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Metals
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Environmentally Assisted Cracking
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Environmentally Assisted Cracking

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Failure Analysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 10393

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Anna Hojná

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centrum výzkumu Řež, ÚJV group, Řež 130, 25068 Husinec, Czech Republic
Interests: environmentally assisted cracking; austenitic stainless steels; ferritic steels; advanced steels; high-temperature water; steam; heavy liquid metal; crack initiation; fracture; accelerated testing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Environmentally assisted cracking is a degradation process occurring in all operating systems where structure materials are not sufficiently resistant to environmental stress. Besides corrosion, it is the most frequent cause of the failure of structure components.

New knowledge is needed to assist in the selection of materials for new equipment designs, products, and energy concepts. Cracking has been investigated in many material–environment systems, but the mechanisms including early stages of the crack development are only partially understood. Whereas steels are the most widely used and studied construction materials, the objective of this Special Issue is to learn from results and share knowledge between different metal–environment systems.

The Special Issue will cover recent progress in our understanding of the degradation in various systems, where structure materials, preferably metals, are in contact with cooling media, including all its aspects from microscopical observations to simulations. Experimental investigation and modelling of metal–environment-stress interactions of present, advance processed and surface-treated steels, as well as selected aspects of the compatibility of advanced metals for high-temperature industry systems and research on surface finish effects, applied stress, and time to crack initiation extension are covered.

Dr. Anna Hojná
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metal–environment compatibility
  • advanced steels
  • cooling or lubricating medium
  • high-temperature water and steam
  • liquid metal environment
  • understanding the mechanism
  • crack initiation investigation
  • metal-medium-stress interaction modelling
  • surface finish effect
  • failure analysis

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 2812 KiB  
Article
Austenitic Stainless-Steel Reinforcement for Seawater Sea Sand Concrete: Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking
by Xiang Yu, Saad Al-Saadi, Isha Kohli, Xiao-Ling Zhao and R. K. Singh Raman
Metals 2021, 11(3), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030500 - 17 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2940
Abstract
Seawater and sea sand concrete (SWSSC) is a highly attractive alternative to normal concrete (NC) that requires huge amounts of fresh water and river sand. However, reinforcements of stainless steel (instead of mild steel that is used in NC) may be required for [...] Read more.
Seawater and sea sand concrete (SWSSC) is a highly attractive alternative to normal concrete (NC) that requires huge amounts of fresh water and river sand. However, reinforcements of stainless steel (instead of mild steel that is used in NC) may be required for SWSSC. This article reports investigation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of AISI 316 stainless steel (SS) in simulated SWSSC and NC environments, with and without addition of silica to SWSSC and NC, employing slow strain rate testing (SSRT) at 25 and 60 °C. For the purpose of comparison, SCC of SS was also investigated in simulated seawater (SW) solution. SS showed no SCC at 25 °C in any of the test solutions. Indications of SCC were seen in SW at 60 °C, but no features of SCC in SWSSC and NC at 60 °C, as suggested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractographs. While the absence of SCC in SWSSC and NC is attributed to the highly passivating alkaline condition, its absence in SWSSC also indicates the role of alkalinity to predominate the deleterious role of chloride content of SWSSC. However, the addition of silicate to SWSSC or NC triggers transgranular SCC to SS at 60 °C, as evidenced by the fractography. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Assisted Cracking)
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16 pages, 6328 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Water Concentration in Ethyl Alcohol on the Environmentally Assisted Embrittlement of Austempered Ductile Irons
by Petar Janjatovic, Olivera Eric Cekic, Leposava Sidjanin, Sebastian Balos, Miroslav Dramicanin, Jasmina Grbovic Novakovic and Dragan Rajnovic
Metals 2021, 11(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11010094 - 5 Jan 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1900
Abstract
Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is an advanced cast iron material that has a broad field of application and, among others, it is used in contact and for conveyance of fluids. However, it is noticed that in contact with some fluids, especially water, ADI [...] Read more.
Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is an advanced cast iron material that has a broad field of application and, among others, it is used in contact and for conveyance of fluids. However, it is noticed that in contact with some fluids, especially water, ADI material becomes brittle. The most significant decrease is established for the elongation. However, the influence of water and the cause of this phenomenon is still not fully understood. For that reason, in this paper, the influence of different water concentrations in ethyl alcohol on the mechanical properties of ADI materials was studied. The test was performed on two different types of ADI materials in 0.2, 4, 10, and 100 vol.% water concentration environments, and in dry condition. It was found that even the smallest concentration of water (0.2 vol.%) causes formation of the embrittled zone at fracture surface. However, not all mechanical properties were affected equally and not all water concentrations have been critical. The highest deterioration was established in the elongation, followed by the ultimate tensile strength, while the proof strength was affected least. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Assisted Cracking)
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6 pages, 1401 KiB  
Communication
The Effect of Hydrogen on the Nanoindentation Behavior of Heat Treated 718 Alloy
by Gaute Stenerud, Tarlan Hajilou, Jim Stian Olsen, Iman Taji, Afrooz Barnoush and Roy Johnsen
Metals 2020, 10(11), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111451 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2207
Abstract
In this study, the effect of precipitates on the surface mechanical properties in the presence of hydrogen (H) is investigated by in situ electrochemical nanoindentation. The nickel superalloy 718 is subjected to three different heat treatments, leading to different sizes of the precipitates: [...] Read more.
In this study, the effect of precipitates on the surface mechanical properties in the presence of hydrogen (H) is investigated by in situ electrochemical nanoindentation. The nickel superalloy 718 is subjected to three different heat treatments, leading to different sizes of the precipitates: (i) solution annealing (SA) to eliminate all precipitates, (ii) the as-received (AR) sample with fine, dispersed precipitates, and (iii) the over-aged (OA) specimen with coarser precipitates. The nanoindentation is performed using a conical tip, and a new method of reverse imaging is employed to calculate the nano-hardness. The results show that the hardness of the SA sample is significantly affected by H diffusion. However, it could be recovered by removing the H from its matrix by applying an anodic potential. Since the precipitates in the OA and AR samples are different, they are influenced by H differently. The hardness increase for the OA sample is more significant in −1200mV, while for the AR specimen, the H is more effective in −1500mV. In addition, the pop-in load is reduced when the samples are exposed to cathodic charging, and it cannot be fully recovered by switching to an anodic potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Assisted Cracking)
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Review

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16 pages, 5102 KiB  
Review
Environmentally Assisted Cracking Initiation in High-Temperature Water
by Anna Hojná
Metals 2021, 11(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020199 - 22 Jan 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2774
Abstract
Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) is a very complex process that develops in materials that involve combining actions of environment and tensile loading. Crack initiation is the least explored stage and is not clearly defined. For this paper, current knowledge of crack initiation mechanisms [...] Read more.
Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) is a very complex process that develops in materials that involve combining actions of environment and tensile loading. Crack initiation is the least explored stage and is not clearly defined. For this paper, current knowledge of crack initiation mechanisms was reviewed for three types of commercial structure materials exposed to high-temperature (HT) water coolants of power plants, namely ferritic low-alloy (LAS) and carbon (CS) steels, austenitic stainless (AS) steels, and nickel-based alloys. Physicochemical microprocesses engaged in the two earliest phases of the mechanism, the precursor and the incubation phases, are rather specific for each of these materials. In the latter, the slow growth phase, the crack development process passes into a sequence of repeating steps where the specific key microprocesses persist. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Assisted Cracking)
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