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Nanomaterials
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Carbon Dots: Structure, Properties and Emerging Applications
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Carbon Dots: Structure, Properties and Emerging Applications

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2021) | Viewed by 18525

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Antonios Kelarakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
Interests: nanomaterials; nanocomposites; polymers; colloids; micelles; biomaterials; hydrogels; porous materials; energy materials; sensors; smart coatings; forensic materials; antimicrobials; fluorescence; green chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Carbon dots (C-dots) show a unique combination of highly desired photophysical characteristics coupled with prolonged structural and colloidal stability even under extreme conditions. Their versatile and environmentally benign nature makes them ideal candidates for a large range of applications such as batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, fuel cells, photocatalysis, bioimaging, biosensing, photothermal therapy, antimicrobials, nanoforensics, advanced fertilisers and plant growth promoters. As we advance our understanding of those complex systems, it becomes clear that further research efforts are vital in order to realise their full potential, paving the way to a resourceful and sustainable future.

The Special Issue welcomes research articles on C-dots and relevant review papers. Potential topics include, but are not limited, to the following:

Design and synthesis of C-dots

Green and/or scalable approaches for the preparation of C-dots

Structure–properties relations in C-dots

Advanced nanocoatings comprising C-dots

Polymer nanocomposites based on C-dots

Theoretical studies and modeling in C-dots

Interaction of C-dots with biological macromolecules

Structure and dynamics in C-dot interfaces

Prof. Dr. Antonios Kelarakis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • Carbon dots
  • fluorescence
  • nanocomposites
  • nanoforensics
  • biosensing
  • bioimaging
  • antimicrobials
  • fertilisers
  • photocatalysts

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 5490 KiB  
Article
Carbon Dots/Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Tuneable Composition and Properties
by Joanna D. Stachowska, Monika B. Gamża, Claire Mellor, Ella N. Gibbons, Marta J. Krysmann, Antonios Kelarakis, Elżbieta Gumieniczek-Chłopek, Tomasz Strączek, Czesław Kapusta and Anna Szwajca
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(4), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040674 - 17 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2966
Abstract
We present a simple strategy to generate a family of carbon dots/iron oxide nanoparticles (C/Fe-NPs) that relies on the thermal decomposition of iron (III) acetylacetonate in the presence of a highly fluorescent carbon-rich precursor (derived via thermal treatment of ethanolamine and citric acid [...] Read more.
We present a simple strategy to generate a family of carbon dots/iron oxide nanoparticles (C/Fe-NPs) that relies on the thermal decomposition of iron (III) acetylacetonate in the presence of a highly fluorescent carbon-rich precursor (derived via thermal treatment of ethanolamine and citric acid at 180 °C), while polyethylene glycol serves as the passivation agent. By varying the molar ratio of the reactants, a series of C/Fe-NPs have been synthesized with tuneable elemental composition in terms of C, H, O, N and Fe. The quantum yield is enhanced from 6 to 9% as the carbon content increases from 27 to 36 wt%, while the room temperature saturation magnetization is improved from 4.1 to 17.7 emu/g as the iron content is enriched from 17 to 31 wt%. In addition, the C/Fe-NPs show excellent antimicrobial properties, minimal cytotoxicity and demonstrate promising bioimaging capabilities, thus showing great potential for the development of advanced diagnostic tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dots: Structure, Properties and Emerging Applications)
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19 pages, 8578 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Purification, and Characterization of Carbon Dots from Non-Activated and Activated Pyrolytic Carbon Black
by Reyna Berenice González-González, Lucy Teresa González, Marc Madou, César Leyva-Porras, Sergio Omar Martinez-Chapa and Alberto Mendoza
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(3), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030298 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 6073
Abstract
In this work, carbon dots were created from activated and non-activated pyrolytic carbon black obtained from waste tires, which were then chemically oxidized with HNO3. The effects caused to the carbon dot properties were analyzed in detail through characterization techniques such [...] Read more.
In this work, carbon dots were created from activated and non-activated pyrolytic carbon black obtained from waste tires, which were then chemically oxidized with HNO3. The effects caused to the carbon dot properties were analyzed in detail through characterization techniques such as ion chromatography; UV–visible, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy; ζ potential; transmission electron microscopy (TEM); and spectrofluorometry. The presence of functional groups on the surface of all carbon dots was revealed by UV–visible, FTIR, XPS, and Raman spectra. The higher oxidation degrees of carbon dots from activated precursors compared to those from nonactivated precursors resulted in differences in photoluminescence (PL) properties such as bathochromic shift, lower intensity, and excitation-dependent behavior. The results demonstrate that the use of an activating agent in the recovery of pyrolytic carbon black resulted in carbon dots with different PL properties. In addition, a dialysis methodology is proposed to overcome purification obstacles, finding that 360 h were required to obtain pure carbon dots synthesized by a chemical oxidation method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dots: Structure, Properties and Emerging Applications)
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11 pages, 2399 KiB  
Article
One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of Carbon Dots as Fluorescent Probes for the Determination of Mercuric and Hypochlorite Ions
by Hsin Lee, Yen-Chang Su, Hsiang-Hao Tang, Yu-Sheng Lee, Jan-Yee Lee, Cho-Chun Hu and Tai-Chia Chiu
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(7), 1831; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11071831 - 14 Jul 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3820
Abstract
Nitrogen and sulfur codoped carbon dots (NSCDs) were synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method, and citric acid, ethylenediamine, and methyl blue were used as precursors. The obtained NSCDs were spherical with an average size of 1.86 nm. The fluorescence emission spectra of the [...] Read more.
Nitrogen and sulfur codoped carbon dots (NSCDs) were synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method, and citric acid, ethylenediamine, and methyl blue were used as precursors. The obtained NSCDs were spherical with an average size of 1.86 nm. The fluorescence emission spectra of the NSCDs were excitation independent and emitted blue fluorescence at 440 nm with an excitation wavelength at 350 nm. The quantum yield of the NSCDs was calculated to be 68.0%. The NSCDs could be constructed as fluorescent probes for highly selective and sensitive sensing mercuric (Hg2+) and hypochlorite (ClO−) ions. As the addition of Hg2+ or ClO− ions to the NSCDs, the fluorescence intensity was effectively quenched due to dynamic quenching. Under the optimal conditions, the linear response of the fluorescence intensity ranged from 0.7 μM to 15 μM with a detection limit of 0.54 μM and from 0.3 μM to 5.0 μM with a limit of detection of 0.29 μM for Hg2+ and ClO− ions, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully used for quantifying Hg2+ and ClO− ions in spiked tap water samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dots: Structure, Properties and Emerging Applications)
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Review

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21 pages, 5039 KiB  
Review
Towards Red Emissive Systems Based on Carbon Dots
by Spyridon Gavalas and Antonios Kelarakis
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(8), 2089; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11082089 - 17 Aug 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4620
Abstract
Carbon dots (C-dots) represent an emerging class of nontoxic nanoemitters that show excitation wavelength-dependent photoluminescence (PL) with high quantum yield (QY) and minimal photobleaching. The vast majority of studies focus on C-dots that exhibit the strongest PL emissions in the blue/green region of [...] Read more.
Carbon dots (C-dots) represent an emerging class of nontoxic nanoemitters that show excitation wavelength-dependent photoluminescence (PL) with high quantum yield (QY) and minimal photobleaching. The vast majority of studies focus on C-dots that exhibit the strongest PL emissions in the blue/green region of the spectrum, while longer wavelength emissions are ideal for applications such as bioimaging, photothermal and photodynamic therapy and light-emitting diodes. Effective strategies to modulate the PL emission of C-dot-based systems towards the red end of the spectrum rely on extensive conjugation of sp2 domains, heteroatom doping, solvatochromism, surface functionalization and passivation. Those approaches are systematically presented in this review, while emphasis is given on important applications of red-emissive suspensions, nanopowders and polymer nanocomposites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dots: Structure, Properties and Emerging Applications)
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