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Polymer Rheology and Processing of Nano- and Micro-Composites
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Polymer Rheology and Processing of Nano- and Micro-Composites

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 25656

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Ramón Pamies

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Grupo de Ciencia de Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
Interests: nanomaterials; carbon nanophase; rheology; tribology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The design and obtention of micro- and nano-composites is an increasing technology that improves the optical, mechanical, and electrical properties of polymeric materials with promising applications in different fields, such as nanotechnology, agriculture, or biomedicine. The agglomeration of particles leads to the diminution of the properties and worse processing conditions of the composite. Therefore, one of the current challenges of this technology is obtaining a homogeneous dispersion of micro and nanoparticles in the plastic. Rheology is a powerful tool that provides crucial knowledge regarding the interaction between the different phases added to polymeric matrices and the processing of composites. For example, the viscoelastic properties determine the conditions of processing and the mechanical behavior of thin films. Thus, the rheological characterization and computational modelling of composites provide critical information about the compatibility of the different phases and the processing of the final material. Moreover, these new materials demand the development of innovative processing methods and technologies that can result in novel applications.

In this Special Issue, original research papers and reviews reporting experimental and computational investigations of the viscoelastic properties and progress, and modernization in processing technologies of micro- and nano-composites are expected.

Prof. Ramón Pamies
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Rheology of composites
  • Plastic technology
  • Nanomaterials
  • Microparticles
  • Processing of polymer-based materials
  • Composites

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 206 KiB  
Editorial
Polymer Rheology and Processing of Nano- and Micro-Composites
by Ramón Pamies
Materials 2022, 15(20), 7297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207297 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1319
Abstract
The development of new technologies strongly depends on the design of new materials [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Rheology and Processing of Nano- and Micro-Composites)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

12 pages, 2043 KiB  
Article
Rheological Properties of MWCNT-Doped Titanium-Oxo-Alkoxide Gel Materials for Fiber Drawing
by Tanel Tätte, Medhat Hussainov, Mahsa Amiri, Alexander Vanetsev, Madis Paalo and Irina Hussainova
Materials 2022, 15(3), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031186 - 4 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1598
Abstract
A strategy of doping by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to enhance mechanical strength and the electrical conductivity of ceramic fibers has nowadays attracted a great deal of attention for a wide variety of industrial applications. This study focuses on the effect of MWCNTs [...] Read more.
A strategy of doping by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to enhance mechanical strength and the electrical conductivity of ceramic fibers has nowadays attracted a great deal of attention for a wide variety of industrial applications. This study focuses on the effect of MWCNTs on rheological properties of metal alkoxide precursors used for the preparation of nanoceramic metal oxide fibers. The rheological behavior of MWCNT-loaded titanium alkoxide sol precursors has been evaluated via an extensional rheometry method. A substantial decrease in elongational viscosity and relaxation time has been observed upon an introduction of MWCNTs even of low concentrations (less than 0.1 wt.%). A high quality MWCNT/nanoceramic TiO2 composite fibers drawn from the specified precursors has been validated. The MWCNT percolation, which is mandatory for electrical conductivity (50 S/m), has been achieved at 1 wt.% MWCNT doping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Rheology and Processing of Nano- and Micro-Composites)
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18 pages, 2883 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of the Rheological Behavior of Nanoparticulate Suspensions
by Benedikt Finke, Arno Kwade and Carsten Schilde
Materials 2020, 13(19), 4288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194288 - 25 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2395
Abstract
Nanoparticles significantly alter the rheological properties of a polymer or monomeric resin with major effect on the further processing of the materials. In this matter, especially the influence of particle material and disperse properties on the viscosity is not yet understood fully, but [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles significantly alter the rheological properties of a polymer or monomeric resin with major effect on the further processing of the materials. In this matter, especially the influence of particle material and disperse properties on the viscosity is not yet understood fully, but can only be modelled to some extent empirically after extensive experimental effort. In this paper, a numerical study on an uncured monomeric epoxy resin, which is filled with boehmite nanoparticles, is presented to elucidate the working principles, which govern the rheological behavior of nanoparticulate suspensions and to simulate the suspension viscosity based on assessable material and system properties. To account for the effect of particle surface forces and hydrodynamic interactions on the rheological behavior, a resolved CFD is coupled with DEM. It can be shown that the particle interactions caused by surface forces induce velocity differences between the particles and their surrounding fluid, which result in increased drag forces and cause the additional energy dissipation during shearing. The paper points out the limits of the used simulation method and presents a correction technique with respect to the Péclet number, which broadens the range of applicability. Valuable information is gained for a future mechanistic modelling of nanoparticulate suspension viscosity by elucidating the interdependency between surface forces, shear rate and resulting drag forces on the particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Rheology and Processing of Nano- and Micro-Composites)
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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2626 KiB  
Article
Searching for Rheological Conditions for FFF 3D Printing with PVC Based Flexible Compounds
by I. Calafel, R. H. Aguirresarobe, M. I. Peñas, A. Santamaria, M. Tierno, J. I. Conde and B. Pascual
Materials 2020, 13(1), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010178 - 1 Jan 2020
Cited by 60 | Viewed by 4480
Abstract
Rheology is proposed as a tool to explore plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) formulations to be used in the fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing process and so manufactures flexible and ductile objects by this technique. The viscoelastic origin of success/failure in FFF of [...] Read more.
Rheology is proposed as a tool to explore plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) formulations to be used in the fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing process and so manufactures flexible and ductile objects by this technique. The viscoelastic origin of success/failure in FFF of these materials is investigated. The analysis of buckling of the filament is based on the ratio between compression modulus and viscosity, but for a correct approach the viscosity should be obtained under the conditions established in the nozzle. As demonstrated by small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) measurements, PVC formulations have a crystallites network that provokes clogging in the nozzle. This network restricts printing conditions, because only vanishes at high temperatures, at which thermal degradation is triggered. It is observed that the analysis of the relaxation modulus G(t) is more performing than the G″/G′ ratio to get conclusions on the quality of layers welding. Models printed according to the established conditions show an excellent appearance and flexibility, marking a milestone in the route to obtain flexible objects by FFF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Rheology and Processing of Nano- and Micro-Composites)
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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2542 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of New Layered Double Hydroxide-Polyolefin Film Nanocomposites with Special Optical Properties
by Fuensanta Monzó, Ana Vanessa Caparrós, Diego Pérez-Pérez, Alejandro Arribas and Ramón Pamies
Materials 2019, 12(21), 3580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12213580 - 31 Oct 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3528
Abstract
In this study, we have synthesized new double layered hydroxides to be incorporated to low density polyethylene thermoplastic matrix. These new composites present promising applications as materials to build greenhouses due to the enhancement of their optical properties. A characterization of the modified [...] Read more.
In this study, we have synthesized new double layered hydroxides to be incorporated to low density polyethylene thermoplastic matrix. These new composites present promising applications as materials to build greenhouses due to the enhancement of their optical properties. A characterization of the modified nanoclay has been performed by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We have prepared a series of polyolefin-based films to evaluate the effect of the addition of a whitening agent (disodium 2,2′-((1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diyldivinylene)bis(benzenesulfonate)), the modified hydrotalcite-like material and a commercial dispersant. The rheological and mechanical characterization of the films have proved that the inclusion of the modified-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) do not substantially affect the processing and mechanical performance of the material. On the other hand, optical properties of the nanocomposites are improved by reducing the transmission in the UVA region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Rheology and Processing of Nano- and Micro-Composites)
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14 pages, 6248 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Sodium and Potassium Nitrate Contaminated Polyaniline-Poly (Ethylene Oxide) Composites Synthesized via Facile Solution Casting Technique
by Salma Bilal, Muhammad Arif, Muhammad Saleem Khan and Anwar-ul-Haq Ali Shah
Materials 2019, 12(13), 2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132168 - 5 Jul 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3607
Abstract
Fabrication of composites by developing simple techniques can be an effective way to modify some properties of individual materials. The present study relates to facile synthesis of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) contaminated polyaniline (PANI) and poly [...] Read more.
Fabrication of composites by developing simple techniques can be an effective way to modify some properties of individual materials. The present study relates to facile synthesis of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) contaminated polyaniline (PANI) and poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) composites without using any additives, plasticizers, or fibers. The physic-chemical and rheological properties of synthesized composites were analyzed. The composites showed enhancement in both storage and loss modules in comparison with the polymer matrices. The dynamic viscosity of the synthesized materials has inverse relation with that of temperature and shear stress. Rheological analysis reveals a continuous drop off in viscosity by increasing shear stress. The flow behavior was affected little by temperature. However, the overall results showed a shear thinning effect suggesting that polymer composites show non-Newtonian behavior. The addition of NaNO3 and KNO3 had a profound effect on shear viscosity of the materials, although the overall shear thinning behavior prevails. The PANI-PEO composite follows, as the first approximation models, both Bingham and modified Bingham models, while the salt contaminated system follows only the Bingham model. Both show shear stress values. The greater values of storage (G′) and loss (G″) modulus of composites than PANI-PEO blend suggests excellent elasticity, better stiffness, and good mechanical strength of the composites. Furthermore, the composites were more thermally stable than pure polymers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Rheology and Processing of Nano- and Micro-Composites)
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Review

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16 pages, 1472 KiB  
Review
Extrusion of Polymer Nanocomposites with Graphene and Graphene Derivative Nanofillers: An Overview of Recent Developments
by José Sanes, Cristian Sánchez, Ramón Pamies, María-Dolores Avilés and María-Dolores Bermúdez
Materials 2020, 13(3), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030549 - 23 Jan 2020
Cited by 85 | Viewed by 7603
Abstract
This review is focused on the recent developments of nanocomposite materials that combine a thermoplastic matrix with different forms of graphene or graphene oxide nanofillers. In all cases, the manufacturing method of the composite materials has been melt-processing, in particular, twin-screw extrusion, which [...] Read more.
This review is focused on the recent developments of nanocomposite materials that combine a thermoplastic matrix with different forms of graphene or graphene oxide nanofillers. In all cases, the manufacturing method of the composite materials has been melt-processing, in particular, twin-screw extrusion, which can then be followed by injection molding. The advantages of this processing route with respect to other alternative methods will be highlighted. The results point to an increasing interest in biodegradable matrices such as polylactic acid (PLA) and graphene oxide or reduced graphene oxide, rather than graphene. The reasons for this will also be discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Rheology and Processing of Nano- and Micro-Composites)
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