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Recycled Materials and By-Products for Pavement Construction
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Recycled Materials and By-Products for Pavement Construction

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction and Building Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 October 2022) | Viewed by 16013

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sara Bressi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering (DICE), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Interests: life cycle assessment of road and railway infrastructures; life cycle costing of road and railway infrastructures; use of recycled materials for road pavement construction and maintenance; performance evaluation of road materials; pavement design and maintenance
Prof. Dr. João Santos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Construction Management and Engineering (CME), Faculty of Engineering Technology (ET), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
Interests: operational research methods applied to life cycle sustainability and resilience assessment; combinatorial optimization; metaheuristics; multicriteria decision analysis (mcda); data mining and statistical modelling; climate change and extreme events impacts on the new and existing civil infrastructure systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The volume of waste is increasing rapidly due to multiple human activities, while the growing demand for raw materials to construct and maintain infrastructures is putting at stake the global availability of natural resources. It seems straightforward to use recycled materials and by-products as a replacement of non-renewable resources in construction activities as a means to reduce the pressure on the natural environment as well as to mitigate the need of landfilling. Recycling waste materials in the construction and maintenance of infrastructures can lead to important environmental, social and economic benefits. This context opens the way to explore alternative solutions to enhance the efficiency and sustainability in road pavement construction, maintenance and demolition. This Special Issue intends to promote groundbreaking interdisciplinary discussions and research efforts that:

  • Contribute to define sustainable (environmental, social and economic) and efficient strategies for infrastructure construction, maintenance and demolition, and materials recycling
  • Contribute to reduce the environmental, economic and social burdens in transportation systems by introducing and or/optimizing the design of innovative materials and processes for recycling and reuse of materials
  • Contribute to define recommendations, protocols and guidelines for common strategies intended to maximize the recycling rates, improve the reliability and reproducibility of alternative solutions

Anchored in those points, suggested topics for this Special Issue include, but are not restricted to, the following:

  • Use of recycled materials and by-products in road pavement layers
  • Sustainability assessment of road pavement materials and technologies for infrastructure projects
  • Recent developments in the life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC) and social life cycle assessment (SLCA) methodologies applied to transport infrastructure
  • Improvement of the quality of existing datasets or development of new ones
  • Green materials for road pavement design
  • Development of pavement performance prediction models for road pavements that incorporate recycled materials or by-products in their layers
  • Reliability, reproducibility and repeatability of recycled materials and processes
  • Laboratory and full-scale testing and modelling
  • Reduction of the pollution and waste generated by road pavement construction, maintenance and rehabilitation as well as the energy and raw materials consumed
  • Optimization of road pavement maintenance and rehabilitation
  • Development of advanced computational techniques and algorithms applied to road pavement design, construction, maintenance and rehabilitation, and demolition

Keywords

  • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
  • Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
  • Circular Economy
  • Database
  • Experimental testing
  • Modeling
  • Road pavement management
  • Sustainable road pavement design
  • Road materials
  • By-products
  • Recycled material
  • Road pavement durability

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 7452 KiB  
Article
Resilient Modulus Behavior and Prediction Models of Unbound Permeable Aggregate Base Materials Derived from Tunneling Rock Wastes
by Meng Wang, Qunding Yu, Yuanjie Xiao and Wenqi Li
Materials 2022, 15(17), 6005; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15176005 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1755
Abstract
Tunneling rock wastes (TRWs), which are often open- or gap-graded in nature, have been increasingly recycled and reused for sustainable construction of unbound permeable aggregate base (UPAB) courses with high porosity and desired drainability. However, there is still a lack of sufficient understanding [...] Read more.
Tunneling rock wastes (TRWs), which are often open- or gap-graded in nature, have been increasingly recycled and reused for sustainable construction of unbound permeable aggregate base (UPAB) courses with high porosity and desired drainability. However, there is still a lack of sufficient understanding of long-term mechanical stability of such TRW materials subjected to repeated applications of moving wheel loads. This paper aimed to characterize and predict resilient modulus (Mr) behavior of the TRW materials used in unbound permeable aggregate base applications. To achieve this goal, five different UPAB gradations were designed based on the gravel-to-sand ratio (G/S) concept. In order to study their Mr behavior, the laboratory repeated load triaxial tests were conducted under different combinations of confining pressure and deviator stress as controlled by the levels of the shear stress ratio (SSR). The prediction accuracy of fourteen classical Mr prediction models was comparatively analyzed, from which the improved Mr prediction model incorporating gradation and stress variables was proposed for TRW-derived UPAB materials and further validated by external database accordingly. The results show that under the same G/S value and confining pressure level, the higher the SSR is, the greater the final Mr values are, and the more significant the effect of G/S on Mr is. Under the same SSR level, the increase of confining pressure alleviates the effect of G/S on Mr. There appears to exist an optimal G/S value of around 1.6–1.8 that yields the best Mr behavior of the TRW-derived UPAB materials studied. The improved Mr prediction model was verified extensively to be universally applicable. It can potentially contribute to balancing long-term mechanical stability and drainability of TRW-derived UPAB materials through gradation optimization. The findings could provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for cost-effective and sustainable applications of UPAB materials derived from TRWs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Materials and By-Products for Pavement Construction)
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13 pages, 1882 KiB  
Article
Geotechnical and Environmental Assessment of Blast Furnace Slag for Engineering Applications
by Wojciech Sas, Justyna Dzięcioł, Algirdas Radzevičius, Maja Radziemska, Midona Dapkienė, Raimondas Šadzevičius, Rytis Skominas and Andrzej Głuchowski
Materials 2021, 14(20), 6029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206029 - 13 Oct 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2237
Abstract
The increasing demand for building materials in the road industry creates interest for a new source of high-quality aggregates. In order to conserve natural resources, more attention is focused on anthropogenic soils and industrial solid wastes. For the successful application of these types [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for building materials in the road industry creates interest for a new source of high-quality aggregates. In order to conserve natural resources, more attention is focused on anthropogenic soils and industrial solid wastes. For the successful application of these types of soil, a series of geotechnical and environmental tests have to be conducted. A potential hazard in the reuse of wastes from thermal degradation in the construction industry, particularly in reinforced concrete (RC) construction, is the migration of heavy metals into the groundwater environment. In this article, a geotechnical assessment of blast furnace slag (BFS) properties is presented. We conducted a series of CBR, and oedometric tests to evaluate the feasibility of BFS application in earth construction. The oedometric test results show acceptable compression characteristics which are in the range of natural aggregates. The CBR shows that this material may be used as a pavement subbase. We also noticed the preconsolidation pressure phenomenon in both Proctor and vibro-compacted soil during the oedometric test. The compression index and recompression index value show that the compression characteristics are close to those of dense sand. Based on the results described in the article, blast furnace slag is a candidate for technological application and can become one of the elements of sustainable development by contributing to a reduction in the negative environmental impact of production and use of building materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Materials and By-Products for Pavement Construction)
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18 pages, 7850 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Analysis of Steel Slag as Aggregate for Road Construction: Experimental Testing and Environmental Impact Assessment
by Marina Díaz-Piloneta, Marta Terrados-Cristos, Jose Valeriano Álvarez-Cabal and Eliseo Vergara-González
Materials 2021, 14(13), 3587; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133587 - 28 Jun 2021
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5433
Abstract
Blast Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag represents one of the largest waste fractions from steelmaking. Therefore, slag valorisation technologies are of high importance regarding the use of slag as a secondary resource, both in the steel sector and in other sectors, such as the [...] Read more.
Blast Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag represents one of the largest waste fractions from steelmaking. Therefore, slag valorisation technologies are of high importance regarding the use of slag as a secondary resource, both in the steel sector and in other sectors, such as the construction or cement industries. The main issue regarding the use of BOF slag is its volumetric instability in the presence of water; this hampers its use in sectors and requires a stabilisation pre-treatment. These treatments are also cost-inefficient and cause other environmental issues. This paper analyses the use of untreated BOF slag from a technical and environmental point of view, suggesting it as an alternative to natural aggregates in road surface layers and asphalt pavements. A comprehensive analysis of the requirements to be met by raw materials used in asphalt mixes was performed, and a pilot test was carried out with two different mixtures: one mix with limestone as coarse aggregate and another with 15% BOF slag. Furthermore, the global warming impacts derived from each mix with different aggregates were measured by Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), and a transport sensitivity analysis was also performed. The results show how the utilization of BOF slag as coarse aggregate in road construction improves the technical performance of asphalt mixtures (Marshall Quotient 4.9 vs. 6.6). Moreover, the introduction of BOF slag into the asphalt mix as a coarse aggregate, instead of limestone, causes a carbon emissions reduction rate of more than 14%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Materials and By-Products for Pavement Construction)
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17 pages, 4010 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Evaluation of the Properties of Asphalt Mixture with Wood Ash Filler
by Sanja Dimter, Miroslav Šimun, Martina Zagvozda and Tatjana Rukavina
Materials 2021, 14(3), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030575 - 26 Jan 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2837
Abstract
Today, the road construction profession is more than ever facing limited and increasingly expensive resources for component materials of asphalt mixtures, which has also led to the need for continuous research on the use of waste materials. One such potentially usable waste material [...] Read more.
Today, the road construction profession is more than ever facing limited and increasingly expensive resources for component materials of asphalt mixtures, which has also led to the need for continuous research on the use of waste materials. One such potentially usable waste material is ash obtained by the combustion of wood biomass that is used to produce heat and electricity. The goal of this paper is to ascertain the possibility of using wood ash (WA) as the filler in asphalt concrete mixtures for the base-wearing layers of a pavement. The properties of Marshall stability (MS), quotient (MQ) and deformations, and the indirect tensile strength of water-conditioned samples and dry samples were tested on asphalt samples of an AC16 surf mixture with different contents of wood ash as the filler. The obtained values of MS and MQ indicate that a 50% content of bio ash in the filler results in an increase in asphalt’s resistance to the appearance of plastic deformations and greater tensile strength and in good asphalt resistance to the action of water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Materials and By-Products for Pavement Construction)
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13 pages, 8051 KiB  
Article
Application of Balanced Mix Design Methodology to Optimize Surface Mixes with High-RAP Content
by Fabrizio Meroni, Gerardo W. Flintsch, Brian K. Diefenderfer and Stacey D. Diefenderfer
Materials 2020, 13(24), 5638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245638 - 10 Dec 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2775
Abstract
The most common use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is in the lower layers of a pavement structure, where it has been proven as a valid substitute for virgin materials. The use of RAP in surface mixes is more limited, since a major [...] Read more.
The most common use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is in the lower layers of a pavement structure, where it has been proven as a valid substitute for virgin materials. The use of RAP in surface mixes is more limited, since a major concern is that the high-RAP mixes may not perform as well as traditional mixes. To reduce risks or compromised performance, the use of RAP has commonly been controlled by specifications that limit the allowed amount of recycled material in the mixes. However, the ability to include greater quantities of RAP in the surface mix while maintaining a satisfying field performance would result in potential cost savings for the agencies and environmental savings for the public. The main purpose of this research was to produce highly recycled surface mixes capable of performing well in the field, verify the performance-based design procedure, and analyze the results. To produce the mixes, a balanced mix design (BMD) methodology was used and a comparison with traditional mixes, prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Virginia Department of Transportation’s volumetric mix design, was performed. Through the BMD procedure, which featured the indirect tensile cracking test for evaluating cracking resistance and the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) for evaluating rutting resistance, it was possible to obtain a highly recycled mix (45% RAP) capable of achieving a better overall laboratory performance than traditional mixes designed using volumetric constraints while resulting in a reduction in production cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Materials and By-Products for Pavement Construction)
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