughening and Plastic Emission Due to Leading Edge Erosion: Multiple Impact Modeling Framework
by Antonios Tempelis and Leon Mishnaevsky, Jr.
Materials 2026, 19(5), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19050963 - 2 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1116
Abstract
This paper presents a multiple water droplet impact finite element model that can be used to simulate high strain rate water droplet erosion processes for various target materials. The model is able to provide predictions for mass loss and the evolution of erosion [...] Read more.
This paper presents a multiple water droplet impact finite element model that can be used to simulate high strain rate water droplet erosion processes for various target materials. The model is able to provide predictions for mass loss and the evolution of erosion depth as a function of the number of impacts. This is achieved through a continuum damage mechanics approach coupled with element deletion for the target material. Validation of the model is performed by comparison with water droplet erosion data for PMMA. We apply the model to estimate the emissions of microplastics from wind turbines due to blade erosion. For adverse weather and operational conditions, our worst-case estimate was to the order of 340 g per blade per year. The developed framework is also used to model the effect of flaws in the blade coating on erosion progression. The effect of internal defects (voids) in the coatings on the erosion depth evolution was studied numerically. The presence of internal voids led to earlier coating breakthrough and exposure of the substrate material. The model can be used to study the effects of various types of flaws during both the incubation and mass loss stages of erosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)
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14 pages, 2689 KB  
Article
Construction of Atomically Thin Boron Films on Si Heterojunctions Using a First Principles Approach
by Piet Xiaowen Fang, Stoyan Nihtianov and Changming Fang
Materials 2026, 19(5), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19050952 - 28 Feb 2026
Viewed by 511
Abstract
Deposition of amorphous boron (a-B) onto Si substrates via chemical decomposition of B2H6 molecules produces a-B/Si, heterojunctions which are the core parts of photodetectors used in vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and potentially in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. However, fundamental questions regarding [...] Read more.
Deposition of amorphous boron (a-B) onto Si substrates via chemical decomposition of B2H6 molecules produces a-B/Si, heterojunctions which are the core parts of photodetectors used in vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and potentially in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. However, fundamental questions regarding the limit on the thickness of the deposited a-B thin films and the intrinsic electronic nature of the B atoms adjacent to the Si substrate remain unanswered. Here we investigated the local structural and electronic properties of atomic-thin a-B layers at the Si{001} substrates using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) techniques. The investigation revealed a rich variety of local chemical bonding and consequently interfacial electronic properties. For thin a-B layer(s)/Si systems, most of the a-B atoms at the interface formed (-B-Si-B-Si-) chains on the Si{001} surface. These B atoms were found to occupy the positions of the missing Si atoms and were bonded to the surficial Si atoms. The surficial Si atoms predominantly have two B neighbors. Localized defect states at the Fermi level for the interfacial Si and B atoms were found in the pseudo-gap. These states have a major influence on the electrical properties of the device. The predicted minimum thickness of the a-B films is about 1 to 2 nm, a useful metric for the manufacturing of a-B/Si devices. The information obtained here further helps us to understand the working mechanisms of a-B/Si interfaces for photon detection and constructing new core devices for potential applications in the field of metal/semiconductor heterojunctions for photon detection, photovoltaics, Schottky diodes and semiconductor devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Thin Films and Interfaces)
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32 pages, 2048 KB  
Review
Biocompatible Thin Films Deposited by Laser Techniques
by Andrei Teodor Matei and Anita Ioana Visan
Materials 2026, 19(5), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19050925 - 28 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 756
Abstract
Biocompatible thin films are essential for advancing biomedical devices, as they enhance integration with biological tissues, improve device longevity, and reduce complications. The rapid evolution of both medical needs and materials science has led to a diverse array of deposition techniques, each offering [...] Read more.
Biocompatible thin films are essential for advancing biomedical devices, as they enhance integration with biological tissues, improve device longevity, and reduce complications. The rapid evolution of both medical needs and materials science has led to a diverse array of deposition techniques, each offering unique advantages and challenges for tailoring surface properties without compromising the bulk characteristics of implants and sensors. While laser-based methods—such as pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE)—are renowned for their precision, ability to preserve complex material stoichiometry, and suitability for low-temperature processing, the broader landscape includes several other important approaches. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) techniques, including magnetron sputtering and pulsed electron deposition, are widely used for their ability to create uniform, adherent coatings with controlled thickness and composition, making them suitable for both hard and soft biomedical substrates. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and its plasma-enhanced variant (PECVD) offer conformal coatings and excellent control over film chemistry, which is particularly valuable for functional polymer and ceramic films. Other methods, such as sol–gel processing, ion beam deposition, and electrophoretic deposition, provide additional flexibility in terms of coating composition, adhesion, and processing temperature, allowing for the fabrication of films with tailored mechanical, chemical, and biological properties. Despite these advances, the field faces ongoing challenges in optimizing film properties for specific clinical applications, ensuring reproducibility, and scaling up production for widespread use. The necessity of this review lies in its comprehensive comparison of laser-based techniques with alternative deposition methods, providing critical insights into their respective strengths, limitations, and suitability for different biomedical scenarios. By synthesizing recent developments and highlighting current gaps, this review aims to guide researchers and clinicians in selecting the most appropriate thin-film deposition strategies to meet the evolving demands of next-generation biomedical devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Techniques for Surface and Interface Engineering: Protocols and Applications in Materials Science)
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20 pages, 2787 KB  
Article
Vibrational Characteristics of High-Quality MBE Grown GaAs1−x−ySbyNx/GaAs (001) Epilayers
by Devki N. Talwar and Hao-Hsiung Lin
Materials 2026, 19(5), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19050923 - 28 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 573
Abstract
The significant disparity between the size and electronegativity of N and group-V (P, As, Sb) atoms in dilute III–V-Ns remains a cornerstone for developing the next-generation electronics. Variations in the structural, optical, and phonon properties of the quaternary GaAs1−x−ySbyN [...] Read more.
The significant disparity between the size and electronegativity of N and group-V (P, As, Sb) atoms in dilute III–V-Ns remains a cornerstone for developing the next-generation electronics. Variations in the structural, optical, and phonon properties of the quaternary GaAs1−x−ySbyNx alloys are being used for improving the high-performance photovoltaic energy and optoelectronic technologies. Bandgap Eg tunability has assisted efficient light emission/detection to cover the crucial optical fiber wavelengths for the low-cost integrated chips in data communications and sensing devices. The lattice dynamical properties of these materials are critical for assessing the reliability to evaluate the performance of long-wavelength lasers, photodetectors, and multi-junction solar cells. Our systematic Raman measurements on high-quality MBE grown GaAs0.946Sb0.032N0.022/GaAs samples have detected ωTO(Γ)GaAs and ωTO(Γ)GaAs phonons along with a high frequency NAs local mode near ~476 cm−1. Weak phonon structures on both sides of the broad 476 cm−1 band are interpreted forming a complex NAs–Ga–SbAs defect center. Using a realistic rigid-ion model in the Green’s function framework, the simulations of impurity modes for isolated and complex defects have provided corroboration to the experimental data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coatings and Films for Corrosion Resistance and Surface Engineering of Light Metal Alloys)
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