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Advanced Biomaterials in Implantology and Restorative Dentistry

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2023) | Viewed by 13500

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Dr. Riccardo Beltrami

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Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences–Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Interests: dental materials; restorative dentistry; biomedical statistics; meta-analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent advances in technology have pushed forward the application of new materials in dental practice. New techniques and materials are often introduced by manufacturers in order to simplify and standardize surgical procedures without affecting the clinical quality of the medical procedure.

The present Special Issue is dedicated to improving knowledge about these new products and techniques. The real advantages in terms of usage, costs, and real effectiveness both for clinicians and for patients are far from being scientifically tested and compared with the gold standard.

Dr. Riccardo Beltrami
Guest Editor

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Keywords

dental materials
restorative materials
prosthetic dentistry
dental implants
oral surgery
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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 6152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Hydrophobicity and Antibacterial Properties of SiCN-Coated Surfaces with Quaternization to Address Peri-Implantitis

by Chao-Ching Chiang, Xinyi Xia, Valentin Craciun, Mateus Garcia Rocha, Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo, Fernanda Regina Godoy Rocha, Sarathy K. Gopalakrishnan, Kirk J. Ziegler, Fan Ren and Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw

Materials 2023, 16(17), 5751; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175751 - 22 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 885

Abstract

Peri-implantitis is a major cause of dental implant failure. This disease is an inflammation of the tissues surrounding the implant, and, while the cause is multi-factorial, bacteria is the main culprit in initiating an inflammatory reaction. Dental implants with silicon carbonitride (SiCN) coatings have several potential advantages over traditional titanium implants, but their antibacterial efficiency has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-bacterial potential of SiCN by modifying the surface of SiCN-coated implants to have a positive charge on the nitrogen atoms through the quaternization of the surface atoms. The changes in surface chemistry were confirmed using contact angle measurement and XPS analysis. The modified SiCN surfaces were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and compared with a silicon control. The cultured bacterial colonies for the experimental group were 80% less than the control silicon surface. Fluorescent microscopy with live bacteria staining demonstrated significantly reduced bacterial coverage after 3 and 7 days of incubation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize the coated surfaces after bacterial inoculation, and the mechanism for the antibacterial properties of the quaternized SiCN was confirmed by observing ruptured bacteria membrane along the surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials in Implantology and Restorative Dentistry)

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12 pages, 4966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Porcelain Polishing Methods on the Roughness and Color Stability of CAD–CAM Ceramics after Orthodontic Bracket Debonding

by Satheesh B. Haralur, Abdullah Saeed Shiban and Nasser Mohammed Alqahtani

Materials 2023, 16(14), 4951; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16144951 - 11 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1390

Abstract

Increased utilization of all ceramic restorations for aesthetic consideration in combination with routine adult orthodontic practice has led to numerous clinical challenges. Obtaining adequate bond strength between the orthodontic bracket and all-ceramic restoration and damage to the ceramic surface during the bracket debonding procedure needs to be better understood. This study analyzed the surface texture and color change of glazed and bracket-debonded ceramic CAD–CAM materials and the efficiency of porcelain polishing systems in restoring surface morphology and color. A total of 30 rectangular test specimens from each lithium disilicate CAD (LD-CAD), polymer-infiltrated ceramic (PICN), zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic (ZLS), and 5YTZP zirconia (5YZP) were prepared. The ceramic samples were embedded within acrylic resin, and baseline surface roughness and color were recorded using an optical profilometer and a reflected color spectrophotometer. The porcelain samples were bonded with lower incisor ceramic brackets. The samples were thermocycled 2000 times between 5 and 55 °C. Afterward, the brackets were peeled with bracket-removing pliers. The resin adhesive from the debonded surface was eliminated with tungsten carbide bur, and samples were randomly divided into three subgroups of (n = 10) to be polished with Diapol-twist (DT), a Keramik-Politur 4313B Komet polishing kit (KK), and a Horico diamond polisher (HDP). The polished surface roughness and color were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance at p < 0.05. The debonded porcelain surfaces across the groups displayed significantly higher mean surface roughness (Ra) compared to glazed surfaces. The debonded 5YZP showed the least Ra at 0.661 (0.09), while the highest Ra was recorded by PICN at 4.057 (0.82). All of the polishing systems evaluated in the study significantly reduced the surface roughness. However, they were unsuccessful in regaining the surface topography of the glazed surface. The flexible discs (DT) produced the smoothest surface, followed by the diamond-impregnated rubber points (KK). Unpolished porcelain surfaces had a discernable mean color difference from glazed surfaces. Polished surfaces from the different polishing systems among the all-ceramic groups achieved a clinically acceptable mean color difference. Polishing debonded rough porcelain surfaces is imperative, and flexible discs performed better in all of the tested CAD–CAM ceramic materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials in Implantology and Restorative Dentistry)

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13 pages, 3189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Hypochlorous Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment on Bacterial Disinfection Treatments in Implantoplasty Procedures

by Esteban Padulles-Gaspar, Esteban Padulles-Roig, Guillermo Cabanes, Román A. Pérez, Javier Gil and Begoña M. Bosch

Materials 2023, 16(8), 2953; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16082953 - 7 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1589

Abstract

One of the main problems in oral implantology today is peri-implantitis, which affects almost 20% of dental implants placed in patients. One of the most commonly used techniques to eliminate bacterial biofilm is the implantoplasty, that consists of the mechanical modification of the implant surface topography followed by treatments with chemical reagents for decontamination. In this study, the main aim is to evaluate the use of two different chemical treatments based on hypochlorous acid (HClO) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). For this purpose, 75 titanium grade 3 discs were treated with implantoplasty according to established protocols. Twenty-five discs were used as controls, 25 were treated with concentrated HClO and 25 were treated with concentrated HClO followed by treatment with 6% H₂O₂. The roughness of the discs was determined using the interferometric process. Cytotoxicity with SaOs-2 osteoblastic cells was quantified at 24 and 72 h, whereas bacteria proliferation using S. gordonii and S. oralis bacteria was quantified at 5 s and 1 min of treatment. The results showed an increase in the roughness values, the control discs had an Ra of 0.33 μm and those treated with HClO and H₂O₂ reached 0.68 μm. Cytotoxicity was present at 72 h, together with a significant proliferation of bacteria. These biological and microbiological results can be attributed to the roughness produced by the chemical agents that triggered bacterial adsorption while inhibiting osteoblast adhesion. The results indicate that even if this treatment can decontaminate the titanium surface after implantation, the produced topography will generate an environment that will not favor long-term performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials in Implantology and Restorative Dentistry)

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12 pages, 3053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Fracture Load as a Function of the Material Thickness: The Key to Computing the Strength of Monolithic All-Ceramic Materials?

by Josef Schweiger, Kurt-Jürgen Erdelt, Tobias Graf, Thomas Sciuk, Daniel Edelhoff and Jan-Frederik Güth

Materials 2023, 16(5), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051997 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1395

Abstract

The thickness of a material has a significant impact on its fracture load. The aim of the study was to find and describe a mathematical relationship between the material thickness and the fracture load for dental all-ceramics. In total, 180 specimens were prepared from a leucite silicate ceramic (ESS), a lithium disilicate ceramic (EMX), and a 3Y-TZP zirconia ceramic (LP) in five thicknesses (0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, and 1.6 mm; n = 12). The fracture load of all specimens was determined using the biaxial bending test according to the DIN EN ISO 6872. The regression analyses for the linear, quadratic, and cubic curve characteristics of the materials were conducted, and the cubic regression curves showed the best correlation (coefficients of determination (R²): ESS R² = 0.974, EMX R² = 0.947, LP R² = 0.969) for the fracture load values as a function of the material thickness. A cubic relationship could be described for the materials investigated. Applying the cubic function and material-specific fracture-load coefficients, the respective fracture load values can be calculated for the individual material thicknesses. These results help to improve and objectify the estimation of the fracture loads of restorations, to enable a more patient- and indication-centered situation-dependent material choice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials in Implantology and Restorative Dentistry)

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7 pages, 2074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Implant Stability and Trephination Depth for Implant Removal—An In Vitro Study

by Haya Meir, Alon Sebaoun, Perry Raz, Shifra Levartovsky, Adi Arieli, Raphel Pilo, Zafar Dor and Ilan Beitlitum

Materials 2022, 15(12), 4200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124200 - 13 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1375

Abstract

Malpositioned and broken implants are usually fully osseointegrated; hence, their removal, especially from the lower arch, can be very challenging. Implant removal techniques include reverse torque and trephination. Trephination is an invasive technique that can jeopardize vital structures, cause mandibular fatigue fractures, or lead to osteomyelitis. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between trephination depth and implant stability by recording implant stability quotient (ISQ) readings at varying trephination depths in vitro. Materials and methods: Forty-eight implants were inserted into dense synthetic polyurethane foam blocks as artificial bone. Primary implant stability was measured with a Penguin resonance frequency analysis (RFA) device. Implants of two designs with a diameter of 3.75 mm and a length of 13 or 8 mm were inserted. Twenty-four internal hexagon (IH) (Seven^®) and twenty-four conical connection (CC) implants (C1^®; MIS^® Implants, Ltd., Misgav, Israel) were used. The primary implant stability was measured with the RFA device. Trephination was performed, and implant stability was recorded at depths of 0, 3, and 6 mm for the 8 mm implants and 0, 3, 6, 8, 10, and 11.5 mm for the 13 mm implants. Results: Linear regression revealed a significant relation between the trephination depth and the ISQ (F (1, 213) = 1113.192, p < 0.001, adjusted r2 = 0.839). The trephination depth significantly predicted the ISQ (β = −5.337, p < 0.001), and the ISQ decreased by −5.33 as the trephination depth increased by 1 mm. Conclusion: Implant stability reduction as measured using an RFA device during trephination may be a valuable guide to achieving safe reverse torque for implant removal. Further studies are needed to evaluate these data in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials in Implantology and Restorative Dentistry)

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13 pages, 2576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Accuracy of Open-Tray vs. Snap on Impression Techniques in A 6-Implant Model: An In Vitro 3D Study

by Adi Arieli, Maram Adawi, Mahmoud Masri, Evgeny Weinberg, Ilan Beitlitum, Raphael Pilo and Shifra Levartovsky

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2103; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062103 - 12 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2132

Abstract

To compare the three-dimensional accuracy of an open-tray and two snap on impression techniques (with and without connecting the plastic caps of the snap on impression transfers) in a full arch 6-implant model, a reference acrylic resin model of the maxilla with six implants was fabricated. Prominent geometrical triangles, in the palate area, served as reference points for a digital overlap between scans. Three impression transfer techniques were evaluated and compared: open-tray direct impression (DI), snap on impression (SpO), and connected snap on impression (SpOC). Polyether impression material was used to make 30 impressions (n = 10), and the master model and all casts were digitally scanned with a laboratory optical scanner. The obtained 3D data were converted and recorded as STL files, which were imported to a 3D inspection software program. Angular deviations (buccal, occlusal and interproximal planes) between the study casts and the reference model were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test, with 0.05 used as the level of significance. The 3D angular deviations from the master model revealed no significant differences between the DI and SpO impression groups, but there were significant differences in the SpOC impression group, particularly in the buccal and occlusal planes. In all groups, the 3D angular deviation between the most distal scan abutments on each side of the model was significantly different from all other areas when compared to the master model. Within the limits of this study, it is possible to conclude that the indirect closed tray snap on impression technique with unconnected plastic caps exhibited the same three-dimensional accuracies as the direct open tray technique. The indirect closed tray snap on impression technique with connected plastic caps was less accurate than either the indirect closed tray snap on impression technique with unconnected plastic caps or the direct open tray technique. In the case of full arch implant supported prostheses, inaccuracies may be expected in the most distal implants for all the three impression techniques evaluated in this study. Further in vitro and in vivo research is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials in Implantology and Restorative Dentistry)

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12 pages, 3035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Behavior of Titanium Dental Implants with Implantoplasty

by Pablo Lozano, Marta Peña, Mariano Herrero-Climent, Jose Vicente Rios-Santos, Blanca Rios-Carrasco, Aritza Brizuela and Javier Gil

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041563 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4126

Abstract

The procedure generally used to remove bacterial biofilm adhering to the surface of titanium on dental implants is implantoplasty. This treatment is based on the machining of the titanium surface to remove bacterial plaque. In this study, we used 60 grade 4 titanium implants and performed the implantoplasty protocol. Using X-ray diffraction, we determined the stresses accumulated in each of the as-received, machined and debris implants. The resistance to corrosion in open circuit and potentiodynamically in physiological medium has been determined, and the corrosion potentials and intensities have been determined. Tests have been carried out to determine ion release by ICP-MS at different immersion times. The results show that the corrosion resistance and the release of titanium ions into the medium are related to the accumulated energy or the degree of deformation. The titanium debris exhibit compressive residual stresses of −202 MPa, the implant treated with implantoplasty −120 MPa, and as-received −77 MPa, with their corrosion behavior resulting in corrosion rates of 0.501, 0.77, and 0.444 mm/year, respectively. Debris is the material with the worst corrosion resistance and the one that releases the most titanium ions to the physiological medium (15.3 ppb after 21 days vs. 7 ppb for as-received samples). Pitting has been observed on the surface of the debris released into the physiological environment. This behavior should be taken into account by clinicians for the good long-term behavior of implants with implantoplasty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials in Implantology and Restorative Dentistry)

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