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Micromachines
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Flexible and Wearable Sensors, 3rd Edition
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Flexible and Wearable Sensors, 3rd Edition

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "A：Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 7715

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Libo Gao

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Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
Interests: flexible sensor; flexible and wearable electronics; 3D printing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Zhuoqing Yang

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Guest Editor
National Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Fabrication Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: flexible electronics; MEMS; flexible sensor
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Gaofeng Zheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
Interests: electrostatic spinning-based flexible microsystems integration; flexible electronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Haiyan Zhang

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Guest Editor Assistant
Science and Technology on Material Performance Evaluating in Space Environment Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, China Academy of Space Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
Interests: flexible functional film; flexible electronics; 3D printing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to their favorable flexibility and adaptability, flexible and wearable electronics have exhibited enormous potential in broad prospects on human–machine interaction, robotics, and healthcare monitoring. Consequently, they have become one of the most attractive and rapidly growing areas of novel interdisciplinary research. As the core components of flexible electronics, the excellent flexibility sensing performance of flexible and wearable sensors are important guarantees for flexible wearable electronics, which have become the focus of domestic and international research. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on:

(1) Novel structural designs, material fabrication, signal processing, and modeling of flexible and wearable sensors based on all kinds of mechanisms;

(2) MEMS technique process of wearable and flexible sensors and simulation process of theoretical modeling;

(3) Multiple application scenarios in multivariable flexible and wearable sensor systems. 

Dr. Libo Gao
Prof. Dr. Zhuoqing Yang
Prof. Dr. Gaofeng Zheng
Guest Editors

Dr. Haiyan Zhang
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • flexible sensors
  • electronic skin
  • flexible electronics
  • wearable electronics
  • MEMS wearable applications

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Related Special Issues

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2860 KiB  
Article
A Highly Sensitive NiO Flexible Temperature Sensor Prepared by Low-Temperature Sintering Electrohydrodynamic Direct Writing
by Ting Wang, Xianruo Du, Gaofeng Zheng, Zhiyuan Xue, Junlin Zhang, Huatan Chen, Libo Gao, Wenwang Li, Xiang Wang, Yifang Liu and Jiaxin Jiang
Micromachines 2024, 15(9), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091113 - 31 Aug 2024
Viewed by 577
Abstract
Flexible temperature sensors have diverse applications and a great potential in the field of temperature monitoring, including healthcare, smart homes and the automotive industry. However, the current flexible temperature sensor preparation generally suffers from process complexity, which limits its development and application. In [...] Read more.
Flexible temperature sensors have diverse applications and a great potential in the field of temperature monitoring, including healthcare, smart homes and the automotive industry. However, the current flexible temperature sensor preparation generally suffers from process complexity, which limits its development and application. In this paper, a nickel oxide (NiO) flexible temperature sensor based on a low-temperature sintering technology is introduced. The prepared NiO flexible temperature sensor has a high-resolution temperature measurement performance and good stability, including temperature detection over a wide temperature range of (25 to 70 °C) and a high sensitivity performance (of a maximum TCR of −5.194%°C−1 and a thermal constant of 3938 K). The rapid response time of this temperature sensor was measured to be 2 s at 27–50 °C, which ensures the accuracy and reliability of the measurement. The NiO flexible temperature sensor prepared by electrohydrodynamic direct writing has a stable performance and good flexibility in complex environments. The temperature sensor can be used to monitor the temperature status of the equipment and prevent failure or damage caused by overheating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Wearable Sensors, 3rd Edition)
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13 pages, 11109 KiB  
Article
A Flexible Wearable Strain Sensor Based on Nano-Silver-Modified Laser-Induced Graphene for Monitoring Hand Movements
by Mian Zhong, Yao Zou, Hongyun Fan, Shichen Li, Yilin Zhao, Bin Li, Bo Li, Yong Jiang, Xiaoqing Xing, Jiaqing Shen and Chao Zhou
Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15080989 - 31 Jul 2024
Viewed by 560
Abstract
The advancement in performance in the domain of flexible wearable strain sensors has become increasingly significant due to extensive research on laser-induced graphene (LIG). An innovative doping modification technique is required owing to the limited progress achieved by adjusting the laser parameters to [...] Read more.
The advancement in performance in the domain of flexible wearable strain sensors has become increasingly significant due to extensive research on laser-induced graphene (LIG). An innovative doping modification technique is required owing to the limited progress achieved by adjusting the laser parameters to enhance the LIG’s performance. By pre-treating with AgNO3, we successfully manufactured LIG with a uniform dispersion of silver nanoparticles across its surface. The experimental results for the flexible strain sensor exhibit exceptional characteristics, including low resistance (183.4 Ω), high sensitivity (426.8), a response time of approximately 150 ms, and a relaxation time of about 200 ms. Moreover, this sensor demonstrates excellent stability under various tensile strains and remarkable repeatability during cyclic tests lasting up to 8000 s. Additionally, this technique yields favorable results in finger bending and hand back stretching experiments, holding significant reference value for preserving the inherent characteristics of LIG preparation in a single-step and in situ manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Wearable Sensors, 3rd Edition)
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8 pages, 3368 KiB  
Communication
Inductive Paper-Based Flexible Contact Force Sensor Utilizing Natural Micro-Nanostructures of Paper: Simplicity, Economy, and Eco-Friendliness
by Haozhe Zhang, Junwen Zhu, Yujia Yang, Qiang Liu, Wei Xiong and Xing Yang
Micromachines 2024, 15(7), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070890 - 7 Jul 2024
Viewed by 777
Abstract
Inductive contact force sensors, known for their high precision and anti-interference capabilities, hold significant potential applications in fields such as wearable and medical monitoring devices. Most of the current research on inductive contact force sensors employed novel nanomaterials as sensitive elements to enhance [...] Read more.
Inductive contact force sensors, known for their high precision and anti-interference capabilities, hold significant potential applications in fields such as wearable and medical monitoring devices. Most of the current research on inductive contact force sensors employed novel nanomaterials as sensitive elements to enhance their sensitivity and other performance characteristics. However, sensors developed through such methods typically involve complex preparation processes, high costs, and difficulty in biodegradation, which limit their further development. This article introduces a new flexible inductive contact force sensor using paper as a sensitive element. Paper inherently possesses micro- and nanostructures on its surface and interior, enabling it to sensitively convert changes in contact force into changes in displacement, making it suitable for use as the sensor’s sensitive element. Additionally, the advantages of paper also include its great flexibility, low cost, wide availability, and biodegradability. Performance testing on this flexible sensor showed good repeatability, hysteresis, sensitivity, and consistency. When used in experiments for monitoring human motion and respiration, this sensor also exhibited great detection performance. The proposed inductive paper-based flexible contact force sensor, with its simple structure, easy manufacturing process, cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and good sensing performance, provides new insights into research for contact force sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Wearable Sensors, 3rd Edition)
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12 pages, 5794 KiB  
Article
Skin Electrodes Based on TPU Fiber Scaffolds with Conductive Nanocomposites with Stretchability, Breathability, and Washability
by Zijia Zhao, Chaopeng Yang and Dongchan Li
Micromachines 2024, 15(5), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15050598 - 29 Apr 2024
Viewed by 960
Abstract
In the context of an aging population and escalating work pressures, cardiovascular diseases pose increasing health risks. Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring presents a preventive tool, but conventional devices often compromise comfort. This study proposes an approach using Ag NW/TPU composites for flexible and breathable [...] Read more.
In the context of an aging population and escalating work pressures, cardiovascular diseases pose increasing health risks. Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring presents a preventive tool, but conventional devices often compromise comfort. This study proposes an approach using Ag NW/TPU composites for flexible and breathable epidermal electronics. In this new structure, TPU fibers are used to support Ag NWs/TPU nanocomposites. The TPU fiber-reinforced Ag NW/TPU (TFRAT) nanocomposites exhibit excellent conductivity, stretchability, and electromechanical durability. The composite ensures high steam permeability, maintaining stable electrical performance after washing cycles. Employing this technology, a flexible ECG detection system is developed, augmented with a convolutional neural network (CNN) for automated signal analysis. The experimental results demonstrate the system’s reliability in capturing physiological signals. Additionally, a CNN model trained on ECG data achieves over 99% accuracy in diagnosing arrhythmias. This study presents TFRAT as a promising solution for wearable electronics, offering both comfort and functionality in long-term epidermal applications, with implications for healthcare and beyond. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Wearable Sensors, 3rd Edition)
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13 pages, 14158 KiB  
Article
Flexible Symmetric-Defection Antenna with Bending and Thermal Insensitivity for Miniaturized UAV
by Xueli Nan, Tongtong Kang, Zhonghe Zhang, Xin Wang, Jiale Zhang, Yusheng Lei, Libo Gao, Jianli Cui and Hongcheng Xu
Micromachines 2024, 15(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15010159 - 21 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1390
Abstract
Flexible conformal-enabled antennas have great potential for various developable surface-built unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) due to their superior mechanical compliance as well as maintaining excellent electromagnetic features. However, it remains a challenge that the antenna holds bending and thermal insensitivity to negligibly shift [...] Read more.
Flexible conformal-enabled antennas have great potential for various developable surface-built unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) due to their superior mechanical compliance as well as maintaining excellent electromagnetic features. However, it remains a challenge that the antenna holds bending and thermal insensitivity to negligibly shift resonant frequency during conformal attachment and aerial flight, respectively. Here, we report a flexible symmetric-defection antenna (FSDA) with bending and thermal insensitivity. By engraving a symmetric defection on the reflective ground, the radiated unit attached to the soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) makes the antenna resonate at the ISM microwave band (resonant frequency = 2.44 GHz) and conformal with a miniaturized UAV. The antenna is also insensitive to both the bending-conformal attachment (20 mm < r < 70 mm) and thermal radiation (20~100 °C) due to the symmetric peripheral-current field along the defection and the low-change thermal effect of the PDMS, respectively. Therefore, the antenna in a non-bending state almost keeps the same impedance matching and radiation when it is attached to a cylinder-back of a UAV. The flexible antenna with bending and thermal insensitivity will pave the way for more conformal or wrapping applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Wearable Sensors, 3rd Edition)
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Review

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17 pages, 882 KiB  
Review
Smart Contact Lenses in Ophthalmology: Innovations, Applications, and Future Prospects
by Kevin Y. Wu, Archan Dave, Marjorie Carbonneau and Simon D. Tran
Micromachines 2024, 15(7), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070856 - 30 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1221
Abstract
Smart contact lenses represent a breakthrough in the intersection of medical science and innovative technology, offering transformative potential in ophthalmology. This review article delves into the technological underpinnings of smart contact lenses, emphasizing the current landscape and advancements in biosensors, power supply, biomaterials, [...] Read more.
Smart contact lenses represent a breakthrough in the intersection of medical science and innovative technology, offering transformative potential in ophthalmology. This review article delves into the technological underpinnings of smart contact lenses, emphasizing the current landscape and advancements in biosensors, power supply, biomaterials, and the transmission of ocular information. This review further applies new innovations to their emerging role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of various ocular conditions. Moreover, we explore the impact of technical innovations on the application of smart contact lenses in monitoring glaucoma, managing postoperative care, and dry eye syndrome, further elucidating the non-invasive nature of these devices in continuous ocular health monitoring. The therapeutic potential of smart contact lenses such as treatment through targeted drug delivery and the monitoring of inflammatory biomarkers is also highlighted. Despite promising advancements, the implementation of smart contact lenses faces technical, regulatory, and patient compliance challenges. This review synthesizes the recent advances to provide an outlook on the state of smart contact lens technology. Furthermore, we discuss future directions, focusing on potential technological enhancements and new applications within ophthalmology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Wearable Sensors, 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 4848 KiB  
Review
Review of Droplet Printing Technologies for Flexible Electronic Devices: Materials, Control, and Applications
by Jiaxin Jiang, Xi Chen, Zexing Mei, Huatan Chen, Junyu Chen, Xiang Wang, Shufan Li, Runyang Zhang, Gaofeng Zheng and Wenwang Li
Micromachines 2024, 15(3), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15030333 - 28 Feb 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1644
Abstract
Flexible devices have extensive applications in areas including wearable sensors, healthcare, smart packaging, energy, automotive and aerospace sectors, and other related fields. Droplet printing technology can be utilized to print flexible electronic components with micro/nanostructures on various scales, exhibiting good compatibility and wide [...] Read more.
Flexible devices have extensive applications in areas including wearable sensors, healthcare, smart packaging, energy, automotive and aerospace sectors, and other related fields. Droplet printing technology can be utilized to print flexible electronic components with micro/nanostructures on various scales, exhibiting good compatibility and wide material applicability for device production. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research status of droplet printing technologies and their applications across various domains, aiming to offer a valuable reference for researchers in related areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Wearable Sensors, 3rd Edition)
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