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Metals
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Hydrogen Effects in Alloys and Steels
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Hydrogen Effects in Alloys and Steels

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Structural Integrity of Metals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 4315

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Di Wan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Advance Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street 5, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: hydrogen embrittlement; hydrogen storage; fatigue; high-entropy alloy; EBSD; additive manufacturing
Dr. Xu Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
Interests: hydrogen embrittlement; nickel-based superalloy; small-scale testing
Dr. Dong Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
Interests: hydrogen embrittlement; in-situ techniques; nanoindentation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogen is expected to play a key role in a future climate-neutral economy, enabling emission-free transport, heating and industrial processes, as well as inter-seasonal energy storage. However, the exposure of metals and alloys to a hydrogen-containing environment may cause mechanical degradation that strongly influences the integrity of the metallic structure, known as “hydrogen embrittlement”. The hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon is a complex procedure that may depend on the hydrogen source, hydrogen diffusion and uptake, mechanical loading, and the material’s intrinsic properties. Despite the remarkable research investment involving couple theory and physical findings, fundamental studies still remain the key issue for future progress in the understanding of hydrogen embrittlement. This Special Issue is focused on sharing the latest findings on the hydrogen degradation effect in alloys and steels. The topics covered in this Special Issue include hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms, hydrogen–material interaction, hydrogen–plasticity interaction, hydrogen-assisted fatigue/cracking/ fracture, hydrogen diffusion and trapping, multiscale approaches to hydrogen embrittlement, and computational methods for modelling hydrogen embrittlement.

Dr. Di Wan
Dr. Xu Lu
Dr. Dong Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogen embrittlement
  • hydrogen-induced cracking
  • metal and alloys
  • materials characterization
  • mechanical properties
  • in situ testing
  • structural integrity

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 11714 KiB  
Article
Local Hydrogen Measurements in Multi-Phase Steel C60E by Means of Electrochemical Microcapillary Cell Technique
by Jens Jürgensen and Michael Pohl
Metals 2023, 13(9), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091585 - 12 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 944
Abstract
By utilizing hydrogen as an eco-friendly energy source, many metals are exposed to gaseous (pressurized) hydrogen. High-strength steels with an ultimate tensile strength of 800 MPa and above are especially susceptible to hydrogen-induced fracturing, also referred to as hydrogen embrittlement (HE). Both the [...] Read more.
By utilizing hydrogen as an eco-friendly energy source, many metals are exposed to gaseous (pressurized) hydrogen. High-strength steels with an ultimate tensile strength of 800 MPa and above are especially susceptible to hydrogen-induced fracturing, also referred to as hydrogen embrittlement (HE). Both the microstructure and phase fractions within the steel, as well as lattice distortion, carbide precipitation, residual stress, etc., significantly affect the susceptibility to HE. Among others, one important cause for this observation is found in the locally varying hydrogen solubility within different microstructural phases such as martensite, bainite, pearlite, and ferrite. Both a thorough understanding of the HE mechanisms and taking countermeasures in the form of alloying design require an accurate analysis of local diffusive hydrogen concentrations within the material. Thermal analysis methods such as Thermal Desorption Mass Spectrometry only display an integral hydrogen concentration throughout the whole sample volume. To analyze the local diffusive hydrogen concentration, novel measuring techniques with a high special resolution must therefore be utilized. The current research presents first-of-its-kind hydrogen analyses by means of the electrochemical microcapillary cell. Using a 10 µm tip opening diameter allows for conducting local diffusive hydrogen measurements within individual grains of multi-phase carbon steel C60E (1.1221). The results confirm that hydrogen is distributed heterogeneously within multi-phase steels. Considering the individual phase fractions and the respective local diffusive hydrogen concentrations, a total diffusive hydrogen concentration can be calculated. The obtained value is in good agreement with reference thermal hydrogen analyses. Our results suggest that electrochemical microcapillary cell measurements offer great potential for further studies, which will provide a better understanding of HE and local hydrogen accumulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Effects in Alloys and Steels)
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9 pages, 1610 KiB  
Article
First Observation of Quantum Diffusion in Non-Cubic Metal: Deuterium Diffusion in In
by Vladimir Vykhodets, Olga Nefedova, Tatiana Kurennykh and Evgenia Vykhodets
Metals 2023, 13(2), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020394 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1127
Abstract
Diffusion of deuterium in indium is studied herein. In the temperature range 200–350 K, mass transfer is controlled predominantly by the mechanism of overbarrier atomic jumps; at temperatures from 80 to 120 K, by tunneling; whereas in the range from 120 to 200 [...] Read more.
Diffusion of deuterium in indium is studied herein. In the temperature range 200–350 K, mass transfer is controlled predominantly by the mechanism of overbarrier atomic jumps; at temperatures from 80 to 120 K, by tunneling; whereas in the range from 120 to 200 K, there takes place a gradual transition from one migration mechanism to the other. These results are of fundamental significance since it is shown for the first time that quantum diffusion can be observed in a metal with a crystal lattice other than the body centered cubic one. Conditions are specified that are necessary for the observation of quantum diffusion of hydrogen: low values of Debye temperature, density of atomic packing in the lattice, and distance between the nearest equilibrium positions of hydrogen atoms. Moreover, data on the influence of point defects on hydrogen tunneling in solids are gained for the first time as well. The quantum diffusion coefficient is twice as high in the sample with enhanced vacancy concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Effects in Alloys and Steels)
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12 pages, 4786 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen Desorption Kinetics of V30Nb10(TixCr1–x)60 High-Entropy Alloys
by Bo Cheng, Lingjie Kong, Yunkai Li, Di Wan and Yunfei Xue
Metals 2023, 13(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020230 - 26 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1511
Abstract
In recent years, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted wide attention for their enormous hydrogen storage potential, fast hydrogen absorption kinetics, and a wide range of composition selectivity, and the fact that alloys with body-centered cubic (BCC) structure are considered to possess large capacity. [...] Read more.
In recent years, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted wide attention for their enormous hydrogen storage potential, fast hydrogen absorption kinetics, and a wide range of composition selectivity, and the fact that alloys with body-centered cubic (BCC) structure are considered to possess large capacity. Herein, three V30Nb10(TixCr1–x)60 HEAs with different Ti contents (Ti25, Ti30, Ti35) forming BCC structures were designed using the method of CALPHAD. The microstructure characteristics and the hydrogen storage performances, especially the kinetics of hydrogen desorption, were systematically investigated. The results show that after absorbing ~3.7 wt.% hydrogen at 300 K with 100 bar hydrogen pressure, the studied alloys exhibit similar hydrogen release behaviors at different temperatures. Taking the V30Nb10Ti25Cr35 alloy as an example, it was able to release 1.96 wt.%, 2.21 wt.%, and 2.48 wt.% of hydrogen at 353, 373, and 423 K, respectively. The higher the temperature, the faster the hydrogen desorption kinetics and the more hydrogen released. The hydrogen desorption kinetics of the alloys were successfully fitted with the Ginstling–Brounshtein model, and the main rate-controlling step was diffusion. In addition, the diffusion activation energy of hydrogen desorption decreases with the substitution of Cr content. The present study is expected to provide valuable information for the better development of high-entropy-based hydrogen storage alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Effects in Alloys and Steels)
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