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26 pages, 11427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Loading Frequency Ratio on Multiaxial Asynchronous Fatigue Failure of 30CrMnSiA Steel

by Tianqi Liu, Xinxin Qi, Xinhong Shi, Limin Gao, Tian Zhang and Jianyu Zhang

Materials 2021, 14(14), 3968; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143968 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2186

Multiaxial asynchronous fatigue experiments were carried out on 30CrMnSiA steel to investigate the influence of frequency ratio on fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Test results show that the surface cracks initiate on the maximum shear stress amplitude planes with larger normal stress, propagate [...] Read more.

Multiaxial asynchronous fatigue experiments were carried out on 30CrMnSiA steel to investigate the influence of frequency ratio on fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Test results show that the surface cracks initiate on the maximum shear stress amplitude planes with larger normal stress, propagate approximately tens of microns, and then propagate along the maximum normal stress planes. The frequency ratio has an obvious effect on the fatigue life. The variation of normal and shear stress amplitudes on the maximum normal stress plane induces the crack retardation, and results in that the crack growth length is longer for the constant amplitude loading than that for the asynchronous loading under the same fatigue life ratio. A few fatigue life prediction models were employed and compared. Results show that the fatigue life predicted by the model of Bannantine-Socie cycle counting method, section critical plane criterion and Palmgren-Miner’s cumulative damage rule were more applicable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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14 pages, 3446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pre- and Post-Carburizing Surface Modification on the Tribological and Adhesion Properties of Heat-Resistant KHR 45A Steel for Cracking Tubes

by Auezhan Amanov, Joo-Hyun Choi and Young-Sik Pyun

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3658; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133658 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

In this study, the effects of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technology on the tribological properties and scratch-induced adhesion behavior of a heat-resistant KHR 45A steel cracking tube, which is used for the pyrolysis process, were investigated. The main objective of this study [...] Read more.

In this study, the effects of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technology on the tribological properties and scratch-induced adhesion behavior of a heat-resistant KHR 45A steel cracking tube, which is used for the pyrolysis process, were investigated. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of pre- and post-carburizing UNSM treatment on the tribological and adhesion performances of carburized domestic KHR 45A (A) steel and to compare the results with the existing carburized Kubota-made KHR 45A steel (B). A carburizing process was carried out on the polished and UNSM-treated KHR 45A steel substrates, which were cut out from the cracking tube, at 300 °C heat exposure for 300 h. The thickness of the carburizing layer was about 10 μm. UNSM technology was applied as pre- and post-carburizing surface treatment; both reduced the friction coefficient and wear rate compared to that of the carburized KHR 45A steel substrate. It was also found that the application of UNSM technology increased the critical load, which implies the improvement of adhesion behavior between the carburizing layer and the KHR steel substrate. The application of UNSM technology as pre- and post-carburizing surface treatment could help replace carburized Kubota-made KHR 45A steel (B) thanks to the improved tribological performance, enhanced scratch resistance, load bearing capacity, and adhesion of domestic KHR 45A (A) steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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19 pages, 8079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Jumping Wave Characteristic during Low Plasticity Burnishing Process

by Stefan Dzionk, Michal Dobrzynski and Bogdan Ścibiorski

Materials 2021, 14(6), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061441 - 16 Mar 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1867

Abstract

During the low plasticity burnishing process of soft materials such as carbon steel with a hardness of up to 40 HRC (Rockwell grade) a raised structure of the material known as the Jumping Wave forms in front of the tool roll. This phenomenon [...] Read more.

During the low plasticity burnishing process of soft materials such as carbon steel with a hardness of up to 40 HRC (Rockwell grade) a raised structure of the material known as the Jumping Wave forms in front of the tool roll. This phenomenon significantly disturbs the burnishing process, but is very poorly described in the literature. This article presents studies of this phenomenon on the example of burnished 1.0562 steel. The research concerns the changes in the surface structure of the processed material as well as changes in the structure of the material during this process. The research shows changes in the geometric structure of the surface made in the 3D system and their parametric description. Moreover, the work presents an analysis of the metallographic structure in the tool zone. The research showed occurrence of material slippages in the wave in front of the tool, which creates an additional structure on the surface. These tests make it possible to better understand the process of changes that take place in the surface layer of the processed element in the low plasticity burnishing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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11 pages, 4927 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Baking Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Strength and Life of Shot Peened 4340M Landing Gear Steel

by Seok-Hwan Ahn, Jongman Heo, Jungsik Kim, Hyeongseob Hwang and In-Sik Cho

Materials 2020, 13(24), 5711; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245711 - 15 Dec 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2324

Abstract

In this study, the effect of baking heat treatment on fatigue strength and fatigue life was evaluated by performing baking heat treatment after shot peening treatment on 4340M steel for landing gear. An ultrasonic fatigue test was performed to obtain the S–N curve, [...] Read more.

In this study, the effect of baking heat treatment on fatigue strength and fatigue life was evaluated by performing baking heat treatment after shot peening treatment on 4340M steel for landing gear. An ultrasonic fatigue test was performed to obtain the S–N curve, and the fatigue strength and fatigue life were compared. The micro hardness of shot peening showed a maximum at a hardened depth of about 50 μm and was almost uniform when it arrived at the hardened depth of about 400 μm. The overall average tensile strength after the baking heat treatment was lowered by about 80–111 MPa, but the yield strength was improved by about 206–262 MPa. The five cases of specimens showed similar fatigue strength and fatigue life in high cycle fatigue (HCF) regime. However, the fatigue limit of the baking heat treated specimens showed an increasing tendency rather than that of shot peening specimens when the fatigue life was extended to the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime. The effect of baking heat treatment was identified from improved fatigue limit when baking heat was used to treat the specimen treated by shot peening containing inclusions. The optimum temperature range for the better baking heat treatment effect could be constrained not to exceed maximum 246 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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13 pages, 8607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Better Surface Integrity and Tribological Properties of Steel Sintered by Powder Metallurgy

by Tae-Hwan Lim, Chang-Soon Lee, In-Sik Cho and Auezhan Amanov

Materials 2020, 13(14), 3172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143172 - 16 Jul 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1983

Abstract

The current research reports the improvement in surface integrity and tribological characteristics of steel prepared using a powder metallurgy (PM) by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) at 25 and 300 °C. The surface integrity and tribological properties of three samples, namely, as-PM, UNSM-25 [...] Read more.

The current research reports the improvement in surface integrity and tribological characteristics of steel prepared using a powder metallurgy (PM) by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) at 25 and 300 °C. The surface integrity and tribological properties of three samples, namely, as-PM, UNSM-25 and UNSM-300 were investigated. The average surface roughness (R_a) of the as-PM, UNSM-25 and UNSM-300 samples was measured using a non-contact 3D scanner, where it was found to be 3.21, 1.14 and 0.74 µm, respectively. The top surface hardness was also measured in order to investigate the influence of UNSM treatment temperature on the hardness. The results revealed that the as-PM sample with a hardness of 109 HV was increased up to 165 and 237 HV, corresponding to a 32.1% and 57.2% after both the UNSM treatment at 25 and 300 °C, respectively. XRD analysis was also performed to confirm if any changes in chemistry and crystal size were took place after the UNSM treatment at 25 and 300 °C. In addition, dry tribological properties of the samples were investigated. The friction coefficient of the as-PM sample was 0.284, which was reduced up to 0.225 and 0.068 after UNSM treatment at 25 and 300 °C, respectively. The wear resistance was also enhanced by 33.2 and 52.9% after UNSM treatment at both 25 and 300 °C. Improvements in surface roughness, hardness and tribological properties was attributed to the elimination of big and deep porosities after UNSM treatment. Wear track of the samples and wear scar of the counter surface balls were investigated by SEM to reach a comprehensive discussion on wear mechanisms. Overall, it was confirmed that UNSM treatment at 25 and 300 °C had a beneficial effect on the surface integrity and tribological characteristics of sintered steel by the PM that is used in a shock absorber for a car engine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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15 pages, 7284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of Cladded AISI 1045 Carbon Steel

by Ruslan Karimbaev, Seimi Choi, Young-Sik Pyun and Auezhan Amanov

Materials 2020, 13(4), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040859 - 14 Feb 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3475

Abstract

This study introduces a newly developed cladding device, through printing AISI 1045 carbon steel as single and double layers onto American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) H13 tool steel plate. In this study, the mechanical and tribological characteristics of single and double [...] Read more.

This study introduces a newly developed cladding device, through printing AISI 1045 carbon steel as single and double layers onto American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) H13 tool steel plate. In this study, the mechanical and tribological characteristics of single and double layers were experimentally investigated. Both layers were polished first and then subjected to ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) treatment to improve the mechanical and tribological characteristics. Surface roughness, surface hardness and depth profile measurements, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the polished and UNSM-treated layers were carried out. After tribological tests, the wear tracks of both layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The surface roughness (R_a and R_z) of the single and double UNSM-treated layers was reduced 74.6% and 85.9% compared to those of both the as-received layers, respectively. In addition, the surface hardness of the single and double layers was dramatically increased, by approximately 23.6% and 23.4% after UNSM treatment, respectively. There was no significant reduction in friction coefficient of both the UNSM-treated layers, but the wear resistance of the single and double UNSM-treated layers was enhanced by approximately 9.4% and 19.3% compared to the single and double polished layers, respectively. It can be concluded that UNSM treatment was capable of improving the mechanical and tribological characteristics of both layers. The newly developed cladding device can be used as an alternative additive manufacturing (AM) method, but efforts and upgrades need to progress in order to increase the productivity of the device and also improve the quality of the layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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12 pages, 8122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Internal Pressure on Radial Strain of Steel Pipe Subjected to Monotonic and Cyclic Loading

by Costel Pleșcan, Mariana D. Stanciu and Matyas Szasz

Materials 2019, 12(18), 2849; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12182849 - 4 Sep 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3206

Abstract

Steel pipes in different engineering applications may fail, leading to numerous environmental disasters. During loading, certain mechanical and chemical phenomena develop inside the pipes and cause them to burst. In this study, the influence of internal pressure on the elastic and plastic behaviour [...] Read more.

Steel pipes in different engineering applications may fail, leading to numerous environmental disasters. During loading, certain mechanical and chemical phenomena develop inside the pipes and cause them to burst. In this study, the influence of internal pressure on the elastic and plastic behaviour of E355 steel pipes was investigated on small specimens with different wall thicknesses. First, the failure modes of pipes subjected to monotonic loading were assessed, and then the behaviour of specimens subjected to cyclic internal pressure was analysed in terms of variation of radial strain. The strain and stress states of pipes were analysed using the finite element method. The results revealed that the hardening of materials inside the pipes increases the risk of cracking and bursting because of elasticity limits being exceeded, causing entry into the plastic domain. The transition of mechanical behaviour can be observed in the microstructure of steel in cracked areas from the inside to the outside of the pipe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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18 pages, 8051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Double Crack Damage Identification of Welded Steel Structure Based on LAMB WAVES of S0 Mode

by Muping Hu, Xiaodan Sun, Jian He and Yangyang Zhan

Materials 2019, 12(11), 1800; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12111800 - 3 Jun 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2643

Abstract

Steel structures are widely used in large-span bridges, offshore platforms, mining equipment and other large-scale buildings. The damage of steel structures will cause significant safety risks in a project. Therefore, it is of great significance to identify and study damage to steel structures. [...] Read more.

Steel structures are widely used in large-span bridges, offshore platforms, mining equipment and other large-scale buildings. The damage of steel structures will cause significant safety risks in a project. Therefore, it is of great significance to identify and study damage to steel structures. In this study, the propagation of Lamb waves in a steel plate with double cracks is simulated. Using finite element analysis and experimental study, damage identification and damage imaging of double crack damage to a steel plate are performed, and the numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Considering the reflection and transmission of Lamb waves at the welding seam, the location and imaging of crack damage in a welded steel plate are also studied. The imaging results obtained from simulation and experiment show high level in accuracy. By comparing the amplitude of the signal in the propagation process, it is concluded that the transmission energy at the weld seam decreases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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15 pages, 14043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Enhancement or Shielding Interaction between Two Parallel Cracks under Fatigue Loading

by Zhichao Han, Caifu Qian, Lanqing Tang and Huifang Li

Materials 2019, 12(8), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081331 - 24 Apr 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3069

Abstract

In this paper, the interactions between two parallel cracks are investigated experimentally and numerically. Finite element models have been established to obtain the stress intensity factors and stress distributions of the parallel cracks with different positions and sizes. Fatigue crack growth tests of [...] Read more.

In this paper, the interactions between two parallel cracks are investigated experimentally and numerically. Finite element models have been established to obtain the stress intensity factors and stress distributions of the parallel cracks with different positions and sizes. Fatigue crack growth tests of 304 stainless steel specimens with the single crack and two parallel cracks have been conducted to confirm the numerical results. The numerical analysis results indicate that the interactions between the two parallel cracks have an enhancement or shielding effect on the stress intensity factors, depending on the relative positions of the cracks. The criterion diagram to determine the enhancement or shielding effect between two parallel cracks is obtained. The changes of the stress fields around the cracks have been studied to explain the mechanism of crack interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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16 pages, 8789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on Friction and Wear Behavior of the Vertical Spindle and V-belt of a Cotton Picker

by Auezhan Amanov, Jan Putra Bahtra Agung Sembiring and Tileubay Amanov

Materials 2019, 12(5), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050773 - 6 Mar 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3633

Abstract

This study deals with the friction and wear behavior of the vertical spindle and V-belt to improve the reliability, operation and to extend the service life of a cotton picker. The vertical spindle made of low-carbon steel (ST3) was treated by the ultrasonic [...] Read more.

This study deals with the friction and wear behavior of the vertical spindle and V-belt to improve the reliability, operation and to extend the service life of a cotton picker. The vertical spindle made of low-carbon steel (ST3) was treated by the ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technique to control the friction and wear behavior. It was found that the UNSM technique reduced surface roughness and increased surface hardness of the vertical spindle. The friction and wear behavior of the vertical spindle and V-belt was assessed by carrying out tribological tests and the results showed that the UNSM-treated vertical spindle generated a higher friction coefficient compared to the untreated one due to having less slip. In case of wear resistance, unmeasurable wear occurred on the surface of the vertical spindle due to its significant high hardness compared to the hardness of the V-belt that came into contact with the vertical spindle in relative motion. Hence, the wear behavior and mechanisms of the V-belts were systematically investigated and also discussed based on the wear track profiles and micrographs. It can be concluded that the application of the UNSM technique to the vertical spindle may contribute to improve the performance of cotton pickers by reducing the slip and prolonging the service life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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15 pages, 5759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on the Potential of Cavitation Damage in a Lead–Bismuth Eutectic Spallation Target

by Tao Wan, Takashi Naoe, Hiroyuki Kogawa, Masatoshi Futakawa, Hironari Obayashi and Toshinobu Sasa

Materials 2019, 12(4), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040681 - 25 Feb 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3319

Abstract

To perform basic Research and Development for future Accelerator-driven Systems (ADSs), Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) will construct an ADS target test facility. A Lead–Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) spallation target will be installed in the target test facility and bombarded by pulsed proton [...] Read more.

To perform basic Research and Development for future Accelerator-driven Systems (ADSs), Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) will construct an ADS target test facility. A Lead–Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) spallation target will be installed in the target test facility and bombarded by pulsed proton beams (250 kW, 400 MeV, 25 Hz, and 0.5 ms pulse duration). To realize the LBE spallation target, cavitation damage due to pressure changes in the liquid metal should be determined, preliminarily, because such damage is considered to be very critical, from the viewpoint of target safety and lifetime. In this study, cavitation damage due to pressure waves caused by pulsed proton beam injection and turbulent liquid metal flow, were studied, numerically, from the viewpoint of single cavitation bubble dynamics. Specifically, the threshold of cavitation and effects of flow speed fluctuation on cavitation bubble dynamics, in an orifice structure, were investigated in the present work. The results showed that the LBE spallation target did not undergo cavitation damage, under normal nominal operation conditions, mainly because of the long pulse duration of the pulsed proton beam and the low liquid metal flow velocity. Nevertheless, the possibility of cavitation damage in the orifice structure, under certain extreme transient LBE flow conditions, cannot be neglected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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17 pages, 6884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Failure Mechanism of Associated Gas Transmission Pipeline

by Weimin Zhao, Timing Zhang, Yonglin Wang, Jianhua Qiao and Zerui Wang

Materials 2018, 11(10), 1935; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101935 - 11 Oct 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5684

Abstract

Corrosion has been responsible for several gas pipeline leakage accidents; thus, clarifying its failure mechanisms is a precondition to prevent such accidents. On the basis of failure analysis of corroded pipe sections, laboratory exposure tests were conducted by simulating three possible corrosion environments [...] Read more.

Corrosion has been responsible for several gas pipeline leakage accidents; thus, clarifying its failure mechanisms is a precondition to prevent such accidents. On the basis of failure analysis of corroded pipe sections, laboratory exposure tests were conducted by simulating three possible corrosion environments inside a gas pipeline. The corrosion rate indicated by depth change was adopted in this study. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze corrosion products. Results showed that the specimens completely immersed in condensate water were generally corroded and that the specimens exposed to gas were locally corroded. However, the corrosion rate of the latter was slightly lower; hence, no autocatalysis of occluded corrosion cell occurred in the formation of corrosion pit, and uniform corrosion occurred in the precipitation location of condensate water. The areas in the range of 5 mm below the waterline indicated severe corrosion, and the rate could reach twice that of other areas. The corrosion products were mainly FeO(OH) and FeCO₃, thereby proving that the corrosion failure of pipelines was caused by oxygen absorption corrosion and CO₂ corrosion. Suggestions were presented to control corrosion failure of associated gas pipelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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12 pages, 2341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bearings Downsizing by Strength Enhancement and Service Life Extension

by Auezhan Amanov, Shirmendagva Darisuren and Young-Sik Pyun

Materials 2018, 11(9), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091662 - 8 Sep 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3060

Abstract

Slim bearings are used widely in aircrafts, robots, wind turbines, and industrial machineries, where their size and weight are very important for the performance of a system. The common materials of slim bearings for robots and industrial machineries are based on SAE52110 bearing [...] Read more.

Slim bearings are used widely in aircrafts, robots, wind turbines, and industrial machineries, where their size and weight are very important for the performance of a system. The common materials of slim bearings for robots and industrial machineries are based on SAE52110 bearing steel, and special heat treatment and a super polishing process are used and adapted to improve the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) strength of bearings. The improvement in RCF strength, depending on contact stress, surface hardness, and the friction behavior before and after ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification (UNSM) treatment was validated. Simple analysis shows that these improvements can reduce the size and weight of slim bearings down to about 3.40–21.25% and 14.3–26.05%, respectively. Hence, this UNSM technology is an opportunity to implement cost-saving and energy consuming super-polishing, a heat treatment process, and to reduce the size and weight of slim bearings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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20 pages, 7066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Residual Compressive Strength and Behavior of Corrosion-Damaged Carbon Steel Tubular Members

by Jin-Hee Ahn, Seok-Hyeon Jeon, Young-Soo Jeong, Kwang-Il Cho and Jungwon Huh

Materials 2018, 11(7), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071254 - 20 Jul 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4179

Abstract

Local corrosion damage of steel structures can occur due to damage to the paint-coated surface of structures. Such damage can affect the structural behavior and performance of steel structures. Compressive loading tests were, thus, carried out in this study to examine the effect [...] Read more.

Local corrosion damage of steel structures can occur due to damage to the paint-coated surface of structures. Such damage can affect the structural behavior and performance of steel structures. Compressive loading tests were, thus, carried out in this study to examine the effect of local corrosion damage on the structural behavior and strength of tubular members. Artificial cross-sectional damage on the surface of the tubular members was introduced to reflect the actual corroded damage under exposure to a corrosion environment. The compressive failure modes and compressive strengths of the tubular members were compared according to the localized cross-sectional damage. The compressive loading test results showed that the compressive strengths were affected by the damaged width within a certain range. In addition, finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted with various parameters to determine the effects of the damage on the failure mode and compressive strength of the stub column. From the FEA results, the compressive strength was decreased proportionally with the equivalent cross-sectional area ratio and damaged volume ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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