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Metals
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Low-Temperature Behavior of Metals
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Low-Temperature Behavior of Metals

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 18029

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jae Myung Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
2. Hydrogen Ship Technology Center, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
Interests: Finite Element Analysis; Experimental investigation of material behavior under extreme environment; Composites; Functional materials; Continuum Damage Mechanics; Material Nonlinearity Modelling; Simulation Based Design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Climate change and global warming have been growing concerns in recent years. To reduce environmental pollutants and alleviate the effects of climate change, the use of low carbon fuels such as natural gas is being promoted. Furthermore, renewable energy sources such as ammonia, methanol, and hydrogen are emerging as alternative energy sources to realize a zero-emission society. In general, the aforementioned energy sources must be stored or transported at low or even cryogenic temperatures to ensure efficient transport.

Metallic materials, as candidate materials to develop cryogenic tanks, have attracted considerable interest due to their excellent mechanical properties at low temperatures and superior corrosion resistance. However, many engineering metals become brittle at low temperatures, and thus, the structures fabricated using these materials may fracture or fail unexpectedly when subjected to stress levels at which the performance may be satisfactory under normal temperatures. Therefore, the design of metal-based structures to be used under low temperatures must be performed considering the characterization and/or modeling of the low-temperature structural response of the material. Moreover, the development and implementation of customized material models (isotropic or kinematic hardening, strain rate based, temperature dependent, etc.) must be implemented considering the material nonlinearity at low temperatures to ensure that the simulations mimic actual conditions.

Therefore, this Special Issue seeks the submission of manuscripts pertaining to the following keywords. Full papers, communications, and reviews are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Jae Myung Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Experimental investigation of material behavior under cryogenic temperature
  • Numerical modelling of material behavior under cryogenic temperature
  • Simulation Based Design
  • Cryogenic embrittlement
  • Brittle fracture
  • Ductile-brittle transition
  • Finite Element Analysis

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 11549 KiB  
Article
Thermal-Structural Characteristics of Multi-Layer Vacuum-Insulated Pipe for the Transfer of Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen
by Jeong Hwan Kim, Dae Kyeom Park, Tae Jin Kim and Jung Kwan Seo
Metals 2022, 12(4), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040549 - 24 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3289
Abstract
As the world’s hydrocarbon supplies are gradually being depleted, the search for alternative energy sources with acceptably low emissions of environmentally harmful pollutants is a growing concern. Hydrogen has been proposed by numerous researchers as a fuel source for ships. Liquid hydrogen (LH [...] Read more.
As the world’s hydrocarbon supplies are gradually being depleted, the search for alternative energy sources with acceptably low emissions of environmentally harmful pollutants is a growing concern. Hydrogen has been proposed by numerous researchers as a fuel source for ships. Liquid hydrogen (LH2) has been shown to be particularly attractive as a ship fuel with respect to its ability to reduce pollution, density, high performance in engines, and high caloric value per unit mass. However, working with hydrogen in the liquid phase requires very low (i.e., cryogenic) temperatures. The design of a cryogenic LH2 pipeline is very different from the design of a normal fluid pipe due to the change between the liquid and gas states involved and the effect of thermal and structural characteristics on the cryogenic temperature during LH2 transportation through the transfer pipeline. This study investigated the material and thermal-structural characteristics of a multi-layer vacuum-insulated pipeline system through experiments and finite element analysis. The experimental and numerical results can be used as a database of material parameters for thermal-structural analysis when designing applications such as LH2 pipeline systems for hydrogen carriers and hydrogen-fuelled ships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Temperature Behavior of Metals)
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17 pages, 6935 KiB  
Article
Effect of Corrugated Sheet Diameter on Structural Behavior under Cryogenic Temperature and Hydrodynamic Load
by Jin-Seok Park, Jeong-Hyeon Kim, Yong-Cheol Jeong, Hee-Tae Kim, Seul-Kee Kim and Jae-Myung Lee
Metals 2022, 12(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030521 - 18 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2232
Abstract
The most important technical issue in the shipbuilding industry regarding liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier cargo containment systems (CCS) is securing the structural reliability of the primary barrier, which is in direct contact with the LNG. Fracture of the primary barrier by the [...] Read more.
The most important technical issue in the shipbuilding industry regarding liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier cargo containment systems (CCS) is securing the structural reliability of the primary barrier, which is in direct contact with the LNG. Fracture of the primary barrier by the hydrodynamic load of the LNG CCS may lead to disasters because it is difficult to implement immediate safety measures in the marine environment, unlike on land. Hence, structural reliability of the LNG membrane is the most critical issue in LNG carrier CCSs, where thin and corrugated 304L stainless steel is often used as the primary barrier to prevent repeated thermal deformation from the temperature difference during loading (−163 °C) and unloading (20 °C) of the LNG. However, plastic deformation of the 1.2 mm-thick corrugated membrane of the LNG CCS has been reported continuously owing to its vulnerability to cryogenic hydrodynamic loads. In the present study, we conducted a parametric analysis to investigate the effects of the corrugation shape as a preliminary study of the primary barrier. Finite element analysis was conducted with a simplified plate to focus on the effects of corrugation. Furthermore, a two-step validation was conducted using the above experimental results to ensure reliability of the structural analysis. The results show that optimizing the corrugation shape could ensure better structural safety than the conventional design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Temperature Behavior of Metals)
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19 pages, 7580 KiB  
Article
Relation between the Fatigue and Fracture Ductile-Brittle Transition in S500 Welded Steel Joints
by Finn Sallaba, Franziska Rolof, Sören Ehlers, Carey Leroy Walters and Moritz Braun
Metals 2022, 12(3), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030385 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2799
Abstract
The formation and propagation of cracks occur through irreversible dislocation movements at notches, material defects, and grain boundaries. Since this process is partly thermally controlled, the resistance to dislocation movements at low temperatures increases. This slows both fatigue initiation and fatigue crack propagation. [...] Read more.
The formation and propagation of cracks occur through irreversible dislocation movements at notches, material defects, and grain boundaries. Since this process is partly thermally controlled, the resistance to dislocation movements at low temperatures increases. This slows both fatigue initiation and fatigue crack propagation. From recent experimental data, it can be seen that fatigue crack growth is accelerated below the fatigue transition temperature (FTT) that correlates with the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) found by well-known fracture mechanics tests, i.e., Charpy impact, fracture toughness, and CTOD. Hence, this study investigates the relation between FTT and DBTT in S500 high-strength steel base material and welded joints at low temperatures using fatigue crack growth, fracture toughness tests as well as scanning electron microscopy. From the tests, an almost constant decrease in fatigue crack propagation rate is determined with decreasing test temperature even below the DBTT. At −100 °C, the fatigue crack propagation rate is about half of the rate observed at room temperature for both base material and weld metal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Temperature Behavior of Metals)
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15 pages, 4550 KiB  
Article
Effect of Nickel Contents on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate and Fracture Toughness for Nickel Alloy Steels
by Jeong Yeol Park, Byoung Koo Kim, Dae Geun Nam and Myung Hyun Kim
Metals 2022, 12(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020173 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2844
Abstract
In terms of steel alloying elements, generally, nickel is used as an austenite stabilizing element to increase the toughness of steel. The low temperature materials, such as nickel alloy steels with a nickel content of 3.5% to 9%, stainless steel and Invar, show [...] Read more.
In terms of steel alloying elements, generally, nickel is used as an austenite stabilizing element to increase the toughness of steel. The low temperature materials, such as nickel alloy steels with a nickel content of 3.5% to 9%, stainless steel and Invar, show excellent toughness at low (173 K) and cryogenic (108 K) temperatures. In particular, in the shipbuilding industry, it is mainly used for liquefied ethane and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) carriers, and research on low-temperature steels are attracting attention again as regulations on environmental issues are strengthened in recent years. Therefore, in this study, fatigue and fracture performances of nickel alloy steel containing 9% or less among nickel alloy steels are evaluated. Moreover, we assess the Fatigue Ductile to Brittle Transition (FDBT) of nickel alloy steels based on crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). In order to discuss the fatigue and fracture performances of nickel alloy steels, microstructure analysis carried out. As a result, CTOD and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate (FCGR) of nickel alloy steels increases as nickel contents increase. In addition, FDBT of 9% nickel alloy steel is the lowest compared to other nickel alloy steels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Temperature Behavior of Metals)
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19 pages, 9961 KiB  
Article
Structural Integrity Assessment of Independent Type-C Cylindrical Tanks Using Finite Element Analysis: Comparative Study Using Stainless Steel and Aluminum Alloy
by Young-IL Park, Jin-Seong Cho and Jeong-Hwan Kim
Metals 2021, 11(10), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101632 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5397
Abstract
The International Maritime Organization stipulates that greenhouse gas emissions from ships should be reduced by at least 50% relative to the amount observed in 2008. Consequently, the demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG)-fueled ships has increased significantly. Therefore, an independent type-C cylindrical tank, [...] Read more.
The International Maritime Organization stipulates that greenhouse gas emissions from ships should be reduced by at least 50% relative to the amount observed in 2008. Consequently, the demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG)-fueled ships has increased significantly. Therefore, an independent type-C cylindrical tank, which is typically applied as an LNG fuel tank, should be investigated. In this study, structural integrity assessments using finite element analysis are performed on C-type LNG fuel tanks for a sea-cleaning vessel. In addition, the applicability of stainless steel and aluminum alloys is evaluated for LNG tank construction. Structural analyses and fatigue limit evaluations, including heat transfer analyses for the tank based on IGC code requirements, are performed, and the results are compared. The results of this study are expected to facilitate the selection of materials used for independent type-C tanks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Temperature Behavior of Metals)
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