Fatigue and Fracture in Steels

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Failure Analysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 5136

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Department of Physical Metallurgy, National Center for Metallurgical Research (CENIM-CSIC), Av. Gregorio del Amo, 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: design; metals; mechanical properties; characterization
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The mechanisms of failure in steels comprise an ever-relevant, multifold topic that concerns the design of thermomechanical/shaping routes and the in-service/maintenance conditions of structural and mechanical components. Fatigue failure as a consequence of the damage caused by variable loading and/or fracture occurring under the effect of excessive loads are phenomena that involve the geometry and surface quality of the component, the presence of residual stresses, the cleanliness of the steel, and the microstructure. Particularly, the role of the microstructure in damage generation, crack initiation, and crack propagation is a key factor for consideration during the development of novel steels, either by conventional processes or by other approaches, such as additive manufacturing. It is well known that the fatigue performance of high-strength steels does not improve proportionally to their hardness. In all cases, there may be an intrinsic correlation between the local microstructure and flaws or surface geometric features in the vicinity, affecting the stress state, which is sometimes disregarded. This is generally the case when high and very high cycle fatigue apply, which is important to study, among others, for applications, where the component is subjected to contact–rolling fatigue, such as the multipliers in next-generation wind turbines or high-speed rail systems. Additionally, an unresolved “hot topic” is the hydrogen-embrittlement phenomenon; advances in understanding of this phenomenon can propel the design of new high-strength steels and trigger the implementation of novel steels within the context of a near-future hydrogen-based economy.

Contributions on the influence of microstructures on fatigue and fracture in steels are invited to this Special Issue. Works within the frame of the development of novel steels and/or the use of challenging manufacturing processes, devoted to the study of the hydrogen-embrittlement phenomenon, or aligning with the “infinite-life” philosophy, are encouraged for submission.

Dr. Lucia Morales-Rivas
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • fatigue
  • fracture
  • crack initiation and propagation
  • hydrogen embrittlement
  • steel
  • microstructure

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 37794 KiB  
Article
Fatigue Crack Propagation on Uniaxial Loading of Biaxially Predeformed Pearlitic Rail Steel
by Daniel Gren and Johan Ahlström
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101726 - 11 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 811
Abstract
Rolling contact fatigue loading causes the surface material in the top of the rail to severely deform. The microstructure aligns along the shear direction and the mechanical behavior in terms of plastic flow becomes anisotropic. Cracks are initiated in the severely deformed surface [...] Read more.
Rolling contact fatigue loading causes the surface material in the top of the rail to severely deform. The microstructure aligns along the shear direction and the mechanical behavior in terms of plastic flow becomes anisotropic. Cracks are initiated in the severely deformed surface region and propagates along the direction of microstructure flow lines. However, the effect of large shear deformation on fatigue crack growth is not yet well understood. In this study, uniaxial fatigue crack propagation of undeformed and biaxially predeformed pearlitic rail steel R260 has been investigated. The material was predeformed to different deformation states using combined axial compression and shear deformation, corresponding to material found at different depths in the severely deformed surface layer of rails. Fatigue crack propagation rate was dependent on the material state and influenced by both work hardening and microstructural anisotropy. It was found that predeformed material exhibited lower crack growth rates than undeformed material under this loading condition. The influence of predeformation on the crack growth direction was limited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture in Steels)
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22 pages, 5631 KiB  
Article
Microstructural Control and Alloy Design for Improving the Resistance to Delayed Fracture of Ultrahigh-Strength Automotive Steel Sheets
by Takehide Senuma, Mitsuhiro Okayasu and Hardy Mohrbacher
Metals 2023, 13(8), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081368 - 29 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1092
Abstract
The demand for higher-strength automotive steel sheets has increased significantly for lightweight and safe body concepts. However, the increment of the steel strength is often limited by the potential occurrence of delayed fracture. This paper discusses proper microstructure control and alloy design to [...] Read more.
The demand for higher-strength automotive steel sheets has increased significantly for lightweight and safe body concepts. However, the increment of the steel strength is often limited by the potential occurrence of delayed fracture. This paper discusses proper microstructure control and alloy design to improve the resistance against the delayed fracture of ultrahigh-strength automotive steel sheets in order to increase the usable upper limit of their strength and provides basic data serving as a practical guide for solving the problem of delayed fracture in ultrahigh-strength automotive steel sheets. It is confirmed that grain refinement, the appropriate dual-phase structure of martensite with ferrite or retained austenite, and surface decarburization, increase the resistance to delayed fracture. In terms of alloy design, the effects of Nb, Mo, and B on the delayed fracture resistance of hot-stamped steels have been investigated. The results suggest that there are other reasons for Nb to improve delayed fracture resistance in addition to grain refinement and the ability to trap hydrogen by its precipitates, as has been conventionally believed. Regarding Mo, it was clearly demonstrated that the segregation of this element at the grain boundary plays a main role in improving the delayed fracture resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture in Steels)
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12 pages, 4249 KiB  
Article
Heat Dissipation Behavior of a Low-Strength-Steel Welded Joint in Ultrasonic Fatigue
by Jiang-Tao Hu, Rong Chen, Gang Zhu, Chong Wang, Ming-Liang Zhu and Fu-Zhen Xuan
Metals 2022, 12(11), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111857 - 30 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1345
Abstract
The coupled effects of heat and frequency in very-high-cycle fatigue are known under ultrasonic testing, while the heat dissipation behavior of welded joints is less investigated. In this work, the specimen surface temperature of a low-strength-steel welded joint and its base metal were [...] Read more.
The coupled effects of heat and frequency in very-high-cycle fatigue are known under ultrasonic testing, while the heat dissipation behavior of welded joints is less investigated. In this work, the specimen surface temperature of a low-strength-steel welded joint and its base metal were monitored by infrared thermal imaging technique under ultrasonic fatigue loading. Results showed that the surface temperature distribution of both welded and base metal exhibited a parabola shape, and the temperature evolved with three stages. The location of the highest temperature within the weld metal correlated well with fatigue failure location. The inhomogeneity and asymmetry of temperature distribution implied a dominant role for heat transfer mode and insignificant influence of microstructure heterogeneity or specimen type. The nature of heat dissipation in low-strength steel in ultrasonic fatigue was thermal–mechanical coupling effect, which should be paid close attention in the standardization of ultrasonic fatigue testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture in Steels)
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13 pages, 4098 KiB  
Article
New Technology and Experimental Research on Thick-Walled Tube Fatigue Impact Loading Precision Separation
by Ren-Feng Zhao, Wei-Cheng Gao, Dong-Ya Zhang, Xu-Dong Xiao, Yan-Wei Liu and Run-Ze Pan
Metals 2022, 12(5), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050837 - 13 May 2022
Viewed by 1471
Abstract
Traditional separation methods for thick-walled metal tubes include turning and sawing, which suffer from wasted raw material and low efficiency. In view of this, this paper proposes a new process of using impact load to promote crack generation and tube separation. Based on [...] Read more.
Traditional separation methods for thick-walled metal tubes include turning and sawing, which suffer from wasted raw material and low efficiency. In view of this, this paper proposes a new process of using impact load to promote crack generation and tube separation. Based on the principles of radial repeated impact load, stress concentration effect and fatigue fracture, the rapid initiation and stable expansion of tube fatigue crack are promoted. In addition, the crack initiation mechanism of the tube V-notch root cracks under radial repeated load when the tube is in a restrained state. For the experimental study of the GCr15 steel tube, a multistep decline frequency time tube separation control curve with an initial frequency from 4 Hz to 31 Hz and termination frequency from 1 Hz to 8.5 Hz was designed, and the precision tube separation device is loaded by pneumatic fatigue shock to achieve tube precision separation. In addition, a tube fracture quality evaluation method is proposed. According to the test results, the stress concentration effect of V-notch can significantly reduce the average stress in the process of tube fatigue separation and accelerate the generation of microcracks. Under the continuous action of repeated impact load, the loading method of multistep decline can effectively control the rapid crack initiation and stable expansion of the GCr15 tube V-notch root crack. Moreover, the tube final fracture region has relatively small defects, which can obtain good fracture quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture in Steels)
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