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Metals
Special Issues
Structure and Application of Porous Metallic Materials
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Structure and Application of Porous Metallic Materials

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Powder Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 7146

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Crtomir Donik

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Guest Editor
Institute of Metals and Technology, Department of Physics and Chemistry of Metallic materials Lepi pot 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: additive manufacturing; SEM-FIB; EBSD; microstructural characterization; XPS; XRD; stainless steel; aluminium alloys
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Irena Paulin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Metals and Technology, Lepi Pot 11, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: additive technology; light metals; electron microscopy; biomaterials; powder metallurgy; metallography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In Nature, porous materials are found in structures such as wood, bone, coral, etc. They possess similar mechanical properties with strong and lightweight structures. Therefore, it is not unexpected that manufacturers of porous materials have been inspired by biological structures. The commercialization of porous metals has lagged somewhat behind due to high production prices, but saw an increase in worldwide research and development beginning in the 1990s. A unique mixture of physical and mechanical properties is delivered by porous metals, in combinations that dense metals cannot achieve. The interest mainly lies in exploiting their ability to be incorporated into strong, stiff, lightweight structures. For example, Al foams are particularly good for the "filling" in sandwich panels to absorb energy, vibration and sound with resilience at high temperature coupled with improved thermal conductivity. The applications of porous metals and metal foams depend on their structure. Closed-cell foams with pores divided by metal cell walls are mainly used for structural applications. On the other hand, open-cell foams with a continuous network of metallic structures in each strut frame are connected, weaker, and primarily used in functional applications. Due to the specific nature (mechanical properties vs. weight) and possibilities to reduce the final product's total weight, research and development should be encouraged in this field.

Materials engineering in the field of porous metals includes mainly powder metallurgy, with manufacturing possibilities like additive manufacturing, sintering etc. All the techniques are used in biomedical, aircraft and aerospace industry as well as in transport and civil engineering. Such materials have an exponentially growing range of applications, and thus need to be developed and studied in detail.

Dr. Crtomir Donik
Dr. Irena Paulin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • powder metallurgy
  • porous metals
  • additive manufacturing
  • sintering
  • material characterization
  • bionic structure
  • biomedical applications
  • lightweight applications

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 4343 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Foaming Agents on Aluminium Foam Cell Morphology
by Tomislav Rodinger, Danko Ćorić and Željko Alar
Metals 2023, 13(6), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061146 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1871
Abstract
The choice of foaming agent and its mass fraction significantly affect the size and number of metal foam cells. The powder metallurgy process was used to produce aluminium foams with the addition of various foaming agents: titanium hydride (TiH2) and calcium [...] Read more.
The choice of foaming agent and its mass fraction significantly affect the size and number of metal foam cells. The powder metallurgy process was used to produce aluminium foams with the addition of various foaming agents: titanium hydride (TiH2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). TiH2 was added in an amount of 0.4 wt.%, while the quantity of CaCO3 varied between 3 and 5 wt.%. The produced foams, with approximately the same degree of porosity, were scanned using a non-destructive computed tomography method. The number, size, equivalent diameter, sphericity, and compactness of cells were analysed on the obtained three-dimensional models. The results showed that foams foamed with TiH2 have much larger cells compared to CaCO3 agent. By considering the influence of CaCO3 fraction on the morphology of aluminium foam, it follows that a smaller quantity of CaCO3 (3 wt.%) provides a macrostructure with smaller cells. Samples with five wt.% CaCO3 contain slightly larger cells but are still much smaller than foams with TiH2 foaming agent at the same degree of porosity. The sphericity and compactness indicate that TiH2 foaming agent forms cells of a more regular shape compared to CaCO3 agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Application of Porous Metallic Materials)
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12 pages, 5758 KiB  
Article
Tannic Acid Coatings to Control the Degradation of AZ91 Mg Alloy Porous Structures
by Silvia Spriano, Anna Dmitruk, Krzysztof Naplocha and Sara Ferraris
Metals 2023, 13(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020200 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1999
Abstract
Porous structures of magnesium alloys are promising bioimplants due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, their degradation is too rapid compared to tissue regeneration and does not allow a progressive metal substitution with the new biological tissue. Moreover, rapid degradation is connected to [...] Read more.
Porous structures of magnesium alloys are promising bioimplants due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, their degradation is too rapid compared to tissue regeneration and does not allow a progressive metal substitution with the new biological tissue. Moreover, rapid degradation is connected to an accelerated ion release, hydrogen development, and pH increase, which are often causes of tissue inflammation. In the present research, a natural organic coating based on tannic acid was obtained on Mg AZ91 porous structures without toxic reagents. Mg AZ91 porous structures have been prepared by the innovative combination of 3D printing and investment casting, allowing fully customized objects to be produced. Bare and coated samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), fluorescence microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tape adhesion test, Folin–Ciocalteu, and degradation tests. Different parameters (solvent, dipping time) were compared to optimize the coating process. The optimized coating was uniform on the outer and inner surfaces of the porous structures and significantly reduced the material degradation rate and pH increase in physiological conditions (phosphate-buffered saline—PBS). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Application of Porous Metallic Materials)
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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 6677 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of In Vitro Bioactivity of One-Step Spark Plasma Sintered Porous Titanium by Alkali-Treatment
by Nan Lou, Bin Zhu, Lilin Luo, Yuqin Zhang and Zengdong Meng
Metals 2022, 12(12), 2004; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122004 - 23 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1223
Abstract
Bioactivity and stress shielding are the most important problems of medical implanted porous titanium. In this study, porous titanium with 40% porosity was prepared by one-step spark plasma sintered (SPS) technology, and the surface of porous titanium was modified by a simplified alkali [...] Read more.
Bioactivity and stress shielding are the most important problems of medical implanted porous titanium. In this study, porous titanium with 40% porosity was prepared by one-step spark plasma sintered (SPS) technology, and the surface of porous titanium was modified by a simplified alkali treatment method. The effects of a high concentration on pore properties, mechanical properties, and biological activities of porous titanium were investigated. The results show that the surface of porous titanium treated with a high concentration of alkali forms an interconnected network layer, which provides nucleation points for the formation of apatite. Porous titanium can still meet the requirements of hard tissue replacement after treatment with high-concentration alkali solution (yield strength (130 MPa) and elastic modulus (6.0 GPa)). A layer of apatite is formed on the surface of porous titanium after alkali treatment. The ability of inducing apatite formation increases with the increase of lye concentration. In addition, the results of proliferation and live dead cell staining of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) showed that alkali treatment had no toxic effect on the cells. With the increase of concentration, the cell activity was significantly enhanced. Therefore, the bioactive porous titanium modified with simplified alkali has a good medical prospect as artificial bone material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Application of Porous Metallic Materials)
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16 pages, 11559 KiB  
Article
Tensile and Fracture Behavior of Bi-Containing Alloy Sintered on SAE 1010 Steel Sheet
by Seung-Hyon Song, Chang-Soon Lee, Tae-Hwan Lim, Auezhan Amanov and In-Sik Cho
Metals 2022, 12(11), 1806; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111806 - 25 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1529
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the fractural behavior of lead (Pb)-free material containing bismuth (Bi) that was developed to replace the Pb included in sintered copper (Cu)-based alloy for plain bearings. Mechanical properties and microstructure of two different sintered Cu-based [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the fractural behavior of lead (Pb)-free material containing bismuth (Bi) that was developed to replace the Pb included in sintered copper (Cu)-based alloy for plain bearings. Mechanical properties and microstructure of two different sintered Cu-based alloys (CuSn10Pb10 and CuSn10Bi7) were compared and analyzed. Under tensile load, a CuSn10Pb10 layer is decomposed into powder and changed to form pores leading to an expansion. Therefore, even after tensile elongation, the matrix itself did not stretch, with no work hardening. However, in the case of CuSn10Bi7, a Bi kept its original shape, resulting in it being the same length as the steel plate, where the hardness and strength increased due to the effect of work hardening. These results suggested that the performance of the alloys was different under a high tensile load, where plain bearings usually undergo tensile deformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Application of Porous Metallic Materials)
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