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19 pages, 7204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Curved-Tip Reactor for Non-Thermal Plasma and Plasma-Treated Water Generation: Synergistic Impact Comparison with Sodium Hypochlorite in Dental Root Canal Disinfection

by Raúl Arguello-Sánchez, Régulo López-Callejas, Benjamín Gonzalo Rodríguez-Méndez, Rogelio Scougall-Vilchis, Ulises Velázquez-Enríquez, Antonio Mercado-Cabrera, Rosendo Peña-Eguiluz, Raúl Valencia-Alvarado and Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís

Materials 2023, 16(22), 7204; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227204 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1090

Abstract

Non-thermal plasmas (NTPs), known as cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs), hold great potential for diverse medical applications, including dentistry. However, traditional linear and rigid dielectric barrier discharge reactors used for NTP generation encounter limitations in accessing oral cavities and root canals. To address this [...] Read more.

Non-thermal plasmas (NTPs), known as cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs), hold great potential for diverse medical applications, including dentistry. However, traditional linear and rigid dielectric barrier discharge reactors used for NTP generation encounter limitations in accessing oral cavities and root canals. To address this issue, we have developed an innovative NTP reactor featuring an angled end for improved accessibility. The central copper electrode, with a 0.59 mm diameter and adjustable length for desired angulation, is coated with zircon powder (ZrSiO₄) to ensure stable NTP generation. This central electrode is housed within a stainless steel tube (3 mm internal diameter, 8 mm external diameter, and 100 mm length) with a 27° angle at one end, making it ergonomically suitable for oral applications. NTP generation involves polarizing the reactor electrodes with 13.56 MHz radio frequency signals, using helium gas as a working medium. We introduce plasma-treated water (PTW) as an adjunctive therapy to enhance biofilm eradication within root canals. A synergistic approach combining NTP and PTW is employed and compared to the gold standard (sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl), effectively neutralizing Enterococcus faecalis bacteria, even in scenarios involving biofilms. Moreover, applying NTP in both gaseous and liquid environments successfully achieves bacterial inactivation at varying treatment durations, demonstrating the device’s suitability for medical use in treating root canal biofilms. The proposed NTP reactor, characterized by its innovative design, offers a practical and specific approach to plasma treatment in dental applications. It holds promise in combatting bacterial infections in root canals and oral cavities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Conventional towards Modern Biomaterials in Dentistry)

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13 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Characterization of an Anodized Surface of a Dental Implant Collar and Dental Abutment on Peri-Implant Cellular Response

by Valeria Traver-Méndez, Octavi Camps-Font, Francesc Ventura, Miquel Angel Nicolau-Sansó, Carles Subirà-Pifarré, Rui Figueiredo and Eduard Valmaseda-Castellón

Materials 2023, 16(17), 6012; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16176012 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1152

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to determine the effect of anodization on the in vitro proliferation and adhesion of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCats) and mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in Titanium Grade 23 (Ti6Al4V ELI) discs and to describe the [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper was to determine the effect of anodization on the in vitro proliferation and adhesion of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCats) and mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in Titanium Grade 23 (Ti6Al4V ELI) discs and to describe the surface topography, roughness, and composition of dental implants (body and collar) and abutments submitted to an area-specific anodization process. HaCat cells and BM-MSCs were seeded onto discs with three different surface treatments: machined, area-specific anodization for abutments, and area-specific anodization for implant collars. Cell proliferation was assessed using a resazurin-based fluorescent dye on days 1, 3, and 7, while cell adhesion was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface topography, roughness, and composition were evaluated for six implant bodies with an anodized rough surface, six anodized implant smooth collars, and six anodized prosthetic abutments. Both HaCats and BM-MSCs showed increased viability over time (p < 0.001) with no statistically significant differences among the different surfaces (p = 0.447 HaCats and p = 0.631 BM-MSCs). SEM analysis revealed an enhanced presence and adhesion of HaCat cells on the anodized surface for the implant collars and an increased adhesion of BM-MSCs on both the anodized and machined surface abutments. The topography characteristics of the treated implants and abutments varied depending on the specific implant region. Chemical analysis confirmed the presence of oxygen, calcium, phosphorus, and sodium on the anodized surfaces. The area-specific anodization process can be utilized to create variable topography, increase the specific surface area, and introduce oxygen, calcium, phosphorus, and sodium to dental implants and abutments. While BM-MSCs and HaCat cells showed similar adhesion and proliferation on anodized and machined surfaces, a positive interaction between anodized Ti6Al4V ELI surfaces and these two cell lines present in the peri-implant mucosa was observed. Due to the limitations of the present study, further research is necessary to confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Conventional towards Modern Biomaterials in Dentistry)

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21 pages, 9180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on Interface Fracture of 4th Generation 3-Steps Adhesive and 7th Generation Universal Adhesive

by Ștefan George Călinoiu, Cornelia Bîcleșanu, Anamaria Florescu, Dan Ioan Stoia, Cătălin Dumitru and Marian Miculescu

Materials 2023, 16(17), 5834; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175834 - 25 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1060

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to compare the fracture behavior of interfaces obtained using fourth-generation and universal dental adhesives. The study relies on optic and SEM to evaluate the dentin–adhesive–restoration material interface of the samples and also on FEA simulation of fracture [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the fracture behavior of interfaces obtained using fourth-generation and universal dental adhesives. The study relies on optic and SEM to evaluate the dentin–adhesive–restoration material interface of the samples and also on FEA simulation of fracture behavior. Specimen fabrication relied on 20 extracted teeth, in which class I cavities were created according to a protocol established based on the rules of minimally invasive therapy. For the direct adhesive technique, the adhesives used were: three-step All Bond, three-batch A and one-step Clearfil Universal Bond Quick-batch B. The restoration was performed with the same composite for both adhesives: Gradia direct posterior. The simulation used a 3D reconstructed molar on which geometric operations were performed to obtain an assembly that replicated a physical specimen. Material properties were applied to each component based on the information found in the literature. A simplified model for crack propagation was constructed, and using the fracture mechanics tool in Ansys 2019, the stress intensity factors that act at the crack tip of the adhesive interface were obtained. Mechanical simulation and microscopic investigation showed us how the interface of the dentine–adhesive–filling material performed in cases of both dental adhesives and for a certain loading condition. Important differences were identified among the adhesives, the fourth generation being superior to the fourth generation especially due to the separate steps in which the tooth surface was prepared for adhesion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Conventional towards Modern Biomaterials in Dentistry)

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13 pages, 7217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Hydrofluoric Acid Temperature and Application Technique on Ceramic Surface Texture and Shear Bond Strength of an Adhesive Cement

by Cristiana Cuzic, Anca Jivanescu, Radu Marcel Negru, Iosif Hulka and Mihai Rominu

Materials 2023, 16(12), 4303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124303 - 10 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 990

Abstract

All-ceramic restorations are the foundation of modern esthetic dentistry. Clinical approaches for preparation, durability, aesthetics, and repair have been reformed by the idea of adhesive dentistry. The aim of the study and the objective question was to evaluate the impact of heated hydrofluoric [...] Read more.

All-ceramic restorations are the foundation of modern esthetic dentistry. Clinical approaches for preparation, durability, aesthetics, and repair have been reformed by the idea of adhesive dentistry. The aim of the study and the objective question was to evaluate the impact of heated hydrofluoric acid pretreatment and the application technique’s influence on the surface morphology and roughness of leucite-reinforced glass–ceramic materials (IPS Empress CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent), which is fundamental for understanding the adhesive cementation process. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the effectiveness of the two HF (Yellow Porcelain Etch, Cerkamed) application techniques and the HF’s temperature impact on the surface topography of the ceramic. Based on surface conditioning methods, the adhesive cement (Panavia V5, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan) was applied to the conditioned ceramic samples and light-cured. Shear bond strength values were correlated with the micro-retentive surface texture of the ceramic. With universal testing equipment at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed, SBS values between the resin cement and the ceramic material were assessed until failure. Analyzing the fractured surfaces of the specimens by digital microscopy, the failure modes were divided into three categories: adhesive, cohesive, and mixed failure. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to statistically analyze the collected data. The results show that alternative treatment methods affected the material’s surface characteristics and have an influence on the shear bond strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Conventional towards Modern Biomaterials in Dentistry)

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19 pages, 8738 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimized Gingiva Cell Behavior on Dental Zirconia as a Result of Atmospheric Argon Plasma Activation

by Susanne Staehlke, Jakob Brief, Volkmar Senz, Thomas Eickner and J. Barbara Nebe

Materials 2023, 16(12), 4203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124203 - 6 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1199

Abstract

Several physico-chemical modifications have been developed to improve cell contact with prosthetic oral implant surfaces. The activation with non-thermal plasmas was one option. Previous studies found that gingiva fibroblasts on laser-microstructured ceramics were hindered in their migration into cavities. However, after argon (Ar) [...] Read more.

Several physico-chemical modifications have been developed to improve cell contact with prosthetic oral implant surfaces. The activation with non-thermal plasmas was one option. Previous studies found that gingiva fibroblasts on laser-microstructured ceramics were hindered in their migration into cavities. However, after argon (Ar) plasma activation, the cells concentrated in and around the niches. The change in surface properties of zirconia and, subsequently, the effect on cell behavior is unclear. In this study, polished zirconia discs were activated by atmospheric pressure Ar plasma using the kINPen^®09 jet for 1 min. Surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and water contact angle. In vitro studies with human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) focused on spreading, actin cytoskeleton organization, and calcium ion signaling within 24 h. After Ar plasma activation, surfaces were more hydrophilic. XPS revealed decreased carbon and increased oxygen, zirconia, and yttrium content after Ar plasma. The Ar plasma activation boosted the spreading (2 h), and HGF-1 cells formed strong actin filaments with pronounced lamellipodia. Interestingly, the cells’ calcium ion signaling was also promoted. Therefore, argon plasma activation of zirconia seems to be a valuable tool to bioactivate the surface for optimal surface occupation by cells and active cell signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Conventional towards Modern Biomaterials in Dentistry)

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14 pages, 2633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Color and Translucency Variation of a One-Shaded Resin-Based Composite after Repeated Heating Cycles and Staining

by Corina Mirela Prodan, Cristina Gasparik, Javier Ruiz-López and Diana Dudea

Materials 2023, 16(10), 3793; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103793 - 17 May 2023

Viewed by 1375

Abstract

(1) Background: This study aimed to determine the effect of repeated pre-polymerization heating on the color and translucency of a one-shaded resin-based composite and to evaluate whether the heating cycles affect its color stability. (2) Methods: Fifty-six samples of 1-mm thickness were fabricated [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This study aimed to determine the effect of repeated pre-polymerization heating on the color and translucency of a one-shaded resin-based composite and to evaluate whether the heating cycles affect its color stability. (2) Methods: Fifty-six samples of 1-mm thickness were fabricated from Omnichroma (OM) after applying different heating cycles (for one, five, and ten times at 45 °C) before polymerization (n = 14/group) and afterwards were stained with a yellow dye solution. CIE L*, a*, b*, C*, h° coordinates were recorded, and color differences, whiteness, and translucency were calculated, before and after staining. (3) Results: Heating cycles significantly influenced the color coordinates, WID₀₀, and TP₀₀ of OM being higher after one heating cycle and decreasing as the number of heating cycles increased. The color coordinates, WI_D, and TP₀₀ after staining significantly differed for each group. The color and whiteness differences calculated after staining exceeded the acceptability thresholds for all groups. The color and whiteness variations after staining were clinically unacceptable. (4) Conclusions: Repeated pre-polymerization heating induces a clinically acceptable color and translucency change to OM. Although the color changes resulting after staining are clinically unacceptable, increasing the number of heating cycles up to ten times slightly reduces the color differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Conventional towards Modern Biomaterials in Dentistry)

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15 pages, 3210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metal Ions Release from Welded Co—Cr Dental Alloys

by Andreja Carek, Ljerka Slokar Benić and Vatroslav Bubalo

Materials 2023, 16(9), 3398; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093398 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1314

Abstract

Cobalt–chromium alloys (Co-Cr) are widely used in dentistry due to their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Since prosthetic materials must be permanently stable in the oral cavity, it is very important to determine the release of ions from alloys in the oral [...] Read more.

Cobalt–chromium alloys (Co-Cr) are widely used in dentistry due to their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Since prosthetic materials must be permanently stable in the oral cavity, it is very important to determine the release of ions from alloys in the oral cavity. In dentistry today, metals and alloys are mainly joined by laser and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. Therefore, in this work, the release of metal ions from six different Co-Cr alloys joined by these two welding methods was quantified to determine the effects of the welding method on an ion release. Static immersion tests, atomic absorption spectrometry and statistical analysis were performed for this purpose. The results showed that laser-welded alloys release a lower amount of metal ions compared to TIG-welded alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Conventional towards Modern Biomaterials in Dentistry)

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23 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photoelasticity for Stress Concentration Analysis in Dentistry and Medicine

by Miriam Marín-Miranda, Ana María Wintergerst, Yoshamin Abnoba Moreno-Vargas, María Lilia Adriana Juárez-López and Cesar Tavera-Ruiz

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6819; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196819 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2005

Abstract

Complex stresses are created or applied as part of medical and dental treatments, which are linked to the achievement of treatment goals and favorable prognosis. Photoelasticity is an optical technique that can help observe and understand biomechanics, which is essential for planning, evaluation [...] Read more.

Complex stresses are created or applied as part of medical and dental treatments, which are linked to the achievement of treatment goals and favorable prognosis. Photoelasticity is an optical technique that can help observe and understand biomechanics, which is essential for planning, evaluation and treatment in health professions. The objective of this project was to review the existing information on the use of photoelasticity in medicine and dentistry and determine their purpose, the areas or treatments for which it was used, models used as well as to identify areas of opportunity for the application of the technique and the generation of new models. A literature review was carried out to identify publications in dentistry and medicine in which photoelasticity was used as an experimental method. The databases used were: Sciencedirect, PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, Springer, EBSCO, Wiley, Lilacs, Medigraphic Artemisa and SciELO. Duplicate and incomplete articles were eliminated, obtaining 84 articles published between 2000 and 2019 for analysis. In dentistry, ten subdisciplines were found in which photoelasticity was used; those related to implants for fixed prostheses were the most abundant. In medicine, orthopedic research predominates; and its application is not limited to hard tissues. No reports were found on the use of photoelastic models as a teaching aid in either medicine or dentistry. Photoelasticity has been widely used in the context of research where it has limitations due to the characteristics of the results provided by the technique, there is no evidence of use in the health area to exploit its application in learning biomechanics; on the other hand there is little development in models that faithfully represent the anatomy and characteristics of the different tissues of the human body, which opens the opportunity to take up the qualitative results offered by the technique to transpolate it to an application and clinical learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Conventional towards Modern Biomaterials in Dentistry)

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