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Ti Alloys for Dental Implant Applications
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Ti Alloys for Dental Implant Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 19144

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alicja Kazek-Kęsik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego Street 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: titanium alloys; implants; surface treatment; plasma electrolytic oxidation process; hybrid coatings; functional coatings; electrophoretic deposition; bioactivity; biocompatibility
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy are widely used for manufacture dental implants due to their good biocompatibility. Novel titanium alloys, especially β-type titanium alloys, are considered the future materials for dental implants. Thus, various manufacturing techniques are used to obtain biocompatible implants with the desirable mechanical properties. To increase bioactivity of titanium alloys, their surfaces are very often modified. Various methods are available for the bioactivation of metal surface: plasma electrolytic oxidation, sol–gel methods, plasma spraying, ion implantation, electrophoretic deposition, and chemical or physical vapor deposition. Functional coatings can be designed for dental implant applications. Bioactive coatings should be composed only by biocompatible compounds and do not form toxic corrosion or degradation products.

The following topics are within the scope of the Special Issue:

  • Manufacturing of titanium-based dental implants;
  • Surface treatment of dental implants;
  • Formation of bioactive coatings on a titanium alloy surface;
  • Enhancing antibacterial properties of titanium alloy;
  • Characterization of Ti-based implants for dental applications.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for the Special Issue “Ti Alloys for Dental Implant Applications”. The broad scope of this Special Issue provides an excellent opportunity to submit full papers, short communications or review papers.

Dr. Alicja Kazek-Kęsik
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Dental implants
  • Titanium alloy
  • Bioactivity
  • Biocompatibility
  • Antibacterial properties
  • Surface modification
  • Ceramic coatings
  • Polymer coatings

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2348 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Biological Characterization of Silver-Doped Anodic Oxide Coating on Titanium
by Oleksandr Oleshko, Iryna Liubchak, Yevheniia Husak, Viktoriia Korniienko, Aziza Yusupova, Tetiana Oleshko, Rafal Banasiuk, Marek Szkodo, Igor Matros-Taranets, Alicja Kazek-Kęsik, Wojciech Simka and Maksym Pogorielov
Materials 2020, 13(19), 4359; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194359 - 30 Sep 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2640
Abstract
Despite the high biocompatibility and clinical effectiveness of Ti-based implants, surface functionalization (with complex osteointegrative/antibacterial strategies) is still required. To enhance the dental implant surface and to provide additional osteoinductive and antibacterial properties, plasma electrolytic oxidation of a pure Ti was performed using [...] Read more.
Despite the high biocompatibility and clinical effectiveness of Ti-based implants, surface functionalization (with complex osteointegrative/antibacterial strategies) is still required. To enhance the dental implant surface and to provide additional osteoinductive and antibacterial properties, plasma electrolytic oxidation of a pure Ti was performed using a nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)-based Ag nanoparticles (AgNP)-loaded calcium–phosphate solution. Chemical and structural properties of the surface-modified titanium were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and contact angle measurement. A bacterial adhesion test and cell culture biocompatibility with collagen production were performed to evaluate biological effectiveness of the Ti after the plasma electrolytic process. The NTA-based calcium–phosphate solution with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) can provide formation of a thick, porous plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) layer enriched in silver oxide. Voltage elevation leads to increased porosity and a hydrophilic nature of the newly formed ceramic coating. The silver-enriched PEO layer exhibits an effective antibacterial effect with high biocompatibility and increased collagen production that could be an effective complex strategy for dental and orthopedic implant development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti Alloys for Dental Implant Applications)
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16 pages, 3305 KiB  
Article
Titanium Implants Coated with a Bifunctional Molecule with Antimicrobic Activity: A Rabbit Study
by Antonio Scarano, Francesco Carinci, Tiziana Orsini, Luca Valbonetti, Erda Qorri, Carlo Alberto Bignozzi and Felice Lorusso
Materials 2020, 13(16), 3613; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163613 - 15 Aug 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2336
Abstract
Background: Various surface treatments have been tested for titanium implants aiming at increasing their surface biocompatibility and their biological characteristics, but also the efficiency of the implant surface will have to be improved to drastically decrease peri-implantite and mucosite. In fact, the peri-implantitis [...] Read more.
Background: Various surface treatments have been tested for titanium implants aiming at increasing their surface biocompatibility and their biological characteristics, but also the efficiency of the implant surface will have to be improved to drastically decrease peri-implantite and mucosite. In fact, the peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis have a high incidence in clinical practice. The nanofabrication techniques that offer the possibility to achieve the implant surface that reduces bacterial colonization could influence the osteointegration. The aim of this research was to evaluate the bone response to titanium implants coated with a bifunctional molecule with antimicrobic activity consisting of a combination of silver ions covalently bound to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Methods: A total of 36 implants were inserted into 18 older New Zealand white male rabbits. They had two different surfaces. The implants Control group was characterized by an acid-etched and sandblasted surface treatment, and the Test implants had an acid-etched and sandblasted surface coated with a silver ion covalently bound to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the solution. Results: No statistically significant difference of the bone density was evidenced between Control and Test implants at two weeks (p-value = 0.623), four weeks (p-value = 0.339), and eight weeks (p-value = 0.461). Moreover, no statistically significant difference of the bone-implant contact percentage was evidenced between Control and Test implants at two weeks (p-value = 0.938), four weeks (p-value = 0.307), and eight weeks (p-value = 0.294). The effectiveness of the present investigation demonstrated no adverse effects on osseointegration, and no statistically significant differences were observed in the bone density and percentage of bone-implant contact between Test and Control implants at all the experimental time points (two, four, and eight weeks). Conclusions: Titanium implants coated with the silver-anatase solution bind very well to the bone and did not have an adverse effect on the bone tissue in a rabbit model. These facts suggest possible clinical applications for the silver composition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti Alloys for Dental Implant Applications)
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11 pages, 3927 KiB  
Article
New Zr-Ti-Nb Alloy for Medical Application: Development, Chemical and Mechanical Properties, and Biocompatibility
by Oleg Mishchenko, Oleksandr Ovchynnykov, Oleksii Kapustian and Maksym Pogorielov
Materials 2020, 13(6), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061306 - 13 Mar 2020
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4698
Abstract
The concept of mechanical biocompatibilities is considered an important factor for orthopedics and dental implants. The high Young modulus of traditional Ti-based alloys can lead to stress-shielding syndrome and late postoperative complications. The development of new Al- and V-free Ti alloys with a [...] Read more.
The concept of mechanical biocompatibilities is considered an important factor for orthopedics and dental implants. The high Young modulus of traditional Ti-based alloys can lead to stress-shielding syndrome and late postoperative complications. The development of new Al- and V-free Ti alloys with a low elastic modulus is a critical task for implantology. Despite the relatively low Young modulus and appropriate biological response of metastable beta-Ti alloys, their production requires complex metallurgical solutions and a high final cost that limit commercial application. The current research aimed to develop a Zr-Ti-Nb system with a low Young modulus suitable for biomedical application, including orthopedics and dental implantology. Two different charges were used for new alloy production with melting in a vacuum-arc furnace VDP-1 under atmospheric control (argon + helium) with a non-consumable tungsten electrode and a water-cooled copper crystallizer. Post-treatment included a forging-rolling process to produce a bar suitable for implant production. SEM with EDX and the mechanical parameters of the new alloy were evaluated, and a cell culture experiment provided a biocompatibility assessment. The chemical composition of the new alloy can be represented as 59.57-19.02-21.41 mass% of Zr-Ti-Nb. The mechanical properties are characterized by an extremely low Young modulus—27,27 GPa for the alloy and 34.85 GPa for the bar. The different master alloys used for Zr-Ti-Nb production did not affect the chemical compound and mechanical parameters so it was possible to use affordable raw materials to decrease the final price of the new product. The cell culture experiment demonstrated a full biocompatibility, indicating that this new alloy can be used for dental and orthopedics implant production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti Alloys for Dental Implant Applications)
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11 pages, 4525 KiB  
Article
Fracture and Fatigue of Titanium Narrow Dental Implants: New Trends in Order to Improve the Mechanical Response
by Eugenio Velasco-Ortega, Antonio Flichy-Fernández, Miquel Punset, Alvaro Jiménez-Guerra, José María Manero and Javier Gil
Materials 2019, 12(22), 3728; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223728 - 12 Nov 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3529
Abstract
Sixty-four fractured commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) narrow dental implants (NDIs) with similar macrogeometry and connection designs were studied after different implantation times in humans in order to determine their reliability and to evaluate the causes of the fracture. These NDIs were compared with [...] Read more.
Sixty-four fractured commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) narrow dental implants (NDIs) with similar macrogeometry and connection designs were studied after different implantation times in humans in order to determine their reliability and to evaluate the causes of the fracture. These NDIs were compared with other similar implants, made with alloyed titanium with 15% Zr and with 12% strained titanium. Original implants were tested under static and fatigue conditions, simulating the tri-axial loads in the mouth by means of a Bionix hydraulic test machine. Fractography was studied using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FSEM). The results showed that cp-Ti NDI exhibits low strength for mechanical cycling, and the alloyed Ti and strained titanium increase the mechanical strength, guaranteeing long term mechanical behavior. NDIs fractured due to fatigue, and, in some cases, the presence of cracks in the original NDIs quickly led to fracture. These cracks were attributed to plastic deformation during machining were found to be exacerbated due to acid etching in the passivation process. All cases of fracture were cp-Ti dental implants due to the low fatigue limit. The results show that, when titanium is alloyed or cold-worked, the fatigue limit is higher than cp-Ti. This in vitro research will help clinicians to select a better NDI system for safer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti Alloys for Dental Implant Applications)
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Review

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12 pages, 806 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Implant–Abutment Connection on Clinical Outcomes and Microbial Colonization: A Narrative Review
by Dorina Lauritano, Giulia Moreo, Alberta Lucchese, Chiara Viganoni, Luisa Limongelli and Francesco Carinci
Materials 2020, 13(5), 1131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051131 - 3 Mar 2020
Cited by 74 | Viewed by 5153
Abstract
Introduction: Osseointegration are often suffering from oral conditions, especially, the micro gap at the implant–abutment connection represents a site for bacterial plaque aggregation, leading to increased inflammatory cells and causing peri-implantitis. Aim: The aim of this narrative review was to describe the different [...] Read more.
Introduction: Osseointegration are often suffering from oral conditions, especially, the micro gap at the implant–abutment connection represents a site for bacterial plaque aggregation, leading to increased inflammatory cells and causing peri-implantitis. Aim: The aim of this narrative review was to describe the different kinds of implant–abutment connections and their ability to reduce bacterial leakage and thus prevent peri-implantitis. Materials and methods: The following databases were consulted: Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Research gate and a total of 528 articles were found. After reading the abstract and titles, 473 items were excluded. The remaining articles (n = 55) were assessed for full-text eligibility. Thirty-three studies were included in the review. Results and Conclusions: We selected 22 clinical trials and 11 reviews, examining a total sample of 2110 implants. From the review, it was clear that there exists a relationship between the implant–abutment interface and bacterial leakage. All the connections presented an amount of micro-gap and bacterial micro-leakage, though conical and mixed connection systems seemed to behave better. Moreover, both connections seemed to have a better load distribution and the mixed system also had anti-rotational properties which are very useful during the positioning of the prosthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti Alloys for Dental Implant Applications)
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