Nanomanufacturing

Healthcare-associated infections and rising antimicrobial resistance have driven sustained interest in antibacterial surface engineering as a complement to systemic treatment and terminal disinfection. Nanomaterials, including metal/metal-oxide nanoparticles, iodine/iodophor systems, chitosan composites, and core–shell architectures, offer distinct antibacterial mechanisms and emerging routes to scalable manufacturing. This review synthesizes the literature, deliberately weighting coverage toward manufacturing scalability, mechanical durability, and regulatory translation rather than materials chemistry alone. Using a structured critical-appraisal approach, methodologically pivotal studies are evaluated narratively, while the broader literature is categorized in comprehensive appraisal tables mapping designs, key results, and limitations. Targeted case studies on orthopedic implants and catheters are also examined in depth to expose localized translational bottlenecks. The overall assessment of this work is that while antibacterial nanomaterial chemistry is mature and well characterized across several platforms, scalable deposition methods, standardized durability/retention-of-efficacy testing, and nanomaterial-specific regulatory guidance remain the primary rate-limiting factors in wider clinical and industrial adoption.

This paper focuses on the X-cut Y-propagating lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulator and studies how its performance degrades under atmospheric neutron irradiation. Since SRIM cannot directly simulate neutron-induced nuclear reactions, 1 MeV H⁺ ions are adopted as surrogate particles to compute displacement damage. SRIM is used to simulate the interaction between equivalent particles and lithium niobate lattices, constructing a material damage model that links neutron fluence to defect density, electro-optic coefficient degradation, and increased transmission loss. These material degradation relations are imported into COMSOL Multiphysics to build a multiphysics-coupled model integrating radiation damage, optical-field transmission, and electric-field modulation. Material-level simulation outputs are mapped onto three-dimensional real devices via structural equivalence principles. The simulation results show that lattice defect density rises with increasing neutron fluence, which further induces half-wave voltage drift, elevated insertion loss, and continuous extinction-ratio reduction. This work reveals the neutron displacement-damage-driven performance degradation mechanism and establishes a complete simulation workflow: neutron fluence → lattice defects → material property deterioration → device performance degradation. The established framework supports radiation-hardened design and on-orbit lifetime assessment for lithium-niobate-based space photonic devices. Limitations of the surrogate-particle approximation and model boundaries are also discussed, as all quantitative trends are simulation-derived rather than fully validated by experimental measurement.

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanofilms were deposited by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization on polyethylene or polypropylene. The thickness is determined by SEM of the cross-section. Thin thickness nanofilms (180 ± 5 nm) are deposited. The nanofilms are then modified by nucleophilic addition to attach functional groups to the nanofilms. Strong nucleophiles (e.g., thiols) react by conventional heating. Weak nucleophiles (e.g., nitroanilines) only react when applying microwaves. The spectroscopic (UV–visible, FTIR, XPS and XANES) characterization shows the attachment of functional groups and the change in electronic properties upon the reaction. The conductivity of the functionalized PPy nanofilms are lower than unmodified PPy nanofilms, likely due to steric effects on the extended conjugation and disturbance of the electron hopping between chains. While reaction with some nucleophiles (e.g., bisulfite ion) makes nanofilms more hydrophilic, modification with long alkyl chains or fluorinated long chains produces highly hydrophobic nanofilms. No noticeable effect of the reaction on the film thickness is observed, suggesting little or no loss of polymer due to dissolution.