Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
5.8
3.1
Journals
Materials
Special Issues
Additive Manufacturing and Microstructure Characteristics of Metallic Material
materials-logo
Submit to Special Issue Submit Abstract to Special Issue Review for Materials Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

► Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser
share announcement

Additive Manufacturing and Microstructure Characteristics of Metallic Material

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 April 2025 | Viewed by 5468

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Haiyang Fan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264000, China
Interests: multi-material additive manufacturing; hybrid additive manufacturing; titanium alloys; aluminium alloys; nickel superalloys
Dr. Junsheng Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science & Engineering, and Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science (ARIMS), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: aerospace materials; integrated computational materials engineering (ICME); aluminum; magnesium; alloy design; solidification; heat treatment; thermodynamics; kinetics; grain refinement; precipitation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Qimin Shi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264000, China
Interests: selective laser melting; multi-material additive manufacturing; metal matrix composites; fluid mechanics and heat/mass transport in additive manufacturing
Dr. Kaihao Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
Interests: metal matrix composites; fluid mechanics and heat/mass transport in additive manufacturing
Dr. Wei Fan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Interests: multi-material additive manufacturing; microstructure control; hybrid manufacturing; powder-melt pool interaction

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

For a given metal fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM), there can be a variety of microstructural features that affect its mechanical and functional properties, including the size of grains, grain boundaries, microsegregation of alloying elements, phases within the metal, size of dendrites, formation of anisotropic and heterogeneous microstructure. During the AM process, the microstructure is formed in situ and would therefore depend largely on the process parameters and material used. The process parameters are dependent on the metal AM method used.

Therefore, this Special Issue aims to appeal to the latest research about the microstructure in metals and alloys fabricated by different AM technologies. Examinations of titanium, aluminium, iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, magnesium, zirconium and their alloys, as well as refractory metals, glass metals, noble metals and high-entropy alloys, are all welcomed. AM technologies focus primarily on powder bed fusion and direct metal deposition, while solid-state processes such as ultrasonic additive manufacturing and cold spray additive manufacturing are also on our radar. Beyond the materials and techniques summarized above, the microstructure characterization of metal AM parts after various post-treatments is also within this scope.

This Special Issue is open to theoretical, computational and experimental studies. We look forward to receiving your contributions to the topic of Additive Manufacturing and Microstructure Characteristics of Metallic Material with original research work, review articles, and short communications.

Dr. Haiyang Fan
Dr. Junsheng Wang
Dr. Qimin Shi
Dr. Kaihao Zhang
Dr. Wei Fan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • additive manufacturing
  • metals and alloys
  • microstructure
  • heat treatments
  • mechanical properties

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (6 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

15 pages, 6364 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Wear Resistance of In Situ Synthesized Ti(C, N) Ceramic-Reinforced Nickel-Based Coatings by Laser Cladding
by Juncai Li, Ying Chen, Chuang Guan, Chao Zhang, Ji Zhao and Tianbiao Yu
Materials 2024, 17(15), 3878; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153878 - 5 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 706
Abstract
In recent years, laser cladding technology has been widely used in surface modification of titanium alloys. To improve the wear resistance of titanium alloys, ceramic-reinforced nickel-based composite coatings were prepared on a TC4 alloy substrateusing coaxial powder feeding laser cladding technology. Ti (C, [...] Read more.
In recent years, laser cladding technology has been widely used in surface modification of titanium alloys. To improve the wear resistance of titanium alloys, ceramic-reinforced nickel-based composite coatings were prepared on a TC4 alloy substrateusing coaxial powder feeding laser cladding technology. Ti (C, N) ceramic was synthesized in situ by laser cladding by adding different contents (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) of TiN, pure Ti powder, graphite, and In625 powder. Thisestudy showed that small TiN particles were decomposed and directly formed the Ti (C, N) phase, while large TiN particles were not completely decomposed. The in situ synthetic TiCxN1−x phase was formed around the large TiN particles. With the increase in the proportion of powder addition, the wear volume of the coating shows a decreasing trend, and the wear resistance of the surface coating is improving. The friction coefficient of the sample with 40% TiN, pure Ti powder, and graphite powder is 0.829 times that of the substrate. The wear volume is 0.145 times that of the substrate. The reason for this is that with the increase in TiN, Ti, and graphite in the powder, there are more ceramic phases in the cladding layer, and the hard phases such as TiC, Ti(C, N) and Ti2Ni play the role in the structure of the “backbone”, inhibit the damage caused by micro-cutting, and impede the movement of the tearing point of incision, so that the coating has a higher abrasion resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and Microstructure Characteristics of Metallic Material)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 12620 KiB  
Article
Mechanical and Fatigue Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated Using Binder Jetting Process and Subjected to Hot Isostatic Pressing
by Jesús Manuel Alegre, Andrés Díaz, Ruben García, Luis Borja Peral, Miriam Lorenzo-Bañuelos and Isidoro Iván Cuesta
Materials 2024, 17(15), 3825; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153825 - 2 Aug 2024
Viewed by 469
Abstract
Binder jetting 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technique based on the creation of a part through the selective bonding of powder with an adhesive, followed by a sintering process at high temperature to densify the material and produce parts with acceptable properties. [...] Read more.
Binder jetting 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technique based on the creation of a part through the selective bonding of powder with an adhesive, followed by a sintering process at high temperature to densify the material and produce parts with acceptable properties. Due to the high initial porosity in the material after sintering, which is typically around 5%, post-sintering treatments are often required to increase the material density and enhance the mechanical and fatigue properties of the final component. This paper focuses on the study of the benefits of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) after sintering on the mechanical and fatigue properties of a binder jetting Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Two different HIP processes were considered in this study: one at 920 °C/100 MPa for 4 h, and a second at a higher pressure but lower temperature (HIP-HPLT) at 850 °C/200 MPa for 2 h. The effects of the HIP on the densification, microstructure, mechanical behavior, and fatigue properties were investigated. The results show that the HIP-HPLT process produced a significant increase in the mechanical and fatigue properties of the material compared with the as-sintered parts and even with the conventional HIP process. However, the fatigue and fracture micromechanisms suggest that the oxygen content, which resulted from the decomposition of the binder during the sintering process, played a critical role in the final mechanical properties. Oxygen could reduce the ductility and fatigue life, which deviated from the behavior observed in other additive manufacturing techniques, such as powder bed fusion (PBF). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and Microstructure Characteristics of Metallic Material)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 20276 KiB  
Article
Powder Bed Fusion–Laser Beam of IN939: The Effect of Process Parameters on the Relative Density, Defect Formation, Surface Roughness and Microstructure
by Merve Nur Doğu, Muhannad Ahmed Obeidi, Hengfeng Gu, Chong Teng and Dermot Brabazon
Materials 2024, 17(13), 3324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133324 - 5 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1056
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of process parameters in the powder bed fusion–laser beam (PBF-LB) process on IN939 samples. The parameters examined include laser power (160, 180, and 200 W), laser scanning speed (400, 800, and 1200 mm/s), and hatch distance (50, 80, [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effects of process parameters in the powder bed fusion–laser beam (PBF-LB) process on IN939 samples. The parameters examined include laser power (160, 180, and 200 W), laser scanning speed (400, 800, and 1200 mm/s), and hatch distance (50, 80, and 110 μm). The study focuses on how these parameters affect surface roughness, relative density, defect formation, and the microstructure of the samples. Surface roughness analysis revealed that the average surface roughness (Sa) values of the sample ranged from 4.6 μm to 9.5 μm, while the average height difference (Sz) varied from 78.7 μm to 176.7 μm. Furthermore, increasing the hatch distance from 50 μm to 110 μm while maintaining constant laser power and scanning speed led to a decrease in surface roughness. Relative density analysis indicated that the highest relative density was 99.35%, and the lowest was 93.56%. Additionally, the average porosity values were calculated, with the lowest being 0.06% and the highest reaching 9.18%. Although some samples had identical average porosity values, they differed in porosity/mm2 and average Feret size. Variations in relative density and average porosity were noted in samples with the same volumetric energy density (VED) due to different process parameters. High VED led to large, irregular pores in several samples. Microcracks, less than 50 μm in length, were present, indicating solidification cracks. The microstructural analysis of the XZ planes revealed arc-shaped melt pools, columnar elongated grains aligned with the build direction, and cellular structures with columnar dendrites. This study provides insights for optimizing PBF-LB process parameters to enhance the quality of IN939 components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and Microstructure Characteristics of Metallic Material)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3331 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Rare Earth Ce on the Microstructure and Properties of Cast Pure Copper
by Mingyi Zhang, Jichun Yang and Haixiao Li
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102387 - 16 May 2024
Viewed by 510
Abstract
The effects of rare earth Ce on the microstructure and properties of cast pure copper were investigated through thermodynamic calculations, XRD analysis, mechanical testing, metallographic microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results demonstrate that the reaction between rare earth Ce and [...] Read more.
The effects of rare earth Ce on the microstructure and properties of cast pure copper were investigated through thermodynamic calculations, XRD analysis, mechanical testing, metallographic microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results demonstrate that the reaction between rare earth Ce and oxygen as well as sulfur in copper exhibits a significantly negative Gibbs free energy value, indicating a strong thermodynamic driving force for deoxidation and desulfurization reactions. Ce is capable of removing trace amounts of O and S from copper. Moreover, the maximum solid solubility of Ce in Cu falls within the range of 0.009% to 0.01%. Furthermore, Ce can refine columnar grains while enlarging equiaxed grains in as-cast copper. Upon the addition of rare earth Ce, the tensile strength increased by 8.45%, elongation increased by 12.1%, and microhardness rose from 73.5 HV to 81.2 HV—an increase of 10.5%. Overall, rare earth Ce has been found to enhance both the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast pure copper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and Microstructure Characteristics of Metallic Material)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 25261 KiB  
Article
Simulation Study on Temperature and Stress Fields in Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr Alloy during CMT Additive Manufacturing Process
by Mingkun Zhao, Zhanyong Zhao, Wenbo Du, Peikang Bai and Zhiquan Huang
Materials 2024, 17(5), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051199 - 5 Mar 2024
Viewed by 997
Abstract
A new heat source combination, consisting of a uniform body heat source and a tilted double ellipsoidal heat source, has been developed for cold metal transfer (CMT) wire-arc additive manufacturing of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy. Simulations were conducted to analyze the temperature field and stress [...] Read more.
A new heat source combination, consisting of a uniform body heat source and a tilted double ellipsoidal heat source, has been developed for cold metal transfer (CMT) wire-arc additive manufacturing of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy. Simulations were conducted to analyze the temperature field and stress distribution during the process. The optimal combination of feeding speed and welding speed was found to be 8 m/min and 8 mm/s, respectively, resulting in the lowest thermal accumulation and residual stress. Z-axis residual stress was identified as the main component of residual stress. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) testing showed weak texture strength, and Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) analysis revealed that the 1st layer had the highest residual stress, while the 11th layer had higher residual stress than the 6th layer. Microhardness in the 1st, 11th, and 6th layers varies due to residual stress impacts on dislocation density. Higher residual stress increases dislocation density, raising microhardness in components. The experimental results were highly consistent with the simulated results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and Microstructure Characteristics of Metallic Material)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 12339 KiB  
Article
Influence of Various Heat Treatments on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of GH4099 Superalloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
by Jiahao Liu, Yonghui Wang, Wenqian Guo, Linshan Wang, Shaoming Zhang and Qiang Hu
Materials 2024, 17(5), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051084 - 27 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1038
Abstract
The microstructures and mechanical properties of a γ′-strengthened nickel-based superalloy, GH4099, produced by laser powder bed fusion, at room temperature and 900 °C are investigated, followed by three various heat treatments. The as-built (AB) alloy consists of cellular/dendrite substructures within columnar grains aligning [...] Read more.
The microstructures and mechanical properties of a γ′-strengthened nickel-based superalloy, GH4099, produced by laser powder bed fusion, at room temperature and 900 °C are investigated, followed by three various heat treatments. The as-built (AB) alloy consists of cellular/dendrite substructures within columnar grains aligning in <100> crystal orientation. No γ′ phase is observed in the AB sample due to the relatively low content of Al +Ti. Following the standard solid solution treatment, the molten pool boundaries and cellular/dendrite substructures disappear, whilst the columnar grains remain. The transformation of columnar grains to equiaxed grains occurs through the primary solid solution treatment due to the recovery and recrystallization process. After aging at 850 °C for 480 min, the carbides in the three samples distributed at grain boundaries and within grains and the spherical γ′ phase whose size is about 43 nm ± 16 nm develop in the standard solid solution + aging and primary solid solution + aging samples (SA and PA samples) while the bimodal size of cubic (181 nm ± 85 nm) and spherical (43 nm ± 16 nm) γ′ precipitates is presented in the primary solid solution + secondary solid solution + aging sample (PSA samples). The uniaxial tensile tests are carried out at room temperature (RT) and 900 °C. The AB sample has the best RT ductility (~51% of elongation and ~67% of area reduction). Following the three heat treatments, the samples all acquire excellent RT tensile properties (>750 MPa of yield strengths and >32% of elongations). However, clear ductility dips and intergranular fracture modes occur during the 900 °C tensile tests, which could be related to carbide distribution and a change in the deformation mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and Microstructure Characteristics of Metallic Material)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-6
Back to TopTop