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Advances in Optical Sensors for Biomedical Applications
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Advances in Optical Sensors for Biomedical Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2021) | Viewed by 14418

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jeon Woong Kang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Interests: biomedical spectroscopy; microscopy; endoscopy; optical diagnosis and therapeutics monitoring; molecular probe
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the past century there have been tremendous advances in optics and spectroscopy techniques. Newly invented components, such as lasers, photodetectors and optical fibers, have enabled the development of new optical systems that previously only existed in the imagination. Furthermore, various optical agents have been discovered and synthesized to specify and amplify weak intrinsic optical signals. Many of these laboratory and field-deployable analytical instruments have become a critical part of research and development.

As mainstream research has moved from the physical sciences to the biomedical sciences, many optics and spectroscopy techniques have been embraced. Combined with optical fibers and micro-optical elements, microscopy and spectroscopy techniques have been successfully implemented in endoscopes. Frequency domain techniques, widely used in optical communication, have been adapted to optical coherence tomography. Mathematical modeling has helped extracting meaningful information from turbid human tissues. Multimodal approaches have been used to measure both morphological and chemical information from complex biological systems. Currently, the development of optical probes such as quantum dots or plasmonic nanoparticles, to enhance sensitivity, is a hot area.

This Special Issue is focused on the advances in optical sensors for biomedical applications. You are kindly invited to submit your original articles or reviews of optical systems and probe development.

Dr. Jeon Woong Kang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomedical spectroscopy
  • microscopy
  • endoscopy
  • optical diagnosis and therapeutics monitoring
  • molecular probe

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

8 pages, 2380 KiB  
Article
Temporal Imaging of Live Cells by High-Speed Confocal Raman Microscopy
by Jeon Woong Kang, Freddy T. Nguyen and Niyom Lue
Materials 2021, 14(13), 3732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133732 - 3 Jul 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3288
Abstract
Label-free live cell imaging was performed using a custom-built high-speed confocal Raman microscopy system. For various cell types, cell-intrinsic Raman bands were monitored. The high-resolution temporal Raman images clearly delineated the intracellular distribution of biologically important molecules such as protein, lipid, and DNA. [...] Read more.
Label-free live cell imaging was performed using a custom-built high-speed confocal Raman microscopy system. For various cell types, cell-intrinsic Raman bands were monitored. The high-resolution temporal Raman images clearly delineated the intracellular distribution of biologically important molecules such as protein, lipid, and DNA. Furthermore, optical phase delay measured using quantitative phase microscopy shows similarity with the image reconstructed from the protein Raman peak. This reported work demonstrates that Raman imaging is a powerful label-free technique for studying various biomedical problems in vitro with minimal sample preparation and external perturbation to the cellular system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Sensors for Biomedical Applications)
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9 pages, 2499 KiB  
Article
Long-GRIN-Lens Microendoscopy Enabled by Wavefront Shaping for a Biomedical Microdevice: An Analytical Investigation
by Guigen Liu, Jeon Woong Kang and Oliver Jonas
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3392; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123392 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2093
Abstract
We analytically investigate the feasibility of long graded-index (GRIN)-lens-based microendoscopes through wavefront shaping. Following the very well-defined ray trajectories in a GRIN lens, mode-dependent phase delay is first determined. Then, the phase compensation needed for obtaining diffraction limited resolution is derived. Finally, the [...] Read more.
We analytically investigate the feasibility of long graded-index (GRIN)-lens-based microendoscopes through wavefront shaping. Following the very well-defined ray trajectories in a GRIN lens, mode-dependent phase delay is first determined. Then, the phase compensation needed for obtaining diffraction limited resolution is derived. Finally, the diffraction pattern of the lens output is computed using the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction theory. We show that diffraction-limited resolution is obtained for a 0.5 mm diameter lens with a length over 1 m. It is also demonstrated that different imaging working distances (WDs) can be realized by modifying the phase compensation. When a short design WD is used, a large imaging numerical aperture (NA) higher than 0.4 is achievable even when a low NA lens (NA = 0.1) is used. The long- and thin-GRIN-lens-based microendoscope investigated here, which is attractive for biomedical applications, is being prioritized for use in a clinical stage microdevice that measures three-dimensional drug responses inside the body. The advance described in this work may enable superior imaging capabilities in clinical applications in which long and flexible imaging probes are favored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Sensors for Biomedical Applications)
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13 pages, 2762 KiB  
Article
Variably Sized and Multi-Colored Silica-Nanoparticles Characterized by Fluorescence Correlation Methods for Cellular Dynamics
by Chan-Gi Pack, Bjorn Paulson, Yeonhee Shin, Min Kyo Jung, Jun Sung Kim and Jun Ki Kim
Materials 2021, 14(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010019 - 23 Dec 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2422
Abstract
Controlling the uptake of nanoparticles into cells so as to balance therapeutic effects with toxicity is an essential unsolved problem in the development of nanomedicine technologies. From this point of view, it is useful to use standard nanoparticles to quantitatively evaluate the physical [...] Read more.
Controlling the uptake of nanoparticles into cells so as to balance therapeutic effects with toxicity is an essential unsolved problem in the development of nanomedicine technologies. From this point of view, it is useful to use standard nanoparticles to quantitatively evaluate the physical properties of the nanoparticles in solution and in cells, and to analyze the intracellular dynamic motion and distribution of these nanoparticles at a single-particle level. In this study, standard nanoparticles are developed based on a variant silica-based nanoparticle incorporating fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or/and rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC) with a variety of accessible diameters and a matching fluorescent cobalt ferrite core-shell structure (Fe2O4/SiO2). The physical and optical properties of the nanoparticles in vitro are fully evaluated with the complementary methods of dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and two fluorescence correlation methods. In addition, cell uptake of dual-colored and core/shell nanoparticles via endocytosis in live HeLa cells is detected by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and electron microscopy, indicating the suitability of the nanoparticles as standards for further studies of intracellular dynamics with multi-modal methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Sensors for Biomedical Applications)
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12 pages, 4450 KiB  
Article
SERS Effect on Spin-Coated Seeding of Tilted Au-ZnO Nanorods for Low-Cost Diagnosis
by Miyeon Jue, Chan-Gi Pack, Seakhee Oh, Bjorn Paulson, Kwanhee Lee and Jun Ki Kim
Materials 2020, 13(23), 5321; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235321 - 24 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2409
Abstract
Uniformly parallel Au-coated ZnO nanorods have previously been shown to amplify local Raman signals, providing increased sensitivity to disease markers in the detection of inflammation and cancer. However, practical and cost-effective fabrication methods of substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) fail to produce [...] Read more.
Uniformly parallel Au-coated ZnO nanorods have previously been shown to amplify local Raman signals, providing increased sensitivity to disease markers in the detection of inflammation and cancer. However, practical and cost-effective fabrication methods of substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) fail to produce highly uniform surfaces. Here, the feasibility of Raman enhancement on less-uniform substrates is assessed. ZnO nanorod structures were fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis, starting from spin-coated seed substrates. Following analysis, the nanostructures were coated with Au to create stochastically variant substrates. The non-uniformity of the fabricated Au-coated ZnO nanorod structures is confirmed morphologically by FE-SEM and structurally by X-ray diffraction, and characterized by the angular distributions of the nanorods. Monte Carlo finite element method simulations matching the measured angular distributions and separations predicted only moderate increases in the overall Raman enhancement with increasing uniformity. Highly variant substrates exhibited approximately 76% of the Raman enhancement of more uniform substrates in simulations and experiments. The findings suggest that, although highly inhomogeneous Au-coated ZnO nanorod substrates may not attain the same Raman enhancement as more uniform substrates, the relaxation of fabrication tolerances may be economically viable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Sensors for Biomedical Applications)
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10 pages, 2655 KiB  
Article
Mean-Subtraction Method for De-Shadowing of Tail Artifacts in Cerebral OCTA Images: A Proof of Concept
by Woo June Choi, Bjorn Paulson, Sungwook Yu, Ruikang K. Wang and Jun Ki Kim
Materials 2020, 13(9), 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092024 - 26 Apr 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3604
Abstract
When imaging brain vasculature with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), volumetric analysis of cortical vascular networks in OCTA datasets is frequently challenging due to the presence of artifacts, which appear as multiple-scattering tails beneath superficial large vessels in OCTA images. These tails shadow [...] Read more.
When imaging brain vasculature with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), volumetric analysis of cortical vascular networks in OCTA datasets is frequently challenging due to the presence of artifacts, which appear as multiple-scattering tails beneath superficial large vessels in OCTA images. These tails shadow underlying small vessels, making the assessment of vascular morphology in the deep cortex difficult. In this work, we introduce an image processing technique based on mean subtraction of the depth profile that can effectively reduce these tails to better reveal small hidden vessels compared to the current tail removal approach. With the improved vascular image quality, we demonstrate that this simple method can provide better visualization of three-dimensional vascular network topology for quantitative cerebrovascular studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Sensors for Biomedical Applications)
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